Three new species of Fonsecaiulus (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellini) from Brazil and key to species of the genus

Abstract Three new sharpshooter species of the genus Fonsecaiulus Young, 1977 are described and illustrated from specimens collected in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Fonsecaiulus rectangularis and Fonsecaiulus guttiformis, and in the Brazilian Cerrado, Fonsecaiulus filiformis. The descriptions are based on features from the external morphology, color pattern, and male and female genital structures. Comparisons of the three new taxa with the remaining six Fonsecaiulus species are provided. An identification key to males of all known species of the genus is given.

In this paper three new species of Fonsecaiulus are described and illustrated from specimens collected in Atlantic Forest areas from Espírito Santo State, SE. Brazil, and in the Cerrado (tropical savanna) from Goiás State, CW. Brazil. An identification key to males of all known species of the genus is given. Notes comparing the three new taxa with the remaining Fonsecaiulus species are provided.

Material and methods
The genital structures were prepared according to the techniques of Oman (1949) and Mejdalani (1998) for males and females, respectively. The dissected parts were stored in small vials with glycerin and attached below the specimens. Morphological terminology follows mainly Young (1977), except for the head (Hamilton 1981, Mejdalani 1993, 1998 and the female genitalia (Hill 1970, Davis 1975. The specimens studied herein were deposited in the Coleção Entomológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (CEIOC, Rio de Janeiro), Coleção Entomológica Prof. José Alfredo P. Dutra, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (DZRJ, Rio de Janeiro), and Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ, Rio de Janeiro). Label data of type specimens are given inside quotations with a reversed virgule [\] separating lines on a label and a semicolon separating different labels.
Etymology. The specific epithet, rectangularis, refers to the shape of the aedeagal shaft in lateral view.
Color. Dorsum brown with three longitudinal yellow stripes (Fig. 1a, b); median stripe extending from apex of crown to apex of clavus, posteriorly narrowed from median portion of pronotum; pair of lateral stripes extending posteriorly from frontogenal suture along claval sulcus, almost attaining its apex, strongly narrowed on posterior two-thirds of sulcus. Crown (Fig. 1a, b) with lateral areas anteriorly to frontogenal sutures pale orange. Clavus (Fig. 1a, b) with narrow, median, elongate oblique yellow macula. Corium (Fig. 1a, b) with yellow stripe parallel and adjacent to median portion of brachial cell; yellow elongate macula on inner anteapical cell; two smaller oblique yellow maculae near costal margin, anterior one opposite claval apex, posterior one on outer anteapical cell. Face pale orange. Frons with pair of dorsolateral brown maculae continuous with color pattern of crown. Antennal ledges brown (Fig. 1b). Thoracic sclerites mostly yellow (Fig. 1b); lateral lobe of pronotum dorsally brown. Legs mostly pale orange (Fig. 1b). Thoracic sternum mostly pale orange.
Female unknown. Intraspecific variation (based on eight male paratypes). The direction of the pygofer processes is variable; the aedeagal shaft can be more dorsally curved than in the holotype; its apical portion, in lateral view, can be broader and the apical margin, slightly concave. Remarks. Fonsecaiulus rectangularis sp. n. (Fig. 1a, b) is similar in color and distributional pattern of stripes to F. flavovittata and F. gaudialis. The pair of yellow stripes extending posteriorly from the frontogenal sutures is narrower than in F. flavovittata on anterior portion of claval sulcus (Wilson et al. 2009: http://naturalhistory.museumwales.ac.uk/sharpshooters/browserecord.php?-recid=1012).
The male genital structures are similar to those of F. gaudialis. The posterior margin of the pygofer presents acute processes in both species, being a single ventral process in F. gaudialis, not attaining the median line (Young 1977: figs 627c, p). In the new species, there are two processes: one dorsal, short and spiniform, and another ventral, long (Fig. 1c, d). The aedeagal shaft in both species is long and moderately broad in lateral view, without processes. The shaft apex is truncate to slightly concave in F. rectangularis (Fig. 1g), while it is convex in F. gaudialis (Young 1977: fig. 627f). The paraphyses have a pair of simple long rami in the new species (Fig. 1h). In F. gaudialis each ramus is clearly bifid (Young 1977: fig. 627h). Etymology. The specific epithet, guttiformis, refers to the shape of the aedeagal shaft in lateral view.
