A new genus and nine new species of Eugnomini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from New Caledonia

Abstract The genus Rasilinus gen. n. is described (type species Rasilinus tchambicus sp. n.). Nine new species: Rasilinus bicolor sp. n., Rasilinus bifurcatus sp. n., Rasilinus bimaculatus sp. n., Rasilinus grandidens sp. n., Rasilinus longulus sp. n., Rasilinus subgemellus sp. n., Rasilinus subnodulus sp. n., Rasilinus tchambicus sp. n., Rasilinus virgatus sp. n. are described from New Caledonia. Illustrations of the external morphology, male and female terminalia, dorsal habitus colour photographs of the adults, key to species and distribution map of the new genus Rasilinus are provided.


Introduction
The Eugnomini is a small, poorly studied tribe of the speciose family Curculionidae. The classification, biogeography, and biology of most species are poorly known. Currently, Eugnomini comprises about 200 known species included in 28 genera and is primarily an Old World group occurring in New Zealand (19 genera), Australia (five), New Caledonia (three) and New Guinea (one) (Zimmerman 1994;Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999;Macfarlane et al. 2011;Kuschel 2014;Mazur 2014a, b). In the Measurements were taken using a calibrated stereomicroscopic grid eyepiece (C-W10xB/22) and stereomicroscope NIKON SMZ-800. Genitalia preparations were made according to the standard method of macerating the separated abdomen for 5-10 minutes in a hot KOH solution. Photographs were taken using the camera a CANON Power Shot A640 camera connected with the stereomicroscope and processed using the Helicon Focus v. 4.50 and PhotoFiltre v. 6.1 software programmes.
The nomenclature of the male terminalia and abbreviations of particular measurements (partly modified) follows Wanat (2001) (alphabetical order): apw pronotum width at anterior margin; arw width of rostrum apex; bew width of elytral base (measured through the middle of humeral calli); bpw pronotum width at the base; el elytra length, measured in top view in a position when the base and apex of elytra are at the same level; eyl eye length, measured in top view, when the head is positioned horizontally; frw minimum frons width; hl head length; hw head width, measured across the middle of the eyes; lb length of body exclusive of rostrum; mew maximum elytra width; mith minimum height of tooth on hind femur, measured from basal part of femur (shorter edge); mpw maximum pronotal width; pl pronotum length; ptbl protibia length; ptbmw maximum width of fore tibia; mth maximum height of tooth on hind femur; measurement from apex of femur (longer edge); rl rostrum length, measured in top of view, when base and apex of rostrum are in the same level; scl antennal scape length.
All dimensions are given in millimetres.
Description. Size 2.5-3.6 mm. Body stout, distinctly convex transversally. Rostrum dorsoventrally flattened, as long as head or slightly longer; dorsal surface covered with white, more or less protruding, elongate scales, sometimes mixed with additional white scales which are suboval and adjoining. Antennae inserted on apical part of rostrum; funicle with seven antennomeres; scape reaching posterior margin of eye. Scrobe deep in lateral view with sharp edges; partly visible in dorsal view of rostrum; not passing along ventral part and not reaching front margin of eyes. Eyes weakly to strongly convex. Frons narrower than base of rostrum. Pronotum subquadrate. Elytra widest at basal half, distinctly and regularly narrowed to apex; apically truncate or rounded; humeral calli weakly or strongly prominent, posterior calli absent. Surface of elytra glabrous, more or less shining; intervals wider than striae with single line of short, protruding, inclined backward setae; entire surface in some species covered with extremely small, hardly visible, piliform setae. Second pair of wings well developed. Front coxae contiguous. Trochanters small, fusiform. Posterior margin of metaventrite with distinct line of dense, closely adjoining, white scales. All femora covered with sparse, elongate scales. Outer margin of tibiae covered with white, elongate scales. Hind femora broadened, clavate with enlarged tooth; dorsal surface with contrasting, transverse stripe of white scales (except R. subnodulus sp. n.); posterior margin of tooth on hind femora with two types of piliform setae: one short and straight and other elongate and hooked apically. Hind tibiae strongly curved. Segments of front and middle tarsi similar in length; first tarsal segment of hind tarsi elongate, as long as 2+3 or longer. Male pygidium (tergite VIII) with two narrow processes on ventral side. Tegmen with elongate or very short parameres. Penis well sclerotised, most species with fully sclerotised base of pedon (here, basal part of pedon is the anterior ventral margin of the penis body between the apodemes) and variable, well visible structures in internal sac.
Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Latin adjective rasilis (smooth) and refers to the elytral sculpture. Gender masculine.
Biology. Detailed biology unknown. Other members of Eugnomini have been reared from dead wood, subcortical tissues, live stems, galls, leaves or fruits of many species of plants in different families (e.g. May 1987).
Description. Body length (lb) ca. 2.50 mm. Body colour and vestiture (Fig. 8). Colour of body variable, from uniformly light brown to almost black. Elytra, pronotum and head usually dark brown, except for lighter rostrum and legs. Legs with three possible types of coloration: i) dark femora with lighter tibiae, ii) light femora (sometimes with darkening base) with darker tibiae (sometimes only apical part darkening), iii) femora and tibiae with the same colour. Rostrum and frons covered with two kinds of white scales: one suboval and recumbent and other elongate, protruding. Outer margin of tibiae with white, elongate, protruding scales. Elytral intervals with single line of protruding, elongate scales with variable colour, from dark on basal to bright on apical part of elytra. Entire surface of elytra covered with additional minute, hardly visible, short, piliform, recumbent scales.
Map 1. Distribution of species from genus Rasilinus gen. n. in New Caledonia.
Female (Figs 98,125,130,135). Similar to male in body shape but slightly larger. Elytra stout, widest beyond humeral calli, near middle. Apodeme of sternite VIII elongate, base bifurcate, irregular. Gonocoxite thin, elongate, more than 4 × as long as its wide; stylus minute with few setae. Spermatheca stout, distinctive curved. Abdominal tergite VIII more than 2 × wider than long; widely rounded apically; basally with slightly narrowed angles; surface with sparse punctation and few setae on apical margin.
Measurements  10, 19, 28, 37, 49-51, 77, 86, 89, 94, 100, 107, 114, 121, 126, 131 Diagnosis. Distinguished by the bicolored body with pronotum and basal part of elytra reddish and remaining parts of body black. Pronotal disc with subtriangular mark composed of white scales. Humeral calli strongly prominent. Description. Body length (lb) 2.55-2.90 mm. Body colour and vestiture (Fig. 1). Head and rostrum dark brown to black covered with white, suboval (adjoining) and elongate (protruding) scales. Scape orange, darkening to apex; funicle and club darker. Pronotum reddish with subtriangular spot composed of white scales. Elytra bicolored, anterior half reddish, posterior half dark brown to black; intervals with single, protruding, elongate, dark (lighter-colored at apical part) scales. Elytra medially with two small spots on third interval composed of white suboval scales (sometimes hardly visible). Legs dark brown; fore and middle femora with single, white, protruding scales, hind femora with transverse stripe of small, suboval, white scales. Front and middle tibiae with elongate, protruding scales, these are brown on basal part and white on apical two thirds. Tarsi orange.
Elytra (Figs 10, 19). Widest across humeral calli (el/mew ca. 1.50); distinctly narrowed behind humerus, slightly broadened medially, strongly narrowed to apex. Dorsal surface glabrous, shining. Striae with subcircular, well isolated punctures, these becoming less numerous towards apex. Intervals flat, glabrous, with single line of short, protruding scales in two colours: brown on basal four fifths and white on apical fifth.
Legs . Front and middle legs robust; tibiae bisinuate, short and wide (ptbl/ptbmw ca. 4.00); hind tibiae with arched inner margin, distinctly narrowed before apex. Femora with rough surface and distinct, transverse corrugation. Front and middle femora stout with small ventral tooth, surface between tooth and apex with semicircular, deep cavity. Base of hind femora distinctly compressed, slightly twisted. Corrugation on flattened, basal part of legs deeper and parallel horizontally. Claws toothed.
