A rich fauna of subterranean short-range endemic Anillini (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae) from semi-arid regions of Western Australia

Abstract Globally, the great majority of Anillini species are endogean, adapted to live in the interstices of soil and leaf litter, while the extremely low vagility of these minute ground beetles gives rise to numerous shortrange endemic species. Until recently the Australian Anillini fauna was known only from leaf litter in rain forests and eucalypt forests in the wetter, forested regions of eastern and south eastern Australia, as well as Lord Howe and Norfolk islands. The first hypogean Anillini in Australia (17 species in six genera) were described in 2016 from mineral exploration drill holes in iron-ore bearing rocks of the Pilbara region in Western Australia, representing the first finding of the tribe deep underground in a semi-arid climate region. A further eight new genera and 20 new species are described herein, mostly from the Pilbara region as well as the semi-arid Kimberley and Goldfields regions; all were collected in mineral exploration drill holes. The following new genera are described: Erwinanillusgen. nov., Gregorydytesgen. nov., Pilbaraphanusgen. nov., Neoillaphanusgen. nov., Kimberleytyphlusgen. nov., Gilesdytesgen. nov., Pilbaradytesgen. nov., and Bylibaraphanusgen. nov. The following new species are described: Erwinanillus baehrisp. nov.; Gracilanillus hirsutussp. nov., G. pannawonicanussp. nov.; Gregorydytes ophthalmianussp. nov.; Pilbaraphanus chichesterianussp. nov., P. bilybarianussp. nov.; Magnanillus firetalianussp. nov., M. sabaesp. nov., M. salomonissp. nov., M. regalissp. nov., M. serenitatissp. nov.; Neoillaphanus callawanussp. nov.; Kimberleytyphlus carrboydianussp. nov.; Austranillus jinayrianussp. nov.; Gilesdytes pardooanussp. nov., G. ethelianussp. nov.; Pilbaradytes abydosianussp. nov., P. webberianussp. nov.; Bylibaraphanus cundalinianussp. nov.; and Angustanillus armatussp. nov. Identification keys are provided for all Australian anilline genera, and Western Australian species. All the described species are known from a single locality and qualify as short-range endemics. The Anillini are recognised as a significant and diverse element making up part of Western Australia’s remarkable subterranean fauna, and whose conservation may potentially be impacted by mining developments.


Introduction
The subtribe Anillina was erected by Jeannel (1937) for certain minute, blind, depigmented bembidiine carabid beetles that lack a recurved striole at the apex of the elytron (Moore 1980). Zaballos et al. (2017) upgraded the subtribe Anillina to the rank of tribe Anillini, as already proposed by Jeannel (1963). The great majority of Anillini are adapted to live in the interstices of soil, and they display typical morphological adaptations of endogean fauna, such as small body size, loss of wings and eyes, and depigmentation. A few cave-dwelling and less specialised humicolous species of Anillini are also known. The extremely low vagility of these beetles gives rise to numerous short-range endemic species (Moore 1980;Giachino 2005Giachino , 2008Giachino , 2015Giachino and Vailati 2011;Baehr and Main 2016;Andújar et al. 2017;Pérez-González et al. 2018). Anillini have a scattered worldwide distribution (Jeannel 1937(Jeannel , 1963 and form a monophyletic group (Andújar et al. 2016) with Gondwanan affinities (Jeannel 1937(Jeannel , 1963Giachino 2005). Globally 74 genera and 543 species are currently described (Lorenz 2020).