Male holotype. Head and thorax. Head ( Fig. 2a, b) with median length of crown slightly less than 7/10 interocular width and slightly less than 4/10 transocular width; frons slightly flattened medially, muscle impressions distinct; epistomal suture obsolete medially; clypeus with contour continuing profile of frons. Pronotum (Fig. 2a,b) with width equal to transocular width; lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly. Remaining morphological characteristics of head and thorax as in the generic description of Young (1977: 760-763).
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Fig. 2c) slightly concave posteriorly; ventro-apical margin with small rounded lobe, directed medially. Valve (Fig. 2d) broad and subtriangular. Subgenital plates (Fig. 2d) narrow on apical half; dorsal surface with two minute, sclerotized dentiform processes on median portion, near which apical portion of styles rests; short microsetae along outer margin. Styles (Fig. 2e) elongate, extending as far posteriorly as connective apex; outer preapical portion with long sparse setae; apex directed outwards. Connective (Fig. 2e) Y-shaped in dorsal view; stalk elongate, with well-produced median keel. Aedeagus (Fig. 2f, g), in lateral view, with shaft long and gutiform, strongly curved ventrally; apex broadly convex; gonopore apical; dorsal apodemes long and curved posteriorly. Paraphyses (Fig. 2f, g) symmetrical, with short basal plate and pair of complex broad and long rami; each ramus with inner basal process, slender and very short; ventral margin with short process between basal and median thirds, slightly curved posteriorly; apex bifurcated into two long and narrow acute processes, inner one posteromedially curved and crossing median line of pygofer, the other one directed posteriorly, with short triangular basiventral projection.
Color. Dorsum brown with longitudinal yellow stripes (Fig. 2a, b). Head and thorax (Fig. 2a, b) with three stripes, median one extending from apex of crown to apex of clavus, posteriorly narrowed from median portion of pronotum, and pair of lateral stripes extending from frontogenal suture to median portion of clavus, almost attaining median portion of commissural margin. Clavus (Fig. 2a, b) with narrow yel- low stripe adjacent to claval sulcus, absent on basal portion. Corium (Fig. 2a, b) with broad yellow irregular stripe adjacent to brachial cell, extending posteriorly to inner anteapical cell, narrowed on portion opposite claval apex; two elongate oblique yellow maculae near costal margin, anterior one opposite claval apex (interrupted in the right forewing) and posterior one on outer anteapical cell. Face pale yellow. Frons with pair of dorsolateral brown maculae continuous with color pattern of crown. Anten-nal ledges brown (Fig. 2b). Thoracic sclerites (Fig. 2b) mostly yellow; lateral lobe of pronotum dorsally brown. Legs (Fig. 2b) mostly pale yellow. Thoracic sternum mostly pale yellow.
Intraspecific variation (based on nine male and one female paratypes). Short curved process between basal and median third of paraphyses rami with variable length; ventral margin of each ramus sometimes irregular, with slight projections and emarginations.
The male genitalia of F. guttiformis are the most distinct in the genus. The valve is broad and subtriangular (Fig. 2d), whereas this structure is short and broadly convex posteriorly in the remaining species of the genus. The styles and connective stalk are uncommonly elongate (Fig. 2e). The aedeagus is strongly curved ventrally with the apex broad (Fig. 2f). Fonsecaiulus cognatus is the only other known species in which the aedeagal shaft has a ventral curvature (Young 1977: fig. 625q), but it is slighter than in F. guttiformis. The paraphyses are very complex in the latter species, with short basal plate and pair of broad and long rami presenting processes (Fig. 2f, g). Until now, the paraphyses of F. flavovittata were the most complex in the genus (Young 1977 : fig. 622r).
Regarding the female genitalia, the sternite VII of F. guttiformis (Fig. 3a) is similar to that of F. cognatus (Young 1977: fig. 625i), both being posterolaterally produced and with a well-produced median lobe. The lateral lobes in the new species are subtriangular, whereas in F. cognatus they are narrowly rounded.
The first valvifers of F. guttiformis bear a conspicuous anterior process that is basally articulated (Fig. 3d, e). Young (1977) described a pair of elongate processes projecting from the dorsal membrane into the genital chamber in F. sciotus (see fig. 626p from that author). The position and shape of these processes are similar to the ones observed in F. guttiformis. Carvalho and Mejdalani (2014) described processes originating from the same portion of the valvifers, but not basally articulated to them, in two species of Erythrogonia Melichar, 1926: E. phoenicea (Signoret, 1853) (see fig. 8 from those authors) and E. calva (Taschenberg, 1884) (see fig. 22 from those authors). This genus, as well as Fonsecaiulus, is included in the Erythrogonia generic group (Young 1977).
