Corresponding author: Cárlison Silva-Oliveira (
Academic editor: N. Bogutskaya
The fish fauna of freshwater streams in the Tapajos National Forest was surveyed and a list of species is presented. The sampling was conducted from 2012 to 2013 during the dry season. Fish were collected with dip nets and seine nets in 22 streams of 1st to 3rd order. Sampling resulted in 3035 specimens belonging to 117 species, 27 families and six orders. The most abundant species were
A ictiofauna de riachos na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós foi inventariada e uma lista de espécies é apresentada. As amostragens foram realizadas de 2012 a 2013 durante o período de águas baixas. Os peixes foram coletados com redes de arrasto e peneiras em 22 riachos de 1ª a 3ª ordem. As amostragens resultaram em 3035 espécimes pertencentes a 117 espécies, 27 famílias e seis ordens. As espécies mais abundantes foram
Silva-Oliveira C, Canto ALC, Ribeiro FRV (2016) Stream ichthyofauna of the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil. ZooKeys 580: 125–144. doi:
The Neotropical region has the richest and most diverse fauna of freshwater fishes in the world, reaching a number of more than 5400 valid species (
Several studies have contributed to our knowledge of the Neotropical fish fauna in recent years. Most noteworthy are those aimed at surveying the ichthyofauna (e.g.
The main objective of the Tapajós National Forest (FLONA Tapajós), founded in 1974, has focused on the multiple use of forest resources and scientific research (
The Tapajós National Forest (FLONA Tapajós), located in western Pará State, approximately
Map of the study area showing the collecting stations in drainage systems in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil. Green squares represent streams draining directly into the Tapajós River; blue dots represent streams draining into the Curuá-Una River, and yellow triangles represent streams draining into the Cupari River.
Twenty-two streams of 1st to 3rd order were sampled (Fig.
Sampled streams in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil.
Location of sampling stations in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil.
Station | Drainage | Locality | Geographical coordinates |
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Curuá-Una River | km 85 stream |
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Curuá-Una River | unnamed stream |
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Tapajós River | Corredor ecológico stream |
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Tapajós River | unnamed stream |
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Curuá-Una River | km 117 stream |
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Curuá-Una River | unnamed stream |
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Curuá-Una River | Onça stream |
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Cupari River | Água preta stream |
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Cupari River | unnamed stream |
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Curuá-Una River | unnamed stream |
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Tapajós River | Açu stream |
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Tapajós River | Cachoeirinha stream |
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Tapajós River | Maguari stream |
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Cupari River | unnamed stream |
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Cupari River | unnamed stream |
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Cupari river River | unnamed stream |
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Curuá-Una River | unnamed stream |
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Curuá-Una River | unnamed stream |
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Curuá-Una River | unnamed stream |
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Cupari River | unnamed stream |
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Tapajós River | unnamed stream |
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Tapajós River | unnamed stream |
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Specimens were anesthetized in a solution containing eugenol (clove oil), fixed in 10% formalin solution, and subsequently transferred to 70% ethanol. They were counted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Species were identified with the use of dichotomous keys for different taxonomic groups (e.g.
An overall estimate of the fish species richness was calculated by means of the Jackknife 1 method (Krebs 1999), utilizing estimatS 8.2 (
A total of 3035 specimens belonging to 117 species, 27 families and six orders was sampled (Table
Representativeness of species for orders (
List of fish species collected in streams of the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil.
DRAINAGE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
TAXON | Cupari | Curuá-Una | Tapajós | Total |
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- | - | 17 | 17 | |
8 | - | - | 8 | |
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1 | - | - | 1 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
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8 | - | - | 8 | |
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- | - | 7 | 7 | |
- | 19 | - | 19 | |
41 | - | - | 41 | |
- | - | 38 | 38 | |
- | - | 20 | 20 | |
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||||
1 | - | - | 1 | |
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9 | - | - | 9 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
36 | - | - | 36 | |
19 | 14 | 299 | 332 | |
- | - | 107 | 107 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
12 | - | - | 12 | |
- | - | 220 | 220 | |
332 | - | - | 332 | |
- | - | 13 | 13 | |
- | - | 1 | 1 | |
- | - | 3 | 3 | |
52 | 2 | - | 54 | |
- | - | 1 | 1 | |
- | - | 59 | 59 | |
57 | 2 | - | 59 | |
- | 16 | - | 16 | |
- | - | 2 | 2 | |
- | - | 25 | 25 | |
3 | - | - | 3 | |
8 | - | - | 8 | |
105 | - | - | 105 | |
2 | - | - | 2 | |
16 | 21 | - | 37 | |
56 | - | - | 56 | |
- | 2 | - | 2 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
- | - | 6 | 6 | |
7 | - | - | 7 | |
4 | - | - | 4 | |
5 | 6 | 3 | 14 | |
54 | - | - | 54 | |
- | 55 | - | 55 | |
4 | - | - | 4 | |
3 | - | - | 3 | |
96 | - | - | 96 | |
3 | - | - | 3 | |
13 | - | - | 13 | |
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- | - | 1 | 1 | |
3 | - | - | 3 | |
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1 | - | 1 | 2 | |
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1 | 16 | 9 | 26 | |
