Histograms of expected values (blue bars) for niche overlap in carabid beetle communities of Central Asian steppes using the RA2 algorithm to generate 10,000 null matrices. Investigated ecosystems were a desert steppe (a), a typical steppe (b), a meadow steppe (c), three sectors within the typical steppe (d–f), and two sectors within the meadow steppe (g, h). In each graph, the vertical red line indicates the observed value, long-dash lines indicate the one-tailed 95% limits, and the short-dash lines the two-tailed 95% limits.