Two new species of the genus Saigona Matsumura (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Dictyopharidae) from China

Abstract Two new species of the genus Saigona Matsumura, 1910, S.baiseensis Zheng & Chen sp. nov. and S.maculata Zheng & Chen sp. nov., from China (Guanxi) are described and illustrated. A revised identification key to the 16 species of Saigona is provided. 15 species of the genus are known from China only.


Introduction
The planthoppers of the family Dictyopharidae Spinola, 1839 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) currently groups 738 species in 160 extant and extinct genera (Bourgoin 2021). They are currently divided into two subfamilies, Dictyopharinae Spinola, 1839 and Orgeriinae Fieber, 1872, and 19 tribes (Muir 1923;Metcalf 1946;Song et al. 2018;Bourgoin 2021). The genus Saigona Matsumura, 1910 was first established by Matsumura (1910) based on Dictyophora [sic] ishidae Matsumura, 1905 from Japan and later classified in Dictyopharinae (Orthopagini) by Emeljanov (1983). The genus has a rather complex taxonomic history, with several genera synonymized with it and 14 described species. The genus Neoputala Distant, 1914 was the first synonymized by Liang (2001), followed by Leprota Melichar, 1912and Piela Lallemand, 1942(Liang and Song 2006. Eight species had been recognized in the genus at that time. Subsequently, Zheng and Chen (2011) and Zheng et al. (2014) added one, then four, new species, all from China. In 2011, Emeljanov (2011) synonymized genus Orodictya Kirkaldy, 1913 with Leprota, the later genus being resurrected from the synonymy with Saigona and re-established as a valid genus by Song et al. (2012). A summary of all these changes is provided in Figure 1.
While sorting and identifying recently collected specimens, two new species, S. baiseensis sp. nov. and S. maculata sp. nov., were discovered from Guangxi province, China, and they are described here. Saigona now includes 16 species, with 15 of them endemic to China. A revised identification key to all species is provided, and the rather restricted distribution of this rather prolific genus is briefly discussed.

Materials and methods
The morphological terminologies follow Yang and Yeh (1994) for the head and body, Bourgoin et al. (2015) for the wing venation, Bourgoin (1987Bourgoin ( , 1993, and Yang and Yeh (1994) for male and female genitalia, respectively. Biogeographical realms terminology follows Holt et al. (2013). The specimens examined have been deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC). Dry specimens were used for the descriptions and illustrations. Genital segments of the specimens were macerated in boiling solution of 10% NaOH, transferred to preparations of glycerin jelly, and examined under a Leica MZ12.5 stereomicroscope. Photographs of adult habitus were obtained using a Keyence VHX-1000 system. Illustrations were scanned with Canon Cano Scan LiDE 200 and imported into Adobe Photoshop CS6 for labeling and composition of figures.
The following abbreviations are used in the text: BL body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of forewings); HL head length (from apex of cephalic process to base of eyes); HW head width (including eyes); FWL orewing length.
The usual standardized notation is used for the wing venation as follow:

