Descriptions of new species of the genera Sarima Melichar and Sarimodes Matsumura from southern China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae)

Abstract Two Issini genera, Sarima Melichar, 1903 and Sarimodes Matsumura, 1916, are examined. One new Sarima species: Sarima bifurcus sp. n. and two new Sarimodes species Sarimodes clavatus sp. n. and Sarimodes parallelus sp. n. are added from South China. A checklist of species in the genus Sarima with data on distribution is provided. The distribution and morphological peculiarities of the genera Sarima and Sarimodes are briefly discussed.

In this paper, one new species of Sarima and two new species of Sarimodes are described. A checklist of Sarima species with data on their distribution is provided below.

Materials and methods
External morphology was observed under a Leica MZ 125 microscope. All measurements are given in millimeters (mm). Terminology used for the external morphology and the male genitalia mainly follows Chan and Yang (1994). The description of the female genitalia follows Bourgoin (1993) and Gnezdilov et al. (2014), and forewing venation pattern follows Bourgoin et al. (2015). The genital segments of the examined specimens were dissected and macerated in hot 10% NaOH solution for approximately 2-3 minutes, and subsequently transferred into glycerin. Photographs of the specimens were made using a Leica M205A microscope with a Leica DFC Camera. Images were produced using the software version LAS (Leica Application Suite) V3.7. All specimens studied are deposited in the Entomological Museum of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (NWAFU), Yangling, China. Taxonomy   Family Issidae Spinola, 1839  Subfamily Issinae Spinola, 1839  Tribe Issini Spinola, 1839 Sarima Melichar, 1903Sarima Melichar, 1903: 78. Type species: Sarima illibata Melichar, 1903 designation.
Diagnostic characters. The genus Sarima was originally described by Melichar (1903), subsequently designated by Distant (1906) and recently redescribed by Gnezdilov (2013a (Hori 1970: Figs 11-17) but differs from the latter by: 1) generally dark brown alternated with green, in S. ryukyuana, general coloration brown with dark patches; 2) pygofer with hind margin strongly convex, in S. ryukyuana, pygofer with hind margin faintly rounded; 3) aedeagus with long process reaching to basal 1/3, the process bifurcated apically in ventral view, in S. ryukyuana, aedeagus with long process reaching to base, the process bifurcated basally in lateral view.
Coloration. Generally dark brown alternated with green. Eyes dark brown. Frons pale brown with yellow brown tubercles, and green near lateral margins. Clypeus brown with median carina and lateral sides yellowish brown. Ocelli brown. Gena yellow with inconspicuous dark speckles. Tegmen dark brown, longitudinal and transverse veins green. Hind wing pale brown with brown to black veins. Leg brown, apex of fore femora and base of fore tibia with dark brown. Abdomen ventrally pale yellowish green and dorsally dark brown, apex of each segment slightly pale yellowish green (Figs 1-3).
Head and thorax. Vertex nearly hexagonal, disc distinctly depressed, with median carina and two round depressions at disc, anterior margin angularly convex and hind margin concave, margins carinated, 1.8 times wider at apex than length in midline ( Fig. 1). Frons coarse with small punctures, disc slightly elevated and distinctly expanding below antennae, with median carina and lateral carinae only distinct at upper half of frons; frons with tubercules along lateral margins and upper margin, 0.8 times longer than widest part, 1.8 times wider at widest part than at base (Fig. 2). Fronto clypeal suture distinctly curved. Clypeus smooth with median carina (Fig. 2). Pronotum with anterior margin strongly acutely convex, hind margin nearly straight, disc with median carina and two small pits (Fig. 1); paranotal lobe relatively small, lateroventral angle rounded (Fig. 2). Mesonotum subtriangular with median carina, two small depressions along lateral margin, 2.3 times wider at widest part than long in midline (Fig. 1). Tegmen subquadrate, anterior margin nearly parallel to sutural margin, longer than wide, 2.4 times longer than widest part (Fig. 3). Hind wing with R bifurcate, M, CuP, Pcu, A1 and A2 simple, CuA trifurcate; R2 and M and between M and CuA1 both with single transverse vein almost in a straight line, CuA3 and CuP fused and thickened (Fig. 4). Metatibiotarsal formula 2+7/9/2. Male terminalia. Anal segment in dorsal view nearly oval, widest near apex, apical margin obtusely convex; anus situated at basal part (Fig. 6). Pygofer with hind margin obtusely produced at dorsal half, and slightly concave near ventral margin (Fig. 5). Phallobase with dorsolateral lobe split near apex, lateral lobe forming a small short process near apex, abruptly tapered apically; ventral lobe split from dorsolateral lobe at base, gradually narrowing to apex, apical margin weakly concave at middle in ventral view; aedeagus with long process arising from apex to basal 1/3, the process bifurcated near its apex in ventral view, the inside branch slightly shorter than half length of the outside one (Figs 8,9). Genital style in lateral view subtrianglar, with hind margin strongly concave, caudoventral angle roundly convex (Fig. 5). Capitulum elongate, basal half thin and widened at middle, with a small lateral tooth (Fig. 7).