For many years the Australian Anillini fauna was known from only two described species in eastern Australia: Illaphanus stephensi Macleay, 1865 andAustranillus macleayi (Lea, 1906). The genus Illaphanus was redescribed by Jeannel (1937Jeannel ( , 1963; see Moore et al. 1987), and more recently one of the Australian species initially assigned to Illaphanus was recognised as a separate new genus (Giachino 2005). Giachino's extensive studies of existing museum collections, combined with new field collections transformed understanding about Australia's apparently depauperate anilline fauna, which was revealed to be much more diverse than previously recognised. Giachino (2005) recognised three new genera and 34 species, all from eastern Australia. All of these species were collected from leaf litter in rain forest and eucalypt forest in the wetter, forested regions of eastern and south eastern Australia, extending from Queensland to Victoria and Tasmania, as well as Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Another litter dwelling species belonging to a new genus, sampled using Berlese extraction in Darwin City (Northern Territory), was described by Baehr (2018). All of these species displayed typical morphological characters of endogean fauna and had restricted distribution ranges. No truly hypogean (troglobitic) species have yet been recognised from eastern Australia, which possibly reflects the lack of targeted sampling for these minute beetles in caves and other cryptic hypogean environments including shallow subterranean habitats (sensu Giachino and Vailati 2010;Culver and Pipan 2014), which are difficult to access and sample. Regarding shallow subterranean habitats, it is relevant to note that Moore (1980) described a species that he regarded as subterranean, Hygranillus kuscheli, which was collected from a dry well slotted at 4.2 m depth in Brightwater, New Zealand. The first troglobitic Anillini recorded in Australia were collected from mineral exploration drill holes in iron-ore bearing rocks of the semi-arid Pilbara region in Western Australia (WA), representing the first collections of Anillini in WA, and the first finding of the tribe deep underground in a semi-arid region, thus also significantly extending knowledge about the groups' ecology (Baehr and Main 2016). Six new genera and 17 new species, all blind and depigmented, were described by Baehr and Main, and three of the genera had decidedly larger body size, a characteristic often associated with adaptative shift from an interstitial to a cavicolous existence. In this paper we describe a further eight new genera and 20 new species, all collected in mineral exploration drill holes, and provide identification keys to all Australian anilline genera, and West Australian species. With this contribution we further expand the morphological taxonomic framework and understanding of distribution patterns, and highlight the rich diversity of Anillini species and genera in the semi-arid zones of WA. All of the described species are known from a single locality and qualify as short-range endemics (SRE's) (sensu Harvey 2002) and are therefore of conservation significance. This contribution firmly establishes the Anillini as a significant and diverse element making up part of WA's remarkable subterranean fauna, and whose conservation status may potentially be impacted by mining developments.

Materials and methods
The material studied was collected by Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd and other environmental consultancies during field surveys for subterranean fauna conducted between 2008 and 2011 as part of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for proposed mining developments. During these surveys access to hypogean habitats is temporarily available via numerous mineral exploration drill holes which are constructed by mining companies during the course of their geological investigations. The uncased drill holes, mostly around 100 mm diameter, penetrate the geological strata from the surface to considerable depths, sometimes > 100 m and frequently intersecting the groundwater table. The drill holes are colonised by hypogean invertebrates which enter the hole from the surrounding permeable rock matrix, as well as endogean and epigean invertebrates which wander or accidentally fall into the drill hole, especially if the entrance of the drill hole is uncapped. Collections from drill holes often contain a mixture of hypogean, endogean and epigean taxa. Following the mining exploration phase most drill holes are filled in as part of mandatory rehabilitation processes.
All the specimens in this study were collected from drill holes. Nearly all drill holes were located in iron-ore bearing rocks in the Pilbara region in northwest WA where the climate is hot semi-arid / hot desert (according to the Köppen classification). Two sampling localities occurred outside the Pilbara region: iron-ore bearing rocks in the Carr-Boyd Ranges in the hot semi-arid Kimberley region, northern WA; and granite/basalt rocks near Forrestania in the cold semi-arid Goldfields region, southwest WA (Fig. 52).
Invertebrates were collected from drill holes by trapping and 'scraping', two standard methods used for sampling troglofauna in drill holes. These methods conformed with the WA Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Guidance Statements for subterranean fauna No. 54 (EPA 2003) and 54a (EPA 2007).
