Annotated check list of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) of America North of Mexico

Abstract An annotated check list of Pyraloidea of North America north of Mexico is presented, including 861 Crambidae and 681 Pyralidae with 1542 total species. It includes all new species described, tropical species with new records in the United States, and species introduced from Europe and Asia since 1983. The Notes section provides the seminal citations, data and/or commentary to all changes since 1983 for easy and future reference. In addition, this list proposes seven new generic combinations, the transfer of a phycitine species, Salebria nigricans (Hulst), to Epipaschiinae and its syn. n. with Pococera fuscolotella (Ragonot), and three new records for the United States. Purposefully, no new taxa are described here, but we found a gradual increase of 10% in the number of species described since 1983. Finally, we also include a list of thirteen species not included or removed from the MONA list. Many higher-level changes have occurred since 1983 and the classification is updated to reflect research over the last 30 years, including exclusion of Thyrididae and Hyblaeidae from the superfamily and recognition of Crambidae and Pyralidae as separate families. The list includes multiple changes to subfamilies based on morphology such as the synonymization of the Dichogamini with the Glaphyriinae, but also incorporating recent molecular phylogenetic results such as the synonymization of the Evergestinae with the Glaphyriinae.


Introduction
This check list is an update of the Pyraloidea by Munroe (1983) and  in Hodges et al. (1983) (hereafter referred to as the MONA check list) that is now over 30 years old. An updated list of Pyraloidea of North America north of Mexico is greatly needed because there have been many new species described, higher-level taxonomic and nomenclatural changes, additions and deletions, new synonymies and combinations, and new introductions to the fauna since 1983.
The additional species included in this check list are from three primary sources: newly described species (Table 1), tropical species newly reported from the United States, and new introductions from Europe and Asia (Table 2). Species listed here are mostly established, breeding populations, but also include some strays and recent introductions which may not, ultimately, become established. This check list is also highly influenced by the publication in 1995 of the first check list of Neotropical pyraloids (hereafter known as the NTCL or Neotropical check list) ,b; Solis 1995; Solis, Becker and Munroe 1995; M. Shaffer and Solis 1995;J. Shaffer 1995). This list included many changes to  the MONA check list because it included species in America north of Mexico (indicated with an * in the NTCL) that were described mostly from U.S. states that border Mexico and could possibly extend south into the Neotropical region. In addition, the results of studying and comparing type specimens over many years by the authors resulted in many new combinations and synonymies that affected American pyraloid nomenclature. The MONA check list was the product of a number of sequential lists of the known Pyraloidea species in the United States and Canada beginning over 100 years ago (Grote 1882, Fernald 1891 in Smith 1891, Fernald 1903 andHulst 1903 in Dyar 1903, Barnes and McDunnough 1917, McDunnough 1939, Munroe 1983 in Hodges et al. 1983). These lists progressively added more species, with the MONA check list more than doubling the known total from 1903 (Table 3; Figure 1). The MONA check list included 807 species in the Crambidae and 567 species in the Pyralidae. To the best of our knowledge the present list is complete up to August 2015. This check list includes 861 species in the Crambidae and 681 species in the Pyralidae from North America north of Mexico, 168 more than the 1983 list and a total of 1542 species, an increase of more than 10%.
In addition, recent work in Europe, particularly that by Maes (1987Maes ( , 1994Maes ( , [2002Maes ( ], 2003Maes ( , 2005, Leraut (1997Leraut ( , 2002Leraut ( , 2003aLeraut ( , 2003bLeraut ( , 2005aLeraut ( , 2005bLeraut ( , 2006aLeraut ( , 2006bLeraut ( , [2008,  2012, 2014) and Nuss (1999Nuss ( , 2005, and work by contributors to the Global Information System on Pyraloidea (Nuss et al. 2003(Nuss et al. -2015, has clarified placement of many North American taxa and synonymized several genera with European genera. We have made significant higher-order taxonomic and/or nomenclatural changes from the MONA check list to reflect Pyraloidea systematic research in the last 40 years. Most prominently this includes the removal of Thyrididae and Hyblaeidae from the Pyraloidea (Minet 1985), and splitting the Pyralidae (sensu lato) into two families, the Crambidae and Pyralidae (sensu stricto) (Minet 1982); Munroe (1983) used the informal terms of Series Crambiformes and Series Pyraliformes, but followed Minet's division of two families in . We also have adopted the subfamily arrangement of Regier et al. (2012) based on recent molecular evidence that supported the morphological evidence or hypothesized new relationships and/or synonymies. The Pyralidae subfamilies remain the Chrysauginae, Galleriinae, Pyralinae, Epipaschiinae, and Phycitinae as in Munroe (1983), with the exception of the Peoriinae, now considered part of the Phycitinae (Minet 1982) and relegated to tribal status within the Phycitinae by Solis and Mitter (1992). In the Crambidae, there are several major changes from the MONA check list. 1) The subfamily Evergestinae is synonymized with Glaphyriinae, as the oldest name, based on Regier et al. (2012). 2) The genera in the tribe Dichogamini (in the Odontiinae in MONA) are placed in the Glaphyriinae (Munroe and Solis 1999).
3) The genera in the tribe Ambiini (in the Nymphulinae in MONA) are placed in the Musotiminae (Speidel 1981). 4) The name Acentropinae is applied to the Nymphulinae (in MONA) as the oldest name for the group (Solis 1999;ICZN 2003). 5) The tribes Pyraustini and Spilomelini are elevated to subfamily level (Minet 1982). 6) The subfamily Cybalomiinae is deleted from the North American region, its lone species transferred to Glaphyriinae (Solis 2009). 7) The genera in the subfamily Ancylolomiinae (in MONA) are placed in the Crambinae (Landry 1995;). 8) The subfamily Lathrotelinae is recognized for the genus Sufetula (Minet 2015).