Female terminalia. Anal segment in dorsal view suboblong, elongate, lateral margins nearly parallel, weakly widened at subapex, apical margin slightly convex; anus short, situated at base (Fig. 10). Gonoplac elongate, with wide membranes near apex, apical margin strongly convex at dorsal half, disc elevated near base in dorsal view, in dorsal view fork faintly pigmented (Figs 11, 12). Proximal part of posterior connective lamina of gonapophyses IX strongly convex in lateral view, median field bifurcate at apex in dorsal view, lateral fields with a pair of short teeth near middle, with the surface bearing numerous microvilli (Figs 13, 14). Anterior connective laminae of gonapophysis VIII broad, ventral margin straight, bearing two small teeth near apex, apical group with three small similar-sized of teeth, with four teeth in lateral group (Fig. 15). Sternum VII with apical margin distinctly arcuately convex at middle (Fig. 16).
Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word "bifurcus", referring to the bifurcated process of the aedeagus in ventral view.
Male terminalia. Anal segment relatively long, anus stubbed, located near base of anal segment (Figs 25,37). Pygofer in lateral view with hind margin oblique, produced near ventral margin (Figs 22, 38). Phallobase with dorsolateral lobe bearing a pair of strong and long processes near apex, directing cephalad, ventral lobe separate from dorsolateral lobe at base, narrowing to apex; aedeagus with a pair of long hooks at middle (Figs 23, 24, 40, 41 Diagnosis. This new species resembles S. taimokko Mastumura, but differs from the latter by 1) frons with median carina distinct at upper half, in S. taimokko, frons with median carina distinct at basal third; 2) genital style with hind margin almost straight, in S. taimokko, genital style with hind margin weakly concave near middle; 3) phallobase with dorsolateral lobe bearing a pair of long clavate processes near apex, aedeagus with a pair of curved hooks at middle, in S. taimokko, phallobase with dorso- lateral lobe bearing a pair of short triangular processes, aedeagus each with two processes, inner one slightly short.
Head and thorax. Vertex hexagonal, 1.2 times longer than wide in middle line, anterior margin angulately convex at middle, posterior margin deeply angulately excavate (Fig. 17). Frons slightly longer than wide, upper margin distinctly concave, with median and sublateral carinae present at upper half of frons (Fig. 18). Clypeus smooth with disc slightly convex. Rostrum reaching post-trochanter. Pronotum almost as long as vertex, with anterior margin acutely convex, posterior margin nearly straight, only shallowly emarginate at middle, median carina distinct (Fig. 17), paranotal lobe smooth, ventral margin oblique and straight, lateroventral angle subacute (Fig. 18). Tegmen elongate, 3.1 times longer than wide at widest part at basal third (Fig. 19). Hind wing with single transverse vein in between R and M and between M and CuA1 respectively; CuA2 and CuP fused from one third of CuA2 to apex, the fused part relatively thin and long (Fig. 20). Metatibiotarsal formula 2+7/9/2. Male terminalia. Anal segment cyathiform in dorsal view, 2.1 times longer than widest part, lateral margin weakly widened at base, apical margin weakly concave at middle (Fig. 25). Phallobase with dorsolateral lobe bearing a pair of long clavate processes near apex, ventral lobe with apical margin acutely convex; aedeagus with a pair of curved hooks at middle (Figs 23,24). Genital style in lateral view subtrianglar, hind margin almost straight, caudo-ventral angle slightly convex (Fig. 22). Capitulum short and wide, with a very small lateral tooth (Fig. 21).
