Further contributions to the longhorn beetle (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) fauna of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada

Abstract Sixteen species of Cerambycidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada; Arhopalus obsoletus (Randall), Atimia confusa confusa (Say), Callidium frigidum Casey, Phymatodes amoenus (Say), Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus), Neoclytus mucronatus mucronatus (Fabricius), Xylotrechus aceris Fisher, Xylotrechus sagittatus sagittatus (Germar), Tylonotus bimaculatus Haldeman, Lepturges angulatus (LeConte), Lepturges symmetricus (Haldeman), Urgleptes querci (Fitch), Oplosia nubila (LeConte), Eupogonius subarmatus (LeConte), Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), and Pogonocherus parvulus LeConte. Urgleptes signatus (LeConte) and Urgleptes querci are newly recorded from Nova Scotia. All but two specimens were collected in 12-funnel Lindgren traps. Xylotrechus aceris, Tylonotus bimaculatus, Lepturges angulatus, Lepturges symmetricus, Urgleptes signatus (NS), and Pogonocherus parvulus were detected exclusively in traps deployed in the forest canopy, and most individuals of Oplosia nubila and Monochamus carolinensis were captured in canopy traps. Arhopalus obsoletus, Atimia confusa confusa, Callidium frigidum, Phymatodes testaceus, and Xylotrechus sagittatus sagittatus were captured almost exclusively in traps near (1 m above) the forest floor. These results highlight the importance of sampling both the understory and upper canopy when using traps for surveying diversity of Cerambycidae.


Introduction
The Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) fauna of New Brunswick was first reviewed by Webster et al. (2009). In that review, 48 species were reported as new to the province. Majka et al. (2010) added two more species to the faunal list. Most recently, Webster et al. (2012a) added six more species and removed Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus) from the faunal list. Additional species of Cerambycidae were newly recorded from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia during a study to develop tools for enhanced detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae. The purpose of this paper is to report these new records.