Abdomen (Fig. 86). Weakly narrowed, almost as long as maximal width at base. Suture between ventrites 1 and 2 depressed laterally; medially not depressed, only as thin  line; sutures between ventrites 2-5 wide, strongly depressed. Last ventrite with widely rounded posterior margin; 2 × as wide as long. Entirely covered with deep punctation and piliform, white setae; surface glabrous, shining. Pygidium of male subquadrate, dorsal surface with sparse punctures. Ventral processes elongate with single, short setae.
Male terminalia (Figs 100,107,114). Tegminal apodeme short and narrowed. Pedon slightly, regularly tapering toward rounded apex; base fully sclerotized; in lateral view distinctly curved with upturned apex. Basal part of sternite VIII apodeme extended into pair of elongate, slightly curved and tapering processes; Sternite IX with two small, subtriangular sclerites situated at apical part of divided appendices. Tegmen with parameres fused over basal third of length, without intervening membrane.
Female (Figs 94,121,126,131). Similar to male in measurements and proportion of body, but slightly larger. Subtriangular white mark on pronotum smaller; two white spots at the middle of elytra absent. Fore tibiae more slender than those of male; subapical part of femora less concave; tooth on fore and middle femora minute. Abdominal tergite VIII subcircular with small punctures at lateral margin; apically with elongate setae some of which are slightly broadened basally. Gonocoxite as in Fig.  121, elongate, slightly constricted medially. Spermatheca stout, short, weakly concave. Apodeme of sternite VIII long, base split into pair of short, acute processes; apical lobe irregular, furnished with elongate setae at anterior angle.
Measurements Etymology. This specific epithet is derived from the Latin prefix bi-(two), and noun color (color, pigment) and refers to the bicolored body. A noun in apposition.
Distribution. New Caledonia (main island, north province).  (Fig. 2). Head, pronotum and elytra dark brown to black; rostrum and legs reddish, apex dark; apical part of tibiae darkening. Antennal scape orange; funicle and club darker. Dorsal surface of rostrum covered with suboval, white scales, middle of rostrum with asetose line. Ventral side of rostrum at base and prosternum covered densely with suboval, white scales. Legs with mixed dark and white elongate scales; hind femora with indistinct transverse stripe composed of small, suboval, white scales.
Elytra (Figs 11,20). Widest behind humeral calli, elongate (el/mew ca. 1.60), from middle of length strongly narrowed to apex. Dorsal surface slightly shining. Striae with suboval, well isolated punctures, in distal two-thirds of length becoming less numerous towards apex. Intervals weakly convex across whole length.
Abdomen (Fig. 87, 99). Weakly narrowed, slightly longer than wide at base. Sutures between ventrites 2-5 wide and strongly depressed. Last ventrite almost 2 × wider than long; surface with sparse punctures and elongate setae; lateral margin along two-thirds of length with distinctive, sharp edges, apically with two shallow grooves, each bearing few elongate setae; apical margin widely rounded. Pygidium of male subquadrate, dorsal surface with single, sparse punctures. Ventral processes broad, stout, subquadrate with concentration of elongate setae in the middle and on apical margin.
Male terminalia (Figs 101, 108, 115). Aedegal pedon almost as long as apodemes; regularly narrowed, strongly constricted apically with rounded apex; basal part of pedon completely sclerotised. In lateral view regularly curved with slightly upturned apex. Internal sac with irregular transfer apparatus and two elongate, acute processes. Tegmen with parameroid lobes shorter than apodeme; parameroid lobes completely bilobed, entirely surrounded by membrane; apical part of membrane with distinct, elongate setae. Sternite VIII with elongate, stout apodeme; basal part of apodeme enlarged. Sternite IX with two highly visible, irregular sclerites.
Female. Unknown  Etymology. From the Latin prefix bi-(two), and noun furca (fork, two-pronged), refers to the two characteristic, elongate sclerites in the internal sac of aedeagus. An adjective.
