Corresponding author: James Starrett (
Academic editor: G. Giribet
The monotypic genus
Starrett J, Derkarabetian S, Richart CH, Cabrero A, Hedin M (2016) A new monster from southwest Oregon forests:
With more than 4100 described species ( Pacific Northwest
In this study we increase the number of
We collected 77 San Diego State Terrestrial Arthropod Collection
Distribution of
Genomic DNA was extracted from multiple legs per specimen using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and the manufacturer’s protocol. Sequence data were obtained for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Phylogenetic and genetic distance based discovery analyses were used to generate species hypotheses. Maximum likelihood Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery
Based on the results of gene tree and species discovery approaches, we compared four alternative species hypotheses using Bayes Factor Delimitation ( Marginal Likelihood Estimate
Results of Bayes Factor Delimitation analysis. Species hypotheses are indicated in Fig. Marginal likelihood estimates path sampling stepping stone Bayes Factor
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4 Species | -4939.87 | 12.14 | -4942.67 | 13.03 |
3 Species | -4940.62 | 13.63 | -4943.17 | 14.03 |
2 Species | -4933.80 | - | -4936.16 | - |
1 Species | -5010.68 | 153.75 | -5014.01 | 155.70 |
Linear measurements were taken as in
Genetic sampling results, GenBank accession numbers, and genetic diversity statistics are summarized in Suppl. material
Maximum likelihood
Multiple species hypothesis models were tested using Bayes Factor Delimitation (Fig.
We note that within each species of California Academy of Sciences
Scute length (mm) distribution of
Morphological abbreviations: = distal cheliceral segment = genital operculum = leg II = ocularium = proximal cheliceral segment = pedipalpal femur = pedipalpal trochanter = seta-bearing tubercle
This species differs from
GenBank Accession numbers:
SDSU_TAC000021, Morphbank Specimen ID: 855927
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SDSU_TAC000022, Morphbank Specimen ID: 855928
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SDSU_TAC000027, Morphbank Specimen ID: 855931
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SDSU_TAC000204, Morphbank Specimen ID: 855933
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SDSU_TAC000248, Morphbank Specimen ID: 856245
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MALE: Measurements of holotype male, with the average and range of all three specimens measured in parentheses (Suppl. material
Body length 3.44, scute length 2.75 (2.71; 2.5–2.89), scute width 3.06 (2.75; 2.5–3.06), prosoma width 2.05 (1.95; 1.81–2.05). Shoulder tubercles present but small. Scute microgranulate. Holotype discolored due to preservation; for other specimens, integument color contrasts dorsally at midline between prosoma and opisthosoma, although not as strongly as in females.
Trochanter 0.57, femur 0.92, patella 0.7, tibia 1.48, metatarsus 1.72, tarsus 1.04.
Penis elongate; glans laterally compressed, dorsal plate extending outward into a more angled and acute keel shaped protrusion, with two pairs of spines, apical pair erect (pointing along the longitudinal axis of the penis), subapical pair appressed to dorsal plate; ventral plate cultriform with dorsally curved apical process.
FEMALE: Nineteen total individuals examined, including five paratypes; average measurements taken for subset (Suppl. material
Scute length 2.82 (2.69–3.03), scute width 3.01 (2.84–3.13), prosoma width 1.96 (1.8–2.14). Relative to males very dark, with strong contrast at midline between light-brown prosoma and dark-brown opisthosoma.
Ovipositor with four lobes, lateral lobes largest with seven apical setae, and a single large spine with a bifurcate tip, ventral lobe smallest.
See Suppl. material
For specific localities, habitats, and microhabitats see Suppl. material
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, which refers to the large size of this species. Like
This species differs from
GenBank Accession numbers:
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SDSU_TAC000023.5, Morphbank Specimen ID: 855929
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SDSU_TAC000023.6, Morphbank Specimen ID: 855930
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SDSU_TAC000203, Morphbank Specimen ID: 855932
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SDSU_OP1641, GUID: 38c9a86e-088d-4040-8988-af37fa74ad84
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SDSU_OP1641, Morphbank Specimen ID: 835725
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SDSU_OP1642, GUID: 8558ef80-a8c7-439d-bd93-dba8ec8d11d4
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MALE: Measurements of holotype male, with the average and range of all nine specimens measured in parentheses (Suppl. material
Body length 3.40, scute length 2.69 (2.46; 1.97–2.75), scute width 2.58 (2.41; 1.97–2.75), prosoma width 1.88 (1.77; 1.48–1.94). Shoulder tubercles present but small. Scute microgranulate. Integument color without contrast dorsally at midline between prosoma and opisthosoma in all individuals.
Mesal
Leg II length 10.59 (9.88; 8.15–11.0); trochanter 0.58 (0.53; 0.41–0.59), femur 2.66 (2.45; 1.99–2.72), patella 0.84 (0.8; 0.64–0.89), tibia 2.26 (2.14; 1.73–2.4), metatarsus 2.33 (2.22; 1.82–2.48), tarsus 1.93 (1.81; 1.54–1.97); tibia distally and ventrally swollen, with 3–5 rounded SBTs, 2–4 with setae twisted. Tarsal claw as for genus. Tarsal count 5–13–5–6; variation exists in the number of
Penis elongate; glans laterally compressed, dorsal plate extending outward into a more rounded keel shaped protrusion, with two pairs of spines, both pairs appressed to plate (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the penis); ventral plate cultriform with dorsally curved apical process.
FEMALE: Measurements of allotype female, with the average and range of all 10 specimens measured in parentheses (Suppl. material
Body length 2.94, scute length 2.35 (2.29; 2.05–2.69), scute width 2.5 (2.52; 2.23–2.75), prosoma width 1.62 (1.61; 1.49–1.76). Integument color darker than males, usually with light contrast dorsally at midline between prosoma and opisthosoma (in 7 of 8 individuals).
Mesal
Ovipositor with four lobes, lateral lobes largest with seven apical setae, and a single large spine with a bifurcate tip, ventral lobe smallest.
See Suppl. material
For specific localities, habitats, and microhabitats see Suppl. material
Our sampling efforts greatly increased the known range of
Short-range endemic taxa have been shown to help elucidate ancient biogeographic processes (
We thank Adrienne Richart and Erik Ciaccio for assistance with specimen collection, and Erik Ciaccio helped with the SCAN database. Darrell Ubick, Charles Griswold, and Vic Smith provided assistance with morphological analyses and imaging. Stephanie Castillo assisted with molecular data collection. Dean Leavitt and Dave Carlson helped with molecular analyses. Steve Barlow provided SEM support at SDSU. Sara Griffith from the OR Parks & Recreation Department assisted with collecting permits. Comments from Darrell Ubick, Gonzalo Giribet, and one anonymous reviewer helped to improve the manuscript. This research was supported by an NSF grant awarded to M Hedin (DEB 1354558).
Supplementary Table 1–4
Excel Table
Table S1. Locality data
Table S2. PCR primer information
Table S3. GenBank accession information and genetic diversity statistics
Table S4. Morphological measurements
Supplementary Figures 1–5
figures
Figure S1. Maximum likelihood gene tree for cytochrome c oxidase 1
Figure S2. Maximum likelihood gene tree for Toll locus. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap support greater than 70%.
Figure S3. Maximum likelihood gene tree for F-box/LRR-repeat locus. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap support greater than 70%.
Figure S4. Maximum likelihood gene tree for phosphatase 2A locus. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap support greater than 70%.
Figure S5. Maximum likelihood gene tree for Neuromusculin locus. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap support greater than 70%.