The trapping method involved lowering one or two PVC tube traps of 70 mm diameter and approximately 150 mm in length into the drill hole and leaving them in place for six to eight weeks to be colonised by fauna. The traps were filled with locally collected vegetation to provide shelter, moisture and a possible food source that may be attractive to invertebrates. The vegetation, mostly Spinifex grass was sterilised in a microwave beforehand to kill any surface invertebrates and microorganisms.
Occasionally traps were baited with cheese, meat, or dog biscuit. The PVC tubes were hung vertically on venetian blind cord. The bottom of the tube was sealed with a PVC end cap which had a small hole drilled in the middle to drain excess water. The top of the tube was covered with bird mesh to retain the vegetation while allowing access for invertebrates. Occasionally two traps were placed at different depths in each drill hole, to test if trapping success was related to trap depth (results not reported here). The traps in this study were deployed at depths of 8-58 m below ground level. After placement of the trap, the drill hole was re-capped to maintain humidity within the hole. Six to eight weeks later the traps were retrieved and placed in separate labelled zip-lock bags and transported in a portable cooler to the laboratory for fauna extraction. Invertebrates were extracted from the leaf litter using Berlese/Tullgren funnels over a period of at least 24 hours or until the leaf litter was completely dried. Specimens were preserved in 100% ethanol.
The 'scraping' method utilises a small plankton net of the same type as commonly used for sampling groundwater fauna in bores and wells. The net was constructed of fine mesh < 250 µm and of slightly smaller diameter than the drill hole, had a reinforced leading edge, and weighted vial attached at the bottom. The net was lowered to the base of the hole or just below the water-table surface and then dragged back up against the wall of the drill hole to dislodge and capture invertebrates from the walls. Scraping was conducted at least four times in each hole, with each scrape made along a different quarter of the drill hole. At some sites scraping efficiency may have been improved through the use of a 'tickler' device which resembled a bottle brush and was attached just above the net to scrape all quarters of the hole on each haul. The contents of the net were emptied into a small bucket of water after each haul. At conclusion of hauling the bucket contents were elutriated and sieved, and the sample preserved in ethanol for transport to the laboratory for processing.
Most Anillini specimens in this study were collected by trapping. Some of the material comprised incomplete or damaged specimens, an inherent limitation with the scraping collection method, which also collects dead and partially decomposed animals from the drill hole walls and water-table surface. Despite this limitation, enough material was collected by both scraping and trapping methods to enable adequate morphological descriptions. Further details on trapping and scraping methods are given in Halse and Pearson (2014).
Morphological analysis was conducted on whole specimens and dissected male genitalia mounted in Canada balsam. Use of Canada balsam facilitated the observation of important diacritic characters which are otherwise difficult to observe in such small specimens as the Anillini. All drawings were made using a drawing tube on a Leica DM2500 biological microscope with phase contrast. One specimen for each taxon was prepared and drawn.
The Anillini collection described here was sent to the principal author in two batches, 2009 and 2011, while later, additional material, some of which was collected from the same localities, was sent to the taxonomist Martin Baehr (München, Germany). Baehr and Giachino were unaware of the other's collections and so they worked independently on their material that represented in part the same genera, thus running the risk to publish synonyms. Fortunately, both taxonomists became aware of the situation and thus avoided any nomenclatural publication issues. Due to different study techniques used by each author some interpretation difficulties became apparent and are noted in this paper.

Acronyms
The following acronyms for museums or private collections have been used:

WAM
Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia.
The following acronyms for the type material have been used:
The following acronyms for measurement have been used:

TL
total length, from the anterior margin of the labrum to the end of the elytra.