Distribution. New Caledonia (main island, north province).

Rasilinus bimaculatus sp. n.
http: Figs 3,12,21,30,39,46,[55][56][57]79,88,102,109,116 Diagnosis. It differs from other members of the new genus in having two characteristic spots in the middle of elytra. Body elongate; head behind eyes wide and stout with parallel lateral margin of vertex, eyes hardly concave; claws strongly curved with prominent, acute basal tooth. Description. Body length (lb) ca. 3.30 mm. Body colour and vestiture (Fig. 3). Pronotum and elytra dark brown; dorsal surface of rostrum covered with suboval, white scales, middle of rostrum with asetose line; underside of rostrum with white, elongate scales. Pair of white spots at the middle of elytra (at third intervals) composed of small, strongly imbricate, suboval, white scales; intervals with line of protruding, elongate, dark and white scales. Femora brown with darker base; tibiae and tarsi dark orange. Antennae uniformly brown with brighter club. Hind femora with distinct transverse stripe composed of small, suboval, white scales.
Legs (Figs 55-57, 79). Front and middle femora stout, weakly narrowed basally; fore femora with very small, middle with distinct tooth on ventral margin. Tooth on hind femora sharp and narrow. Front tibiae bisinuate, broadened apically; middle tibiae elongate, weakly bisinuate, not broadened apically; hind tibiae regular curved, slightly narrowed apically. Claws strongly curved with prominent, acute, basal tooth.  Abdomen (Fig. 46, 88). Weakly longer than maximal width, strongly narrowed to apex. First suture obsolete medially; sutures between ventrites 2-5 wide and strongly depressed. Last ventrite almost 2 × as wide as long with distinct, suboval cavity at middle; margin of cavity at anterior half with strongly elongate, bright setae, similar setae (but more sparse) on whole apical margin of last ventrite. Pygidium of male longer than wide, dorsal surface with sparse punctation; apical margin with elongate setae; ventral processes suboval with elongate setae at basal part and apical margin.
Female Etymology. From the Latin prefix bi-(two), and noun macula (spot), refers to the two characteristic spots in the middle of the elytra. An adjective.
Distribution. New Caledonia (main island, north province).
Female terminalia (Figs 95, 122, 127, 132). Sternite VIII with bifurcate base and pair of subquadrate lobes; apodeme strongly elongate. Abdominal tergite VIII subquadrate with parallel lateral margin. Apical margin widely rounded with very long, acute setae. Surface with sparse punctures. Ovipositor as in Fig. 122. Spermatheca as in Fig. 127 (Fig. 5). Pronotum and elytra dark brown to blackish; head, rostrum and legs brighter; scape yellowish, funicle and club darker, brown. Dorsal surface of rostrum and outer margin of fore and middle tibiae with elongate, white scales. Hind femora with distinct transverse stripe composed of small, suboval, white scales. Pronotum entirely covered with short, indistinct, brown scales. Elytral intervals with line of protruding, elongate, dark scales.
Head, rostrum and antennae (Figs 23,32,41). Head subquadrate (hw/hl 0.90-1.00). Forehead flat. Eyes weakly convex laterally; protruding above margin of head in lateral view; half as long as head (eyl/hl; ca. 0.50); lateral margin of head strongly narrowed from base to hind margin of eyes. Vertex with sparse punctation, space between punctures rough, matt. Rostrum with length nearly 2 × its apical width (rl/arw ca. 1.70), curved laterally; dorsal part with two types of scale: one short and adjacent and other elongate, strongly protruding; middle of rostrum with asetose longitudinal line. Funicle shorter than scape; desmomere 1 ca. 1.50 × as long as 2; 2 almost 2 × longer than 3; 3-7 slightly longer than wide. Club 2 × as long as it is wide, as long as desmomeres 3-7.
Female terminalia (Figs 96,123,128,133 Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective longus (long) and diminutive ending -ulus and refers to the elongate rostrum.
Distribution. New Caledonia (main island, north and south provinces).

