Review of the genus Hieromantis Meyrick from China, with descriptions of three new species (Lepidoptera, Stathmopodidae)

Abstract Six species of the genus Hieromantis occurring in China are reviewed. Hieromantis rectangula sp. n., Hieromantis arcuata sp. n. and Hieromantis puerensis sp. n. are described as new, and Hieromantis phaeodora Meyrick, 1929 is newly recorded in China. Photographs of adults and illustrations of genitalia are provided, along with an identification key and a distribution map.

Hieromantis kurokoi Yasuda, 1988 andH. sheni Li & are the only species that were recorded in China prior to this study (Wang 2006). The aim of this paper is to review the Hieromantis species occurring in China. Three species are described as new to science, and one species is firstly recorded to China. The distribution map of Hieromantis species in China is shown in Fig. 1.
Remarks. The tube-shaped structure arising from the corpus bursae in the female genitalia is termed differently by different authors. It was described as a broad part of the corpus bursae plus the ductus seminalis by Kasy (1973), as ductus seminalis including the broad part and the narrow part by Yasuda (1988), and as the bulla plus the ductus seminalis by Koster and Sinev (2003). Here, we describe the structure between the corpus bursae and the ductus seminalis as the appendix bursae, and the abruptly narrowed distal portion as the ductus seminalis.

Material and methods
The specimens examined in this study were collected using light traps. Morphological terminology follows Koster and Sinev (2003) except that the term appendix bursae is used instead of the term bulla. Genitalia dissections follow the methods introduced by Li (2002). Photographs of adults were taken with a Leica M205A Stereo microscope plus a Leica Application Suite 4.2 software, and photographs of genitalia were prepared using a Leica DM750 Microscope provided with the same software. All pictures were refined and assembled with Adobe Photoshop® CS6 software.
All the specimens, including the types, are deposited in the Insect Collection, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.  (Fig. 3a), but sometimes coincident (Fig. 3b). Hindleg with tibia dorsally bearing tufts of erect scales, with bundles of bristles at apex. Abdominal tergites with second to seventh segments of male and second to sixth segments of female lined with spines on posterior margin (Fig. 4). Male genitalia. Uncus usually subtriangular; gnathos broad tongue-shaped or subtriangular, about same length as uncus. Valva straight or obliquely upturned distally; sacculus weakly sclerotized. anellus lobes developed, usually longer than juxta. Aedeagus with a distal clubbed projection ventrally; cornutus present or absent.

