Corresponding author: Tatiana V. Galinskaya (
Academic editor: M. Hauser
The musculature of male genitalia was studied hitherto only in two species of
Galinskaya TV, Ovtshinnikova OG (2015) Musculature of the male genitalia in
The signal flies (
The male postabdomen in
In the superfamily
Representatives of the superfamily
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There are different views on the homology of some genital sclerites in the superfamily
Study of the musculature is helpful not only in specifying the functions of genital sclerites, but also for revealing homology of some poorly traced structures (
Recently, the musculature of the male genitalia was described for three species of the tribe
In this paper, the musculature of male genitalia is described in
The terminology of the genital sclerites mainly follows
Musculature of the male genitalia was studied by manually dissecting material (preserved fresh in 70% alcohol) with microknives in water under a Leica MZ95 stereomicroscope. The illustrations were obtained using the image capture function of the Leica MZ95 trinocular head and subsequently processed.
The male genital muscles of
List of abbreviations: – cerci – epandrium – basiphallus – hypandrium – lateral sclerite of hypandrium – lateral surstylus – median surstylus – phallapodeme – subepandrial sclerite – secondary sclerotisation of hypandrial membrane – surstylus – 8 syntergosternite – muscles
Male genitalia are similar to those in
3 males: Russia, Primorsky Krai, Ussuri District, Kamenushka, 4 August 2013 (T.V. Galinskaya).
Lateral sclerite of hypandrium separated from hypandrium at right side; left sclerite completely fused with hypandrium. Subepandrial sclerite consisting of the elongate bifurcated medial part and elongate postero-lateral lobes. Lateral surstylus long, apically curved. Cerci paired, long, sclerotized, ventrally connected to subepandrial sclerite (Figure
Male genitalia of
Male genitalia of
Male genitalia of
Muscles of the hypandrial complex:
Ejaculator compressors
Tergosternal muscles. Tergosternal muscles
Muscles of the epandrial complex:
Subepandrial sclerite adductors
Adductors of surstyli
Cercus retractors
The long and fine poorly visible retractors of anal integument
Pregenital muscles:
Our results were compared with musculature of male genitalia of
Comparisons of descriptions revealed homologies and the following correspondence between numbers of homologous muscles (Galinskaya and Ovtshinnikova 2014) (Table
Homologous muscles of
Number of muscle in current research | Numbers of homologous muscles | Muscle complex |
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Hypandrial complex | |
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Hypandrial complex | |
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Hypandrial complex | |
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Tergosternal complex | |
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Epandrial complex | |
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Epandrial complex | |
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Epandrial complex |
Analysis of the attachment sites of muscles has shown that in all studied families paired phallapodeme muscles
It can be noted that the attachment sites of the subepandrial sclerite adductors
Comparative analysis shows that studied
In this paper we confirmed the hypandrial origin of lateral sclerite and or medial surstylus is a lobe derived from the bacilliform sclerite.
For useful criticism and many interesting discussions we are grateful to A.I. Shatalkin (
Authors are very grateful to V.A.Korneyev for reviewing, greatly improuving the manuscript and many valuable comments. Authors are also grateful to B. Sinclair for reviewing the manuscript.
The work of T.V. Galinskaya was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (14-14-00208); that of O.G. Ovtshinnikova, was performed in the scopes of the state research project No. 01201351183 and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 15-04-03457.
The short characteristic of genital structures was kindly compiled by Valery A. Korneyev.