In this check list we give the complete synonymy as currently known for all species, and list known subspecies with synonyms, indicating where taxa are extralimital or introduced. We have reorganized many of the genera based on the NTCL (Munroe 1995a, b; Solis 1995; Solis, Becker and Munroe 1995; M. Shaffer and Solis 1995; J. Shaffer 1995) because it reflects a more recent concept of generic relationships. We have also followed Landry (1995) for the arrangement of genera in the Crambinae. We have not included the taxonomic rank of tribe because so many are not based on characters, or the tribal structure breaks down upon study of the tribe in other regions of the world. We also list described subgenera as synonyms because they are not universally applied to most of the list.
MAS has externally examined types or vouchers for much of the Western Hemisphere fauna, and we have confirmed vouchers for the recorded introductions. Researchers in other parts of the world have examined species, internally as well as externally, and, in some cases, synonymized some of the older generic names (e.g. Anania -Leraut 2005a;Tränker et al. 2009, Elophila -Yoshiyasu 1985; Speidel 2005, Hypsopygia -Leraut 2006a). In some cases when the genus was synonymized, new combinations of species were not published. We include those combinations in this list based on the synonymies indicated in those publications. Citations for all species described since the MONA check list are included in the References, but citations for older species descriptions are not included. Taxa with a superscript number, e.g. 122 , have a corresponding note in the Notes section explaining or clarifying information about that name (e.g. new synonymies, recent introductions, and discoveries regarding Neotropical taxa that extend northward). Authors and years in parentheses, e.g. (Walker 1859), indicate that the species was originally described in another genus. For all names, the original genus is listed in parentheses after the complete name (even when the same as the current genus). The original spelling of the specific epithet is used to maintain consistency with recent lists by Lafontaine and Schmidt (2010) and Poole (1996). By listing the original spelling, appropriate combinations can be formed by future authors based on the gender of any current or future generic placement following ICZN article 34.2 (ICZN 1999). Brackets around the year of publication, e.g. Walker, [1866], indicate that the year of publication has been determined to be different from that in the publication. Our synonymy includes only names associated with descriptions or emendations; we have eliminated misapplied names and misspellings that have often been listed in previous check lists. In several cases, the attribution of authorship has been corrected because the author of the name was not the same as the author of the overall publication. We opted not to create a new numbering system for the list, but have included the original MONA and NTCL numbers (even when a name is in new synonymy) for cross-reference to those lists. We anticipate a new numbering system will be in place when the entire North American check list becomes available on-line. When lists are numbered, the computer sorting and ordering of taxa phylogenetically becomes onerous, particularly as species are reassigned to genera or subfamilies and new species are described. In our database, we have assigned sequential numbers to superfamilies, families, subfamilies, tribes and genera, in addition to species (currently with MONA numbers and additions interpolated with decimals). Figure 2 shows a data record illustrating this system. These number assignments are for internal database use only and allow for correct hierarchical sorting to higher-level taxa while still retaining the original species numbers, allowing phylogenetic sorting rather than only alphabetic. This logic could easily be extended to subgenera or species groups, particularly for very large genera. This avoids complete renumbering of species in the database, and allows easy reference to the previous list. We intend to keep this database (maintained by BGS) current, including updates in GlobIZ (Nuss et al. 2003(Nuss et al. -2015. The database can generate an unformatted version of this check list, or export into Excel format. We and our colleagues who study Pyraloidea are aware of other undescribed species, new synonymies, and new combinations, but we have not included these in the list pending publication. Molecular data have also recently been applied to species level questions in the Pyraloidea, (e.g. Anania -Yang et al. 2012) and we expect additional discoveries and changes to nomenclature. Small groups such as the Pyralinae, Epipaschiinae, and Galleriinae are likely to have just a handful of additional species when revised at the species level. Most future additions are likely to be in the largest subfamilies, the Spilomelinae, Crambinae, and Phycitinae where some genera remain to be described, larger genera are known to be polyphyletic (see misplaced species at the end of genera in the NTCL), and smaller genera may be paraphyletic to other gen-era. Recent molecular work has largely supported previous morphological studies, but we expect generic concepts to experience significant changes in the future because most generic taxonomic groupings still require adequate investigation using morphological and molecular techniques.

Although covered in
The California description is believed to be in error according to . 425. Coenodomus hockingi was included in Munroe (1983) based on the description of Dyaria singularis from Maine. This locality is now believed to be either in error, or a one time introduction that was not established, and this species is removed from the check list (Solis 1992