Systematics
We provide an updated key to the genera of Australian Anillini, modified from Giachino (2005) and Baehr and Main (2016), and including the genus Parillaphanus described by Baehr (2018) and the new genera described in this paper. Type species. Erwinanillus baehri sp. nov. Diagnosis. Included species strongly characterised by the presence of longitudinal elytral grooves; male protarsi with two dilated tarsomeres and profemora unarmed; metafemora dentate and metatrochanters short and stout in male and female. Labial tooth absent. Head characterised by temples with a series of long excess setae. One elytral discal seta present. Aedeagus with right paramere bearing two apical setae; left bearing only one seta. This genus can be distinguished from Externanilus Baehr & Main, 2016 by the presence of grooves on elytral disc.
Head robust, almost hypertrophic, slightly narrower than the pronotum, with a series of excess long setae; labium toothless, mentum articulated, not fused with the submentum. Antennae moniliform, without particular features.
Pronotum subquadrate, with sides distinctly sinuate in the basal third. Basal angles subsquare and acuminate; basal border as wide as the anterior border; presence of two marginal setae, the posterior one placed before the basal angles.
Elytra oval and slightly elongated, separately rounded, not truncate and not emarginated apically; poorly convex and with a longitudinal groove. Elytral striae missing (except for the sutural stria). Lateral margin, distinctly crenelated from the humeral area to the apical third. Scutellar pore present, large and umbilicate; umbilicate series of type B (sensu Jeannel 1963;Giachino and Vailati 2011); disc bearing one discal seta.
Etymology. Dedicated to the memory of Terry Lee Erwin, renowned carabid beetle specialist and explorer of world biodiversity. Name composed of Erwin and the genus name Anillus. The gender of the name is masculine.
Species included. For the time being, the genus is monotypic and only E. baehri sp. nov. belongs to this genus. Diagnosis. Small species, with longitudinal elytral grooves; male protarsi with two dilated tarsomeres and profemora unarmed; metafemora dentate and metatrochanters short and stout in male and female. Head characterised by temples with a series of excess long setae. One elytral discal seta present. Aedeagus with right paramere bearing two apical setae; left bearing only one seta.
Pronotum subquadrate (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.05), with the maximum width on the anterior fourth, narrowed at the base, with the sides poorly arcuate anteriorly, sinuate before the base. Anterior angles rounded, weakly prominent; posterior angles subsquare and acuminate at tips. Disc convex, with a long and sparse pubescence; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, slightly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fifth; basal setae before the posterior angles.
Legs short and stout, two protarsomeres dilated and without adhesive phanerae in

Gracilanillus Baehr & Main, 2016
Figs 4-7 Type species. Gracilanillus longulus Baehr & Main, 2016. Note. Baehr and Main's description (2016) is correct and detailed, although we noted a few inaccuracies and their description omits some important characters fundamental to the systematics of Anillini which are described as follows. Baehr and Main (2016) describe three setae on the elytral disc of Gracilanillus genus, and later in the paper they specify that G. longulus Baehr & Main, 2016, G. cockingi Baehr & Main, 2016and G. cordatus Baehr & Main, 2016 bear only two setae, G. vixsulcatus Baehr & Main, 2016 bear only one seta, and that in G. minutus Main, 2016 andG. currani Baehr &Main, 2016 have none. The two additional Gracilanillus species that we describe herein bear two setae, and we suggest that considering the difficulty of observing all setae if specimens are not examined using the methods as described in this paper, possibly all species in this genus share the character "two setae on the elytral disc". Baehr and Main (2016) refer to a "faint" labial tooth, while the two species described here do not possess this character. The labial tooth is not an important character at genus level (Giachino 2005;Giachino and Vailati 2011), and also it is very difficult to see if the specimen is not properly prepared. Baehr and Main (2016) do not mention the position of the elytral umbilicate setae, but only talk about "very long setae". The position of these setae is fundamental (Jeannel 1963;Giachino 2005;Giachino and Vailati 2011), hence we specify the position, type "B" (sensu Jeannel 1963; Giachino and Vailati 2011 Elytral disc with long and sparse pubescence distinctly aligned lengthwise. Small head with many excess setae. Ninth pore of the umbilicate series in standard position (Fig. 4)  Differential diagnosis. Gracilanillus hirsutus sp. nov. can be distinguished from G. pannawonicanus sp. nov. in the presence of long and sparse pubescence longitudinally aligned on the elytral disc, head with many excess setae, and for the standard position of the ninth pore of the umbilicate series.