Hieromantis
Female genitalia. Intersegmental membrane between papilla analis and eighth abdominal segment usually longer than twice length of papilla analis. Antrum usually rectangular. Corpus bursae round or ovate, sometimes elongated; signum present or absent. Appendix bursae long tube shaped, usually with dilation. Ductus seminalis extremely thin.
Diagnosis. The genus Hieromantis is related to Stathmopoda by sharing a ciliated antenna in male. It can be easily separated by the dilated scape that forms an eye-cap and the forewing that usually has a large patch with metallic luster on the dorsum.
Biology. Little is known about the biology of Hieromantis. Larvae of H. kurokoi Yasuda, 1988 were found on Cuscuta japonica Choisy in autumn (Murase 2002 Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li;5♂, 6♀, Mt. Wuzhi, 742 m, 18−22.v.2015, leg. Peixin Cong, Wei Guan & Sha Hu;1♂, 2♀, Jianfengling, 940 m, 4−5.vi.2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li;1♀, Jianfengling, 810 m, 30.iii.2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai;1♂, Jianfengling, 770 m, 16.vii.2014, leg. Peixin Cong, Linjie Liu & Sha Hu;10♂, 13♀, Jianfengling, 770 m, 28.v.−5.vi.2015, leg. Peixin Cong, Wei Guan & Sha Hu;1♀, Mt. Limu, 607 m, 16.v.2015, leg 1♀, Mt. Wuyi, 740 m, 17.v.2004, leg. Haili Yu. Diagnosis. This new species is similar to H. makiosana Yasuda, 1988 by the similar forewing markings, but can be distinguished by the inverted triangular costal patch on the forewing having a black dot at its ventral angle; the cucullus slightly concave on the outer margin near the junction with the ventral margin of the valva and the rectangular juxta in the male genitalia; and the ostium without minute spines in the female genitalia. In H. makiosana, the similar costal patch on the forewing lacks a black dot at its ventral angle; the cucullus is straight on the outer margin and the juxta is ovate; and the ostium has minute spines. Description. Adult (Fig. 7). Wingspan 6.0−8.5 mm. Head with frons silvery white; vertex mottled with ochreous yellow scales; occiput yellowish brown. Labial palpus ochreous yellow on outer surface, silvery white on inner surface. Antenna with scape pale yellowish brown, edged with snowy white scales anteriorly; flagellum ochreous yellow, with brown rings. Thorax and tegula pale yellowish brown. Forewing creamy white, with scattered yellowish brown scales, ochreous yellow from dorsal 2/3 along dorsum to apex; trapezoidal ochreous yellow patch extending from between costal 1/3 and 2/5 to between dorsal 1/4 and 1/2; inverted triangular ochreous yellow patch extending from between costal 3/5 and 4/5 to lower angle of cell, bearing an ill-defined black dot posteriorly, with a narrow silvery gray band placed along its outer margin; dorsum with an ovate dark blotch located between basal 1/4 and 2/5 consisting of tufts of shining purple gray scales, its anterior margin cross 2/5 width of wing, near its inner side set a black spot; cilia pale yellowish brown. Hindwing grayish brown; cilia yellowish brown. Legs pale yellowish brown: foreleg with tibia purple brown on inner side, yellowish white on outer side, tarsus ringed with dark brown scales at apices of basal two tarsomeres; mid tibia dorsally with long yellowish brown bristles at middle and at apex, tarsus ringed with blackish brown scales at apices of basal two tarsomeres; hind tibia dorsally with dense pale grayish yellow bristles, ringed with blackish brown bristles at apex, tarsus dorsally with pale grayish yellow bristles on basal two tarsomeres, ringed with blackish brown bristles at apices of basal three tarsomeres. Abdomen ochreous gray on dorsal surface, shining white on ventral surface; lateral sides and anal tuft grayish white.
Female genitalia (Fig. 18). Intersegmental membrane between papilla analis and eighth abdominal segment about three times length of papilla analis. Apophysis posterior about 1.5 times length of apophysis anterior. Eighth segment with both anterior and posterior margins straight, with long hairs on posterior margin. Antrum subrectangular, slightly concave on both anterior and posterior margins, width about four times length. Ductus bursae uniformly narrow in posterior 3/4, gradually widened anteriorly, not distinctly separated from corpus bursae. Corpus bursae nearly fusiform, with dense granules near junction with appendix bursae; signum absent. Appendix bursae arising from junction between corpus bursae and ductus bursae, broad tube shaped, longer than four times length of corpus bursae, with several small teeth at base, slightly dilated in medial section.
Distribution. China (Fujian, Hainan, Zhejiang). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin rectangulus, referring to the rectangular juxta in the male genitalia. basal 3/4 in the male genitalia. It is similar to H. kurokoi Yasuda, 1988 by having similar forewing markings, but can be distinguished by having a subtriangular cucullus in the male genitalia; and the signum surrounded by dense small teeth and the appendix bursae longer than four times length of the corpus bursae in the female genitalia. In H. kurokoi, the cucullus is rounded; there are no small teeth surrounding the signum, and the appendix bursae is approximately as long as the corpus bursae.