Female terminalia. Anal segment elongate, nearly oblong in dorsal view, 2.5 times longer than widest part, apical margin slightly convex; anus short, situated at base of anal segment (Fig. 26). Gonoplac with apical margin oblique and convex at dorsal half, disc elevated near base in dorsal view, fork faintly pigmented (Figs 27,28). Proximal part of posterior connective lamina of gonapophyses IX strongly convex in lateral view, median field single lobed, lateral fields obtusely bent at distal part (Figs 29,30). Anterior connective laminae of gonapophysis VIII broad, ventral margin straight, bearing one tiny tooth near apex, apical group with three short stout teeth, with three keeled teeth in lateral group (Fig. 31). Sternum VII with posterior margin nearly straight at middle (Fig. 32).
Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word "clavatus", referring to dorso-lateral lobe of phallobase having a clavate process in lateral view.
Distribution. China (Hainan). Diagnosis. This new species resembles S. clavatus sp. n. in the present paper, but differs from the latter by 1) frons approximately 1.25 times wider than long in middle line, in S. clavatus, frons slightly longer than wide; 2) genital style with hind margin produced near apex, caudo-ventral angle strongly convex, in S. clavatus, genital style with hind margin almost straight, caudo-ventral angle slightly convex; 3) aedeagus with a pair of hooks semicircularly curved, in S. clavatus, aedeagus with hooks almost straight, slightly curved dorsally at apex. Description. Male length (n = 1) (including tegmen): 6.8 mm, length of tegmen: 5.8 mm.
Coloration. Generally brown with pale brown carinae and dark brown maculae. Vertex yellowish brown with black brown spots. Eyes dark brown. Frons dark brown with pale brown tubercules, near lateral and apical margins black. Gena yellowish brown with dark macula in front of eyes. Antenna with scape pale brown, pedicel brown with pale sensory pits. Clypeus yellowish brown with dark brown longitudinal stripes. Tegmen brown. Hind wing yellowish brown. Leg brown, base and apex of fore and mid femora and tibiae with dark brown band, and base of hind femora dark brown, tips of teeth black. Abdomen ventrally and dorsally brown, disc dark brown (Figs 33-35).
Head and thorax. Vertex nearly hexagonal, approximately 2 times wider than long in middle line, anterior margin weakly angulately convex at middle, posterior margin distinctly obtusely concave (Fig. 33). Frons approximately 1.25 times wider than long in middle line, upper margin moderately concave, with median carina present at basal half, with a row of submarginal tubercules (Fig. 34). Pronotum narrower than head combined with eyes, longer in middle line than vertex, median carina distinct, with several small tubercules at lateral area (Fig. 33); paranotal lobes lamelliferous, with three small tubercles along posterior margin, ventral margin moderately oblique (Fig.  34). Tegmen approximately 3.2 times longer than widest part (Fig. 35). Hind wing with single transverse vein in between R and M and between M and CuA1 respectively; CuA2 thoroughly fused with CuP, the fused part relatively thick and short (Fig.  36). Metatibiotarsal formula 2+7/8/2.
Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word "parallelus", referring to the pair of ventral hooks of aedeagus being nearly parallel in ventral view.

Discussion
The genus Sarima currently comprises 23 species including Sarima bifurcus sp. n., widely distributed in Oriental region, and also extending into the Eastern Palaearctic and Australian regions. Gnezdilov (2013a) proposed that the genus Sarima sensu stricto apparently endemic to Sri Lanka and that the generic position of other species described in this genus from other regions needed to be revised. However, the discovery of the new species Sarima bifurcus sp. n. from China (Yunnan) in the present paper shows the genus Sarima is not an endemic taxon of Sri Lanka. The genus Sarima appears to be a large group mainly widely distributed in the Oriental Region. Of course, some species of Sarima (S. amagisana, S. ryukyuana, S. tappana) need further study (Gnezdilov 2013b) and the genus Sarima needs to be revised. The genus Sarima is very close to the genus Eusarima according to the similar structure of phallus, phallobase with dorsolateral lobe split near apex, lateral lobe forming a small short process directing caudad, and aedeagus with long process arising from subapex. But Eusarima in contrast to the Sarima has the frons with clear sublateral carinae, tegmen without hypocostal plate and vein MP branched at middle. The genus Sarima is also close to the genus Sarimodes by the similar veins on tegmen. But the genus Sarimodes has the frons with short median carina, tegmen without hypocostal plate, and phallobase with dorsolateral lobe bearing a process directing cephalad laterally. The phylogenetic relationships of these close genera needs further study.