Methods and conventions
Collection methods. All specimens but two (which were hand collected) were collected from Lindgren 12-funnel trap samples during studies to develop improved tools for detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae. Lindgren funnel traps are visually similar to tree trunks and are often effective for sampling species of Coleoptera that live in microhabitats associated with standing trees (Lindgren 1983). The species records come from samples collected in more than 800 funnel traps deployed at 17 sites (24-64 traps per site) between 2012 and 2015. At most sites, equal numbers of traps were deployed in the upper canopy as well as in the understory, but three sites were sampled only with canopy traps, and five sites were sampled only with understory traps. Overall, understory traps outnumbered canopy traps by a factor of 1.3. Canopy traps were 10-20 m above the ground, whereas understory traps were 1-1.5 m above the ground (i.e., 30-50 cm from the bottom of the collecting cup to the ground). In both cases, traps were suspended from rope such that the trap was at least 1 m from the main stem of trees and at least 30 m from another trap. For details of the methods used to deploy Lindgren traps and for sample collection, please see Webster et al. (2012b) and Hughes et al. (2014).
A description of the habitat was recorded for all specimens collected during this survey. Locality and habitat data are presented as on labels for each record. Two labels were used on many specimens, one that included the locality, collection date, and collector, and one with macro-and micro-habitat data and collection method. Information from the two labels is separated by a // in the data presented from each specimen. This information, as well as additional published data, is summarized and discussed in the collection and habitat data section for each species.
Distribution. Every species is cited with current distribution in Canada and Alaska, using abbreviations for the state, provinces, and territories. New records for New Brunswick are indicated in bold under Distribution in Canada and Alaska. The following abbreviations are used in the text: Collection and habitat data. Adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps in an old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest during July and August. Larvae feed at the base and in roots of dead pines (Yanega 1996).
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013 Collection and habitat data. Specimens of Atimia c. confusa were caught in Lindgren traps in an old-growth eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) swamp and fen during May, June, August, and September. Most individuals were caught in traps in the open part of the fen. One individual was captured in a Lindgren trap deployed in the canopy of a tree in a mixed forest with eastern white cedar. Yanega (1996) states that larvae of this species develop under bark of cedars and junipers (Juniperus sp.), and cypresses (Taxodium sp.) but does not give any details on the species. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013 Collection and habitat data. Specimens of Callidium frigidum were captured in Lindgren traps in an old-growth eastern white cedar swamp and fen during June. One individual was caught in a Lindgren funnel trap in the canopy of a stand of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) with scattered eastern white cedar. Larvae develop under bark of juniper and cedar (Yanega 1996).
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NF (Bousquet et al. 2013 (2), purple Lindgren trap in canopy (1), green Lindgren trap 1 m high under trees (2) (2, AFC; 3, RWC). Collection and habitat data. Phymatodes amoenus was captured in Lindgren traps on the edge of a mixed forest and edge of nearby hardwood stand adjacent to a field. Seven of the 11 individuals were captured in traps in the canopy of trees. Larvae of this species mine under bark of dead grapevines (Yanega 1996). Our only native grape, Vitis labrusca L. occurred at several areas along the margin of the mixed and hardwood forest where traps were deployed and is the presumed host in New Brunswick.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013 Collection and habitat data. Adults of this introduced species were caught during June and July in Lindgren funnel traps in an urban park with sections of old-growth eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) and mixed forest. All adults were caught in traps in the understory. The immature stages of this species develop under bark of various hardwoods and pine (Yanega 1996).
Comments. Webster et al. (2009) reported Phymatodes testaceus from New Brunswick based on a series of specimens from Pleasantfield. It was determined that these specimens were mislabeled and were from Pleasantfield, Nova Scotia. Webster et al. (2012a) accordingly removed the species from the faunal list of New Brunswick. This species is reinstated to the faunal list of New Brunswick based on the above records. Collection and habitat data. Two specimens of Neoclytus m. mucronatus were captured during July in a Lindgren funnel trap baited with a multi-lure combination that included its aggregation pheromone, 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, placed in the understory of an old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) forest. According to Yanega (1996), larvae of this species develop under bark of dead and dying hickory (Carya sp.) (which does not occur in New Brunswick) and rarely pine. Presence of the hydroxyketone lure is likely responsible for detecting N. m. mucronatus because it contains the aggregation pheromone identified for this species ). Failure to detect N. m. mucronatus in traps baited with its aggregation pheromone at 13 other sites in New Brunswick from 2012-2014 suggests its occurrence in New Brunswick is rare or localized.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013). Collection and habitat data. Both adults were caught in Lindgren funnel traps in the canopy of sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in a hardwood forest during August. The larvae develop in branches of live maple (Acer sp.) (Yanega 1996).