12 | 2 | 3 | 17 | |
- | 1 | - | 1 | |
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- | - | 88 | 88 | |
34 | 59 | 15 | 108 | |
- | - | 7 | 7 | |
- | - | 2 | 2 | |
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1 | - | - | 1 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
1 | 40 | 29 | 70 | |
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- | 1 | - | 1 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
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1 | - | - | 1 | |
- | - | 91 | 91 | |
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2 | - | - | 2 | |
1 | 1 | - | 2 | |
3 | - | - | 3 | |
4 | - | - | 4 | |
- | - | 1 | 1 | |
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3 | - | - | 3 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
10 | - | - | 10 | |
3 | - | - | 3 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
- | 5 | - | 5 | |
2 | - | - | 2 | |
2 | - | - | 2 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
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- | 2 | - | 2 | |
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- | 2 | - | 2 | |
6 | - | - | 6 | |
2 | - | - | 2 | |
5 | - | - | 5 | |
1 | 2 | - | 3 | |
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5 | 6 | 18 | 29 | |
11 | 15 | 1 | 27 | |
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- | 4 | - | 4 | |
- | 3 | - | 3 | |
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- | 12 | 8 | 20 | |
1 | - | - | 1 | |
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- | - | 3 | 3 | |
6 | 51 | 14 | 71 | |
2 | 2 | |||
- | - | 11 | 4 | |
- | - | 4 | 4 | |
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6 | 13 | 12 | 31 | |
- | - | 6 | 6 | |
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- | - | 3 | 3 | |
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3 | 10 | 7 | 20 | |
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- | - | 2 | 2 | |
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3 | - | - | 3 | |
25 | 91 | 7 | 123 | |
- | - | 1 | 1 | |
- | - | 154 | 154 | |
1 | 33 | 1 | 35 | |
- | - | 4 | 4 | |
- | - | 14 | 14 | |
6 | 23 | - | 29 | |
- | - | 1 | 1 | |
- | - | 4 | 4 | |
- | - | 1 | 1 | |
- | - | 1 | 1 | |
- | - | 3 | 3 | |
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- | - | 26 | 26 | |
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The most abundant species were
Values of abundance, richness and diversity (Shannon) of the sampled stations in streams in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil.
STATION | ABUNDANCE | RICHNESS | DIVERSITY |
---|---|---|---|
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87 | 14 | 2.11 |
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23 | 8 | 1.67 |
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422 | 21 | 1.61 |
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59 | 9 | 1.83 |
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39 | 10 | 1.93 |
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63 | 10 | 1.82 |
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125 | 21 | 2.53 |
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99 | 23 | 2.53 |
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438 | 30 | 2.43 |
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148 | 14 | 1.99 |
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82 | 10 | 1.37 |
|
108 | 8 | 0.56 |
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0 | 0 | 0.00 |
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51 | 15 | 1.51 |
|
403 | 8 | 0.81 |
|
78 | 15 | 2.36 |
|
13 | 7 | 1.73 |
|
0 | 0 | 0.00 |
|
24 | 5 | 1.28 |
|
64 | 10 | 1.69 |
|
566 | 28 | 1.91 |
|
142 | 11 | 2.03 |
The distribution of most species was related to drainage basins; from 117 species recorded, 38 were restricted to streams flow directly into the Tapajós River, 47 were collected only in streams draining into the Cupari River basin, and 11 were recorded only in streams draining into the Curuá-Una River basin. Six species were common to streams of the Curuá-Una and Cupari river drainages. One species was shared among streams flow directly into the Tapajós River and streams draining into the Curuá-Una River; thirteen species were shared among streams flow into the Curuá-Una and Cupari rivers, as well as streams draining directly into the Tapajós River (Fig.
Distribution of fish species recorded in different drainage systems in the Tapajós National Forest.
The analysis of similarities revealed a significant dissimilarity in fish species composition to both qualitative and quantitative data among drainage system in the Tapajos National Forest, as follows: Curuá-Una
The fish fauna of Tapajós National Forest, as well as the lower Tapajós River, is one of the most understudied and undersampled among aquatic systems in the Amazon drainage and so far all species found during the survey represent new records for the studied area. The number of species recorded (117) is one of the highest among known fish faunas in streams of the 1st to 3rd order in the Amazon drainage (e.g.
The Neotropical fish faunas are characterized by the predominance of species from the orders
If families are concerned, the largest number of species in the Neotropical region is contained in
The highest values of richness were observed at sampling stations 8, 9 and 21 (Table
Station 21 is near to the mouth of a stream draining into a lake, and its high values of richness is resulted of the presence of species typically recorded near lakes such as
The existence of dissimilarity in fish species composition of different, however geographically close, drainage systems within the Tapajos National Forest indicates that geographic isolation coupled with environmental characteristics is responsible for the structuring of fish communities, in accordance with observed by
CSO, ACC and FRR collected the data, identified the species, filled the database and wrote the text.
The authors are indebted to Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for the authorization for access and collecting fish in the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós; to the Programa de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade (PPBio/Amazônia Oriental); to the Programa de Desenvolvimento Científico Regional do CNPq/FAPESPA (ICAAF 03/2013), and to the Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA) for financial and logistic support. We also thank Raianny Karoline, Sérgio Oliveira, Ana Karina Moreyra Salcedo, Leomara Andrade and Arthur Pinheiro “seu Arthur” (
Voucher specimens.
Some fish species collected in the streams of the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil. Scale bar 1 cm.