A1
first anal vein; bc, basal cell; MP media posterior; For each synonymized genus, their protonyms are in blue boxes, and the current valid name of the genus is in green. Red vertical arrows illustrate synonymy and the red cross the status revivisco of the genus Leprota Melichar, 1912. CuA cubitus anterior; CuP cubitus posterior; RP radius posterior; Key to species of the genus Saigona (Modified from Liang and Song (2006), as updated by Zheng et al. 2014 Pygofer short and broad in lateral aspect, posterior margin straight and angularly excavated at apical 1/4 apex to accommodate anal tube, aedeagus with phallobase having apical ventral membranous lobe with numerous fine spines at apex (Liang & Song, 2006:   Frons with lateral carinae reaching the eyes, but not frontoclypeal suture, pygofer posterior margin with a slightly blunt process dorsally (Fig. 25); aedeagus with phallobasal conjunctival processes unequal in length (Fig. 28)  Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Saigona species by the combination of the following diagnostic characters: (1) pygofer large and broad in lateral view, posterior margin with a blunt dorsal process; (2) aedeagus with phallobasal conjunctival processes unequal in length; (3) phallobase narrow and long, curved dorsally, with 2 apical membranous dorsal apical lobes (Fig. 12), dorsal round and large; ventral lobes ( Fig. 13) small and slender, with another small membranous lobe on it.
Coloration. General color dark, marked with fuscous and ochraceous (Figs 2-5). Vertex brown with median carina very faint, lateral margins dark. Genae dark, yellow ventroposteriorly near antennae (Fig. 4). Eyes dark brown, lateral ocelli yellowish, antenna brown and areas surrounding ocellus and antenna beneath eye yellowish. Frons dark brown with yellowish speckles (Fig. 3). Postclypeus and anteclypeus pale brown. Pronotum dark with scattered white speckles; mesonotum dark, with broad median longitudinal yellowish stripe. Ventral thorax and fore femur dark, other areas yellow. Legs ochraceous except coxae which are dark. Forewing venation brown and pterostigma dark. Abdomen dark with scattered white speckles and median longitudinal yellowish stripe. Male genitalia black.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Figs 8-10) large and broad in lateral view, posterior margin with a rounded lobe at level of venter of anal tube. Gonostyli (Figs 8, 9) relatively large and broad, apex sharply rounded, protruded posteriorly in lateral view on the   outer surface of the gonostyli (Fig. 8). Aedeagus (Fig. 11) with phallobasal conjunctival processes unequal in length, left one obviously longer than right one; phallobase narrow and long, curved dorsally, with 2 apical membranous dorsal apical lobes (Fig. 12) dorsal round and large; ventral lobes ( Fig. 13) small and slender, with another small membranous lobe on it. Segment X large in lateral view (Fig. 8), large, long, ovoid in dorsal view (Fig. 10), ratio of length to width at middle about 1.5.
Etymology. This new species is named for the type locality, Baise City, Guangxi, China.
Coloration. General color dark brown, marked with fuscous and ochraceous speckles (Figs 19-22). Vertex dark brown with a yellowish green spot at top. Genae brown, eyes brown, ocellus yellowish, antenna brown and areas surrounding ocellus and anten-na beneath eye yellowish. Frons yellowish brown. Postclypeus and anteclypeus yellow. Pronotum brown with median carina yellowish; lateral, ventrally curved areas yellowish. Mesonotum fuscous, with a narrow, yellow stripe along median longitudinal carina. Abdomen fuscous, scattered white speckle, with median longitudinal green stripe. Forewing venation brown and stigma dark. Legs ochraceous. Genitalia black.
Head and thorax.  moderately long, longer than pronotum and mesonotum combined (5.1:1). Cephalic process relatively long and robust, somewhat upturned. Vertex (Fig. 20) with median carina very faint, only conspicuous at base, lateral carinate margins curved in front of eyes. Frons (Fig. 21) with lateral carinate reaching to the front of eyes, not to frontoclypeal suture. Pronotum (Figs 19,20,22) with median carina distinct, lateral carinae very faint; mesonotum tricarinate on disc, lateral carinae curved towards median carinae at front.
Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the Greek word maculata (spotted), in reference to the vertex with a yellowish green spot at the apex.
Distribution. China (Guangxi). Remarks. This species is similar to S. tenuisa Zheng, Yang & Chen, 2014 but can be distinguished from the latter by the pygofer with the posterior margin slightly sinuate in lateral view and the aedeagus with the phallobasal conjunctival processes unequal in length.

Discussion and conclusions
Species of Saigona are externally similar to those of Leprota Melichar, 1912, but Leprota can be separated from Saigona by the following: 1) body generally rust-brown or rust-red above, without pale speckles in Leprota (vs ochraceous or fuscous, with pale speckles on the vertex and most of the genae in Saigona); 2) head covered in numerous irregular transverse wrinkles in Leprota (vs not covered irregular transverse wrinkles, head long and broad, distinctly produced into a cephalic process, vertex with lateral margins carinate, sinuate in front of eyes in Saigona); 3) forewings elongate, with numerous netted veins on apical 1/5 in Leprota (vs relatively short, with sparse netted veins on apical area in Saigona); and 4) the fore femora normal in Leprota (the fore femora flattened and dilated, with short and blunt spine near apex in Saigona) (Song et al. 2012).
The distribution of the genus is quite restricted (Fig. 32), extending from the northeastern Sino-Japanese to north-eastern Oriental realms. Saigona ussuriensis is widely distributed in the north but not crossing into the Palearctic realm, and S. henannensis, S. fuscoclypeata, S. sinicola and S. robusta are Sino-Japanese. All other species occur in south and eastern continental China and can be considered as Oriental; S. fulgoroides and S. taiwanella from Taiwan are also in the Oriental group of species. One species, S. capitata from South Korea provides the south and western limits of the genus. Absent from the Palearctic and India, and wrongly reported from Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo) (Song et al. 2012), Saigona is almost exclusively a Chinese endemic genus. However, the species diversity observed in this genus suggests that the discovery of additional species in the Indochinese peninsula cannot be excluded.