Xylotrechus aceris
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013 Collection and habitat data. Most individuals in New Brunswick were caught in Lindgren funnel traps in old jack pine forests. One adult was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap in the canopy of a red oak (Quercus rubra L.) adjacent to a white pine stand; another from a flight intercept trap in a salt marsh next to a jack pine stand. Yanega (1996) reports Pinus as the main larval host of this species. Adults were captured during July, August, and September. Collection and habitat data. All specimens (4) of Tylonotus bimaculatus from New Brunswick were captured in Lindgren funnel traps in the canopy of trees (red oak, basswood (Tilia americana L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.)) in mixed and hardwood forests with ash (Fraxinus sp.). Hosts include live or dying hardwoods, especially ash (Yanega 1996). Adults were captured during July and August.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013 (3) of Lepturges angulatus from New Brunswick were captured in Lindgren funnel traps in the canopy of trees; one from the canopy of a white pine in an old black spruce forest with white pine and two from the canopy of hardwoods in an old mixed forest stand. Yanega (1996) reports various hardwoods and pine as larval hosts of this species. Adults were collected during July and August in New Brunswick.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013 Collection and habitat data. All adults (4) of Lepturges symmetricus from New Brunswick were captured in Lindgren funnel traps in the canopy of trees (American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), butternut (Juglans cinerea L.)) in hardwood and mixed forests. Larval hosts include branches of various hardwoods (Yanega 1996). Adults were captured during June, July, and August.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013 Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, most Urgleptes querci adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps in hardwood and mixed forests; one individual was caught in a Lindgren trap in an old-growth eastern white cedar swamp, and another was hand-collected in a sugar maple forest. The two adults from Nova Scotia were captured in the canopy of trees in a mixed forest. Larvae of this species develop in branches of many hardwoods, especially maple, shrubs, and vines (Yanega 1996). This species was collected from June into September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Bousquet et al. 2013 VI-9.VII.2013, 9-24.VII.2013, 24.VII-7.VIII.2013, 7-19.VIII.2013, 17.IX-3.X.2013 Collection and habitat data. Monochamus carolinensis were captured in Lindgren traps baited with a multi-lure combination that included monochamol, ipsenol, alpha-pinene, and ethanol in a jack pine forest, an old black spruce stand with white pine, a mature balsam fir forest with white pine, an old white pine stand, an old red pine forest, and a mixed forest with red oak and white pine. Hosts include various Pinus species according to Yanega (1996). In New Brunswick, large numbers (many specimens were not vouchered) of adults were captured in a white pine stand, mostly in the canopy. This species was also common in a jack pine stand but uncommon in a red pine forest. These data suggest that white pine may be the preferred host in New Brunswick. This species has a long flight season in New Brunswick from early July to mid-October. Ryall et al (2014) showed that catch of M. carolinensis was significantly increased by baiting traps with monochamol, ipsenol, alpha-pinene and ethanol.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al., 2013). (1991). Webster et al. (2012a) could not locate any specimens to support its occurrence in the province but included it in the fauna of the province. Bousquet et al. (2013), however, did not list it as occurring in New Brunswick. The above records support reinstatement of the species to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Collection and habitat data. One individual each was captured in Lindgren funnel traps in the canopy of silver maple and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in a hardwood forest on Gilbert Island. At Daly Point and Simpsons Field, P. parvulus was captured in the canopy of Populus sp.. Willow (Salix), a common species at the above sites, is listed by Yanega (1996) as a host of this species.

Comments. Monochamus carolinensis was listed for New Brunswick by McNamara
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB (Bousquet et al. 2013).

Discussion
These new species records of Cerambycidae for the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia enrich our knowledge of the region's fauna and species diversity. With the exception of one specimen of E. subarmatus and one specimen of U. querci, all longhorn beetle specimens were collected in Lindgren multi-funnel traps placed in either the understory or upper canopy. Of the 16 species collected in traps, three species were collected exclusively in understory traps (A. obsoletus, A. c. confusa, N. m. mucronatus), and six species were collected exclusively in canopy traps (L. angulatus, L. symmetricus, P. parvulus, T. bimaculatus, U. signatus, X. aceris). These results highlight the need to sample both the canopy and understory when using traps to survey for beetle species. Differences in insect species composition between traps placed in the upper canopy and understory and the importance of sampling both strata have been shown in several forest habitats (Su and Woods 2001;Vance et al. 2003;Graham et al. 2012;Dodds 2014).

Acknowledgments
An anonymous reviewer is thanked for comments that improved this manuscript. We thank Caroline Simpson for editing this manuscript, Serge Laplante (CNC) for checking some specimens, and Peter Mayo for synthesizing the hexanediols. Kenneth Dearborn, Lisa Leachman, Mary Luco, Colin MacKay, Wayne MacKay, Michelle Roy, and Kate Van Rooyen are thanked for much technical assistance in the lab and field and in specimen collection. John Klymko is thanked for supplying the record of Urgleptes querci from Victoria Co. We thank Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and the USDA APHIS for funding the studies on early detection of invasive Cerambycidae, which provided specimens from Lindgren funnel traps. George Peabody and the Meduxnekeag River Association are thanked for permission to sample beetles at the Meduxnekeag Valley Nature Preserve (which includes the Bell Forest). The New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources (Fish and Wildlife Branch) is thanked for issuing permits for sampling in the Protected Natural Areas and for providing logistical support. Eric Tremblay and Parks Canada are thanked for issuing a permit to sample beetles in the Kouchibouguac National Park and Janet Doucet and the City of Bathurst are thanked for permission to sample at the Daly Point Nature Preserve. Deanna McCullum (Canadian Forces Base Gagetown, Department of National Defense) is thanked for permission to sample on DND land near Gagetown, NB, and Scot Makepeace (New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Branch) is thanked for assistance in locating study sites.