Two new species and one new record of Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936 from China (Diptera, Chironomidae)

Abstract Two new species of the genus Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936 (Parakiefferiella fasciata Liu & Wang, sp. n. and Parakiefferiella liupanensis Liu & Wang, sp. n.) are described as adult males from China. Parakiefferiella tamatriangulata Sasa is recorded from China for the first time. A key to the known adult males of Parakiefferiella from China is presented. The generic diagnosis of male Parakiefferiella given by Cranston et al. (1989) is emended.


Introduction
The genus Parakiefferiella was erected by Thienemann in 1936, with P. coronata (Edwards, 1929 as type species. According to Cranston et al. (1989), it can be separated from other orthoclad genera by the following combination of characters: eyes bare, without dorsomedial extension; acrostichals absent but scutum with median tuft of microtrichia, sometimes on hump; wing membrane without setae, with fine punctation; squama bare; transverse sternapodeme gently curved, with developed oral projections. Virga strongly developed. Gonostylus with more or less well pronounced curve or bend and slight or absent crista dorsalis. Larval stages of the genus are found in both running and standing waters. Adults fly during spring and summer, rarely in large numbers.
The genus is probably quite speciose. Tuiskunen (1986) described four new species and redescribed eight species from Fennoscandian region. Moubayed (1991Moubayed ( , 1994 and recently Moubayed-Breil and Langton (2004) described three additional species: P. pyrenaica Moubayed, 1991 (France); P. wuelkeri Moubayed, 1994 (western Europe and north Africa); P. normandiana Moubayed-Breil & Langton, 2004 (France, Germany and England). According to the catalog of Japanese Orthocladiinae (Yamamoto 2004), ten valid species were record in Japan. Nine species were reported in the Russian Far East by Makarchenko and Makarchenko (2010). To date, 44 species of the genus have been recorded worldwide, of which 33 are Palaearctic, seven are Nearctic, three are Oriental, four are Neotropical and four are Afrotropical (Ashe and O'Connor 2012;Ree, Nam and Jeong 2012).
Based on specimens from China, two new species are described in this paper, and a key to the species of Parakiefferiella in China is provided.

Materials and methods
Morphology and terminology follow Saether (1980). The material examined was slidemounted following the procedures outlined by Saether (1969). Measurements are given as the range followed by the mean. Color is described as observed in specimen preserved in alcohol. The specimens examined in this study are deposited in the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China (BDN).
Diagnosis. The adult male can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point lacking keel, very broad at base, rounded apically, without basal setae; virga consisting of four spines; antenna with ten flagellomeres, AR 0.47-0.50; tergites III and VIII dark brown, others tergites pale yellow; HR 1.98-2.06; HV 2.65-3.00.
Remarks. The new described species is distinguished from all other Parakiefferiella species by the following unusual combination of characters: antenna with ten flagellomeres; tergites III and VIII with colored bands; anal point lacking both dorsal setae and keel; absence of dorsal setae on inferior volsella, which is bearing only microtrichia.
While the new species close related to P. coronata (Edwards, 1929;Makarchenko and Makarchenko 2010). However, the new species differs from the latter on the basis of following characters: (1) the antenna of the new species with ten flagellomeres, whereas P. coronata has 13 flagellomeres; (2) the superior volsella of P. coronata is large, whereas in the new species it is absent; (3) the new species has abdomen pale yellow with tergites III-VIII dark brown, whereas P. coronata has abdomen dark with tergites IV, VI-VII shiny.
Female and immature stages unknown. Coloration of preserved specimens. Head and tergites brown. Thorax brown with dark spot.
P. liupanensis Liu & Wang, sp. n. is closely related to P. bathophila (Kiffer, 1912). However, the new species differs from the latter on the basis of the following characters: (1) the antenna of the new species with ten flagellomeres, whereas P. bathophila possesses 13 flagellomeres; (2) the hypopygium of P. bathophila with triangular superior volsella, whereas in the new species it is absent; (3) the anal point of the new species obtuse triangular, not tapered apically, whereas P. bathophila gradually tapered to apex; (4) the shape of inferior volsella in the new species square, without dorsal setae, whereas P. bathophila triangular, with dorsal setae.
Female and immature stages unknown.