Five new Sinopoda species (Araneae, Sparassidae) from China and Thailand

Abstract Five new species of the huntsman spider genus Sinopoda Jäger, 1999 are described: S. hongruii Wang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, forest in Anhui, China), S. jiangzhou Wang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, cave in Guangxi, China), S. saiyok Wang & Li, sp. nov. (♀, cave in Kanchanaburi, Thailand), S. yanjin Wang & Li, sp. nov. (♀, forest in Yunnan, China), and S. yanzi Wang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, cave in Hunan, China). A distribution map of the new species is provided.


Introduction
Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872 are small to large spiders with laterigrade legs. The genus Sinopoda was established by Jäger in 1999 and belongs to the subfamily Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873 (Jäger 1999). The genus can be distinguished from other huntsman spiders by the presence of an embolic apophysis and a membranous conductor in the male palp, and by the special internal ducts in female vulva (Jäger 1999; al.

Methods
All the specimens were collected, preserved in 75% ethanol, and examined and measured with a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. After dissection of male palps and the epigynes, images were made with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound light microscope. Images of the spiders' bodies were taken with an Olympus C7070 camera mounted on an Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope. The epigynes were cleaned and treated in trypsin and, if necessary, in a boiling solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) before being transferred to 75% ethanol for imaging. All images were assembled using Helicon Focus v. 6.7.1 software.
All measurements are in millimeters. Leg formula, spination, and measurements of palps and legs follow Jäger (2012). The point of origin of the embolus and conductor are given as "clock positions" on the left palps in ventral view.
Abbreviations used in the text:   tegulum at nearly the 6-o'clock-position in ventral view. Conductor arising at 1-o'clockposition from tegulum, elongated, slightly bent. Spermophor slightly S-shaped. RTA arising basally from tibia; base of RTA with a brush of setae. vRTA smaller than dRTA, trapezoidal in retrolateral view. dRTA longer than tibia ( Fig. 1A-D).
Coloration in ethanol: as in male (Fig. 9A, B). Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to Mr Hongrui Zhao who collected this species; noun (name) in genitive case.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality ( Fig. 10, China, Anhui).  (Zhong et al. 2019: 69, figs 53A-E, 54A-F, 55A-D) in the structure of the embolus and RTA but can be recognized by the following characters: in the male, the conductor is straight and fan-shaped, unlike in S. tumefacta (Zhong et al. 2019: fig. 53B) where the conductor is curved and covered by the embolus; the sub-tegulum  is noticeably higher in the new species (Fig. 3A-D), but not in S. tumefacta; the embolus arises from the tegulum at the 6-o'clock position but at the 5-o'clock position in S. tumefacta. The female resembles S. tumefacta in the structure of the anterior part of internal ducts and the glandular appendages, which is longer than the posterior part of internal duct system but differs from S. tumefacta by: the lateral lobes of the new species (Fig. 4A, B) are narrow, but they are wider in S. tumefacta (Zhong et al. 2019: fig. 53D, E); the lobal septum is slender in the new species but broader in S. tumefacta.
Coloration in ethanol: as in male (Fig. 9C, D). Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, Jiangzhou Village; noun in apposition.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10, China, Guangxi).  fig. 4d, e) in having similar lateral lobes, but it can be recognized by the uniquely rectangular lobal septum and the reduced posterior part of internal duct system (Fig. 5A, B), whereas the posterior part of internal duct system slightly swollen in S. bifurca.

Sinopoda saiyok
Description. Female (holotype, IZCAS-Ar41647) Measurements: PL 3.28, PW 3.24; AW 1.88; OL 4.24, OW 2.64. Eyes: AME 0.12, PME 0.08, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.16, AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.18, PME-PLE 0.22, AME-PME 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.15, CH AME 0. Copulatory organ: as in diagnosis. Epigynal field slightly wider than long, with two short anterior bands slightly fused with field, with one fusion bubble medially. The width of the lobal septum is equal to 1/3 the width of the epigynal field. The lobal septum is partly fused to the epigynal field. The anterior part of the internal ducts is discernibly swollen. The glandular appendages are blunt and bent at a right angle, extending laterally in posterior half of internal duct system. Internal duct system fused along whole median line. The posterior part of the internal duct system are miniaturized and narrower than anterior part of internal ducts and with the fertilization ducts arising posterolaterally. Unexpanded, membranous sac between fertilization ducts (Fig. 5A, B).
Male: unknown. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, Sai Yok District; noun in apposition.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10, Thailand, Kanchanaburi). Diagnosis. This new species can be separated from other Sinopoda species by the unique arrow-shaped lobal septum; the internal duct system is conspicuously swollen and broad; the width of the glandular appendages is equal to the width of medial part of the internal ducts (Fig. 6A, B).
Copulatory organ: as in diagnosis. Epigynal field wider than long, with one long anterior band partly integrated into the field and one slit sensillum on each side, close to the field. The lobal septum is not fused with epigynal field and has a distinct indentation medially. Lateral lobes fused, with median indentation. The anterior part of the internal ducts is wider than the posterior part. The glandular appendages are blunt and wide, extending posteriorly to the posterior half of the internal duct system. The width of the glandular appendages is equal to the width of medial part of the internal ducts. Lateral furrow partly fused, inconspicuous. The posterior part of internal duct system bulging slightly laterally, fertilization ducts arising posteriorly from the posterior part of the internal duct system. Unexpanded membranous sac between fertilization ducts (Fig. 6A, B).
Coloration in ethanol: brown. Prosoma: dorsally reddish brown with distinct radial furrow and fovea, sparsely covered with dark hairs. Labium and gnathocoxae deep reddish brown, with dark margin. Sternum bright yellowish brown, with reddish brown margin. Legs: khaki, with distal parts darker, covered with dark hairs. Chelicerae dark reddish brown. Opisthosoma: dorsally and ventrally reddish, slightly brownish, with an irregular pattern; ventrally with two longitudinal red lines between epigastric furrow and spinnerets. Spinnerets khaki (Fig. 9G, H).
Male: unknown.    Coloration in ethanol: yellowish brown. Prosoma: dorsally yellowish brown with distinct fovea and radial furrow, covered with dark hairs. Labium and sternum yellowish brown. Chelicerae deep reddish brown. Legs: yellowish brown. Opisthosoma: dorsally dark reddish brown, covered with dark hairs, with bright bands in anterior part; ventrally yellowish brown with bright band on both sides of central axis. Spinnerets yellowish brown (Fig. 7E, F).
Coloration in ethanol: as in male, but dorsal prosoma yellowish brown, and posterior part with a bright band (Fig. 9I, J).
Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, Yanzi Cave; noun in apposition. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10, China, Hunan).