Rasilinus subgemellus sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/F4F6F30A-9F12-4744- ADA4-FB99D222770B Figs 6, 15, 24, 33, 42, 47, 64-66, 82, 89, 103, 110, 117 Diagnosis. The species is unique within the genus in having a pair of small nodules at the middle of the first ventrite of male; rostrum with distinct median keel; regularly rounded lateral margin of pronotum and parameroid lobes of tegmen with a pair of very short, sclerotised processes. Description. Body length (lb) ca. 3.60 mm. Body colour and vestiture (Fig. 6). Pronotum, elytra and tibiae dark brown to blackish; femora brown with darker base and apex. Scape of antennae orange, funicle and club darker. Dorsal part of rostrum covered with white, suboval scales. Tarsus with strongly elongated, white scales, sometimes much longer than length of tarsomeres. Hind femora with distinct, transverse, wide stripe composed of small, suboval, white scales. Intervals with line of elongate, strongly protruding, dark scales. Abdomen dark orange, apical margins of ventrites and pair of nodules much darker.
Male terminalia (Figs 103, 110, 117). Aedegal pedon longer than apodemes, basal part unsclerotised, extended into pair of processes; apex strongly narrowed, acuminate. From lateral view curved irregularly with slightly upturned apex. Tegmen with subcircular tegminal ring; tegminal apodeme thin and short; parameroid lobes indistinct, composed of two fully separated, short processes, each surrounded by thin membrane. Basal part of sternite VIII irregularly bifurcate; hemisternites on sternite IX irregular, well visible. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin prefix sub-(on the lower side, beneath) and Latin adjective gemellus (paired, double) and refers to the pair of nodules situated on the first segment of the male abdomen.
Legs (Figs 67-69, 83). Fore tibiae distinctly narrowed apically; femora with minute tooth near midlength. Mid legs similar, tibiae weakly narrowed apically; femora with distinct tooth beyond midlength. Hind tibiae regularly curved. Claws weakly curved, basally with broadly rounded tooth and two pairs of elongate setae: one on bottom and second on upper side of the claw.
Male terminalia (Figs 104,111,118). Aedegal pedon longer than apodemes; lateral margins parallel with weak concavity at middle of length; apex widely rounded. In lateral view nearly straight basally, curved more strongly distally, slightly narrowed apically; basal part sclerotised, narrowed, extended into prominent, acute process. Endophallus with well visible transfer apparatus with pair of prominent process. Tegmen well sclerotised, incised to the base parameroid lobes; tegminal apodeme stout, broadened apically, as long as diameter of tegminal ring. Basal part of sternite VIII arrow-shaped, hemisternites on sternite IX elongate, well visible.
Female (Figs 97,124,129,134). Similar to male body shape but slightly larger. Rostrum more elongate than in male (rl/arw 1.50-1.70, in male ca. 1.40). First ventrite of abdomen without nodule, glabrous; last ventrite widely rounded. Abdominal tergite VIII wider than long with incrassate outer margin and elongate setae; surface sparsely punctate and with isolated short setae; apical margin rounded. Spermatheca strongly curved. Gonocoxite stout, conical. Apodeme of sternite VIII split into pair of short, acute processes connected with well-developed hemisternites.
Measurements  Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin prefix sub-(on the lower side, beneath) and Latin noun nodulus (knob, tubercle) and refers to the distinct nodule situated on the first segment of the male abdomen. A noun in apposition.
Distribution. New Caledonia (main island, north province).

Rasilinus virgatus sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/37FD7535-D457-46C2-8508- 4DB6070BFF02 Figs 9,18,27,36,45,[73][74][75]85,92,106,113,120 Diagnosis. The following combination of characters allows this species to be distinguished from its congeners: head capsule almost quadrate; rostrum small, shorter than head capsule; elytra with stripe composed of pale scales at apical part of suture; tegmen with membranous parameroid lobes and dorsal part of tegminal ring bearing a pair of short, broadly rounded sclerotised lobes; aedeagus with complex transfer apparatus in endophallus; male pygidium with enlarged ventral lobes, occupying almost half area of inner part of pygidium. Description. Body length (lb) ca. 3.00 mm. Body colour and vestiture (Fig. 9). Pronotum and elytra dark brown to blackish, head and rostrum lighter in colour. Legs uniformly brown with brighter tarsal claws. Rostrum covered with pale, suboval scales. Antennae with light brown scape and darkening funicle and club. Elytra with single line of erect, elongate, dark scale on each interval, additional surface entirely covered with minute, hardly visible, short, piliform, recumbent scales.