Etymology. The specific epithet, filiformis, refers to the shape of the aedeagus in lateral view.
Description. Length. Male holotype, 5.6 mm. Male holotype. Head and thorax. Head (Fig. 4a, b) with median length of crown slightly less than 7/10 interocular width and slightly less than 4/10 transocular width; ocelli located slightly behind a line between anterior eye angles; frons slightly flattened medially, muscle impressions distinct; epistomal suture complete; clypeus with contour continuing profile of frons. Pronotum (Fig. 4a, b) with width less than transocular width; lateral margins parallel. Forewings with inner and median anteapical cells opened basally. First tarsomere (Fig. 4b) with length approximately equal to combined length of two more distal tarsomeres. Remaining morphological characteristics of head and thorax as in the generic description of Young (1977: 760-763).
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Fig. 4c) broadly convex posteriorly, posterodorsal portion slightly produced, without processes. Valve (Fig. 4d) broad and very short, subrectangular. Subgenital plates (Fig. 4d) narrow on apical three-fourths; dorsal surface with two minute, sclerotized dentiform processes on median portion, near which apical portion of styles rests; basal portion with few short macrosetae along outer margin; few very short microsetae on apical half. Styles (Fig. 4e, f) with outer preapical portion with long sparse setae; apex directed outwards. Connective (Fig. 4e, f) with arms short in dorsal view; stalk moderately elongate, with strongly produced median keel. Aedeagus (Fig. 4f, g), in lateral view, with shaft long and slender, dorsally curved; apex with long and acute process continuing shape of shaft, extending dorsally beyond pygofer border; gonopore ventral; dorsal apodemes long and slightly curved posteriorly. Paraphyses (Fig. 4f, g) symmetrical, basal plate Y-shaped and arms widely divergent; rami articulated to basal plate, long and slender, with apex acute, extending posteriorly beyond pygofer border; each ramus, in lateral view, sinuous, slightly curved dorsally and then slightly curved ventrally.
Color. Dorsum anteriorly brown to yellowish-brown with broad pale yellow median stripe extending from apex of crown to apex of clavus (Fig. 4a, b); stripe occupying approximately one-third of posterior margin of crown, with lateral margins sinuous on clavus. Crown (Fig. 4a) with pair of small pale yellow spots on antennal ledges and another pair adjacent to outer margin of ocelli; subtriangular pale yellow marks adjacent to inner eye angles. Pronotum (Fig. 4a, b) with narrow, median yellowish-brown stripe on pale yellow broad stripe; humeral areas reddish-brown. Forewings (Fig. 4a, b) with basal portion dark brown, median portion and most of corium veins reddish-brown, apical portion pale brown; minute pale yellow spot beyond middle of costal margin and another on apex of brachial cell. Face pale yellow. Frons with median portion bordered by pair of longitudinal narrow brown stripes, connected to each other on dorsal median portion of clypeus, then extending ventrally as a median stripe; narrow transverse brown stripes along muscle impressions. Antennal ledges (Fig. 4b), in lateral view, almost entirely brown. Thoracic sclerites (Fig. 4b) mostly pale yellow; lateral lobe of pronotum, mesepimeron, and mesepisternum dorsally dark brown. Legs (Fig. 4b) mostly pale yellow. Thoracic sternum mostly pale yellow.
Remarks. Fonsecaiulus filiformis sp. n. (Fig. 4a, b) is very similar to F. dorsifascia (Fig. 4h) in color pattern and male structures. Only these two species have a broad, median pale yellow stripe on dorsum. In the new species the lateral margins of the stripe are sinuous on forewings, whereas in F. dorsifascia they are triangularly emarginated.
In the male genitalia, the pygofer and subgenital plates are very similar in both species. The apical portion of the styles in F. filiformis differs from that of F. dorsifascia. In the former species, the preapical lobe is more produced (Fig. 4e) than in the latter (Young 1977: fig. 624e). The paraphyses of the new species are similar to those of F. dorsifascia. The aedeagi are strongly curved dorsally in both species. However, F. filiformis has a regularly very narrow aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 4f), while F. dorsifascia has the aedeagal shaft broader (Young 1977: fig. 624f).