Hieromantis arcuata
Description. Adult (Fig. 8). Wingspan 8.0−9.0 mm. Head with frons silvery white; vertex pale yellowish brown, with suffused gray scales; occiput grayish brown. Labial palpus pale yellowish brown, second segment silvery white on inner side, third segment pale brown on outer side. Antenna with scape pale yellowish brown, margined with yellowish white scales; flagellum brown. Thorax grayish brown; tegula grayish brown in anterior half, silvery gray in posterior half. Forewing grayish brown, with scattered yellowish brown scales, distal 1/5 ochreous brown; grayish brown band extending from costal 2/3 obliquely inward to dorsal 3/5, its inner side set an ill-defined ochre-yellow patch neither reaching costa nor dorsum, its outer side placed a broad silvery white band; dorsum with an elliptical spot located between basal 1/4 and 2/5 consisting of tufts of erect silvery gray scales with metallic luster, its inner side placed a rounded black spot with a white dot in centre, anterior to it set two joined black spots along middle of fold, these four spots forming a large elliptical blotch located between dorsal 1/5 and 2/5, margined with silvery white scales except on dorsum and yellowish brown in middle of cell; cilia pale brown. Hindwing and cilia grayish brown. Legs pale yellowish: fore tibia yellowish brown, tarsus brown; mid tibia dorsally with yellowish white scales in basal half and at apex, ringed with pale brown bristles at apex, tarsus ringed with pale brown bristles at apices of basal two tarsomeres; hind tibia dorsally with dense pale gray deepening to grayish brown bristles, with bundles of pale gray bristles at apex, tarsus dorsally with grayish brown scales on first tarsomere, with brassy brown bristles at apices of basal three tarsomeres, black distally. Abdomen dorsally grayish brown; ventrally grayish white; lateral sides and anal tuft pale gray.
Female genitalia (Fig. 19). Intersegmental membrane between papilla analis and eighth abdominal segment about twice length of papilla analis. Apophysis posterior about 1.5 times length of apophysis anterior. Eighth segment straight on posterior margin, with long hairs; eighth tergite with anterior 1/4 rectangular; eighth sternite straight on anterior margin. Antrum subrectangular, width about three times length, concave on anterior margin. Ductus bursae about 3/4 length of corpus bursae, uniformly narrow in posterior 5/6, gradually widened anteriorly. Corpus bursae ovate, with numerous granules posteriorly; signum crescent, arched on anterior edge, dentate on posterior edge, surrounded by dense small teeth. Appendix bursae arising from junction between corpus bursae and ductus bursae, longer than four times length of corpus bursae, lined with several large teeth at base, dilated elliptically between basal 1/2 and 2/3. Distribution. China (Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin arcuatus, referring to the costa arched in the basal 3/4 in the male genitalia. Diagnosis. This species is superficially similar to H. ephodophora Meyrick, 1897, H. phaeodora Meyrick, 1929, H. kurokoi Yasuda, 1988 and H. arcuata sp. n. It can be easily distinguished from its allies by the female genitalia having a lamella antevaginalis that consists of a pair of posteriorly joined kidney-shaped sclerites and the absence of a signum.
Description. Adult (Fig. 9). Wingspan 9.0−10.5 mm. Head with frons shining white; vertex pale yellowish brown; occiput pale ochreous yellow. Labial palpus silvery white, second segment with scattered pale yellow scales on outer side, third segment yellowish brown on outer side. Antenna with scape silvery white, with suffused yellowish brown scales posteriorly; flagellum ochreous yellow, ringed with brown. Thorax ochreous brown, with a longitudinal silvery white band in anterior half medially; tegula grayish yellow. Forewing brown, distal 1/5 ochreous brown; below costal margin set three pale ochreous yellow shades in basal half; broad grayish brown band extending from costal 1/2 slightly obliquely outward to above distal end of fold, ending in a silvery white spot, edged with narrow ochreous brown band along its inner and outer margins, with a rounded black dot placed at end of inner band above fold, its inner side with a few silvery white scales; inverted trapezoidal pale ochreous yellow patch located between outer band and costal 4/5, its posterior margin reaching beyond end of fold; narrow ochreous brown band extending from costal 3/4 obliquely inward to beyond end of fold, edged with scattered silvery white scales along outer side; dorsum with an ill-defined yellowish white patch at base, with a subovate patch located between basal 1/3 and before middle consisting of tufts of erect shining gray scales, surrounded by six not well separated black spots, margined with white scales along inner and anterior margins; cilia pale brown. Hindwing grayish brown, cilia pale brown. Legs pale yellow: foreleg ringed with black scales at apices of tibia and second tarsomere; mid tibia dorsally with yellowish white hairs, with white bristles at apex, tarsus ringed with blackish brown bristles at apex of second tarsomere; hind tibia dorsally with yellowish brown deepening to brown bristles, tarsus dorsally with grayish brown deepening to brown bristles on basal two tarsomeres, ringed with brown bristles at apices of basal two tarsomeres, distal two tarsomeres snowy white, black at apex. Abdomen dorsally ochreous brown; ventrally pale grayish white.
Female genitalia (Fig. 20). Intersegmental membrane between papilla analis and eighth abdominal segment about 3.5 times length of papilla analis. Apophysis posterior 1.5 times length of apophysis anterior. Eighth segment straight on both anterior and posterior margins, with long hairs on posterior margin. Lamella antevaginalis consisting of a pair of posteriorly joined kidney-shaped sclerites. Antrum indistinct. Ductus bursae approximately 1.3 times length of corpus bursae, narrow in posterior 1/4, slightly broadened anteriorly. Corpus bursae ovate, with dense granules entirely, with a protrudence carrying dense granules at junction with ductus bursae; signum absent. Appendix bursae arising from junction between corpus bursae and ductus bursae, long, tube shaped, longer than five times length of corpus bursae, slightly dilated near transition with ductus seminalis.

Distribution. China (Yunnan).
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality.  . 10) with wingspan 14.0−15.0 mm. This species is characterized by the forewing having two separated dorsal spots that consist of tufts of erect purple gray scales; and the appendix bursae arising from the anterior 1/5 of the corpus bursae in the female genitalia. It is similar to H. sheni  by the obliquely upward-oriented triangular cucullus, but H. phaeodora can be distinguished from the latter by the foliaceous anellus lobes, the aedeagus about 1.8 times length of the valva and the cornutus about 3/5 length of the aedeagus in the male genitalia (Fig.  15); the corpus bursae having two parallel rows of teeth in the female genitalia (Fig.  21). In H. sheni, the anellus lobes are long clubbed, the aedeagus is almost as long as the valva, and the cornutus is about 1/3 length of the aedeagus; and the corpus bursae lacks two rows of teeth.
Notes. This species is recorded for the first time in China.