Legs (Figs 73-75, 85). Front and middle legs slender; front femora with minute teeth beyond middle, middle femora with tooth more elongate, and hind femora with enlarged tooth with sharp edge; hind femora regularly tapering toward base, fusiform. Front and middle tibiae almost straight, slightly narrowed subapically; hind tibiae regularly curved, narrowed near base. Claws regularly curved, distinctly broadened near base; tooth not developed.
Abdomen (Fig. 92). Short, almost as long as its maximum width at base. First suture clearly visible along entire length; sutures 2-4 depressed. Middle area at basal part of first ventrite distinctly depressed. Surface glabrous, shining. Last ventrite subtriangular, almost 2 × wider than long; apical margin regularly rounded. Pygidium of male elongate, ca. 1.30 × longer than wide; apical margin straight with numerous elongate setae; ventral lobes enlarged, subquadrate with few, short setae only at apical angles.
Male terminalia (Figs 106, 113, 120). Aedeagal pedon as long as apodemes; basal part unsclerotised, extended; lateral margins slightly narrowed; apex with short, prominent process, in lateral view regularly curved. Endophallus with complex apparatus and few free sclerites. Tegminal apodeme broadened apically; dorsal part of tegminal ring with pair of short, broadly rounded processes between the parameroid lobes; parameroid lobes shorter than tegminal apodeme, weakly sclerotised with few, sparse setae. Basal part of sternite VIII with pair of broad, short processes; apodeme elongate, laterally flattened with broadened apex and acute, short teeth beyond middle of length connected with short membrane; hemisternites clearly visible, subcircular. Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective virgatus (striped) and refers to the stripe of pale scales at the apical part of the suture.
Distribution. New Caledonia (main island, south province).

Discussion
The new genus Rasilinus is superficially similar to the genus Koghicola Mazur, 2014 but can be easily distinguished by the absence of the prominent processes at the apex of the elytra and normal (not enlarged) trochanters (see Fig. 4 in Mazur 2014b). The new genus, together with genus Pactola Pascoe, 1876 and Koghicola, has a very characteristic form of the hind legs with strongly broadened femora and curved tibiae. However, the new genus can be easily distinguished from both other genera by the distinctive shape of the femora (clearly visible in dorsal view) (Fig. 76). In Pactola the hind femora have a very thin and strongly curved basal half (see Figs 17a-20c in Mazur 2014a), whereas Koghicola and Rasilinus gen. n. display a weakly curved and more massive base of the hind femora (see Figs 10-12 in Mazur 2014b). Additionally, in Rasilinus gen. n. the basal part of the hind femora at its inner side is clearly compressed. Most known species from the tribe Eugnomini that have been described so far come from New Zealand. From New Caledonia only two genera have been known for many years-the monotypic genus Callistomorphus Perroud, 1865 and three species from the genus Pactola Pascoe, 1876 (describe at the time as Macropoda Montrouzier, 1861, see Mazur 2014a).
Fauna of New Caledonian Eugnomini have not been investigated in greater detail so far. Until now three more species of Pactola and one monotypic genus Koghicola Mazur, 2014b have been described (Mazur 2014a, b;Mazur and Jezuita 2015), while many others are in preparation (Mazur in prep. and Mazur unpublished data).
A wide distribution of the tribe (from South America to Australian region) with many endemic genera and extremely intra-and interspecies variability causes many problems with redefinition of the tribe. Furthermore, many genera have not been described so far, so phylogeny, zoogeography and origin of the tribe still require further research.