Head robust, hypertrophic, slightly narrower than pronotum; bearing a number of excess setae. Labium toothless, mentum articulate. Antennae robust, moniliform, and short, not exceeding the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Frontoclypeal furrow indistinct; anterior margin of the epistome subrectilinear.
Pronotum subquadrate (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.05), with maximum width in the middle, and with basal border as wide as anterior border; sides slightly but regularly arcuate from anterior to posterior, not sinuate, but strictly emarginated before the basal angles. Anterior angles rounded, poorly prominent; posterior angles subsquare. Disc convex, with long and sparse pubescence; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, slightly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside marginal groove, almost on anterior fifth; basal setae almost before the posterior angles.
Legs short and stout, with metatrochanters short and stout and metafemora not dentate (Fig. 5).
Elytra subrectangular, elongated (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.84), with maximum width at the base of the posterior third, not emarginated before apex. Disc slightly convex, with evident longitudinal groove running more or less between the scutellar pore and the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series; integument shiny with evident microsculpture and long, sparse, upright pubescence, longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations all the way to the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with first three pores of humeral group equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal fourth of elytron; 5 th pore placed before the apical third of elytra; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. half distance of 6 th and 7 th ; 8 th slightly displaced on the disc; 7 th and 8 th closer to each other than 8 th and 9 th . Two discal setae, first placed before the 5 th pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed just before 8 th pore. Differential diagnosis. Gracilanillus pannawonicanus sp. nov. can be distinguished from G. hirsutus for the presence of a short and dense pubescence on the elytral disc, not directly longitudinally aligned, for the absence of excess setae on the head, and for the position of the ninth pore of the umbilicate series, which is placed quite forward, before the end of the elytral groove.
Pronotum subquadrate (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.07), maximum width at the basal anterior third, and basal border as wide as anterior border; sides slightly but regularly arcuate from anterior to posterior angles, strictly sinuate just before basal angles. Anterior angles rounded, slightly prominent; posterior angles subsquare and acuminate at vertex. Disc convex, with short and very sparse pubescence; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, slightly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fifth; basal setae nearly before posterior angles.
Legs short and stout, with metatrochanters short and stout and metafemora non dentate (Fig. 7).
Elytra subrectangular, elongated (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.95), with maximum width in the middle, not emarginated in preapical zone. Disc slightly convex, with evident longitudinal groove running more or less between the scutellar pore and the 2 nd discal pore; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture, and short, very dense, and upright pubescence, not longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked but rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulation up to the apical fourth; elytral apices separately and acutely rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost all the way to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed before the apical third of the elytra; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. half of the distance between 6 th and 7 th ; 8 th slightly displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th slightly closer to each other than the 8 th and 9 th ; 9 th pore of the umbilicate series placed well forward (compare to the standard position). Two discal setae, first placed just after the 5 th pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed just after the 8 th pore.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. The name of the species derives from the town Pannawonica near the type locality Mesa K Mine, in the Pilbara region.
Distribution. Gracilanillus pannawonicanus sp. nov. is known so far only from the type locality Mesa K Mine, in the Robe River Valley, 11 km SSE of Pannawonica, Pilbara, WA.
Diagnosis. Genus characterised by normal metatrochanters, elytra reduced at tip and lacking longitudinal grooves, 9 th pore of the umbilicate series in normal position (placed after the 8 th one) and two discal setae; basal border of pronotum remarkably narrower than anterior border and sides distinctly sinuate before the basal angles; aedeagus with median lobe subrectilinear, basal bulb extremely reduced and parameres bearing one apical seta. Labial tooth lacking.
Pronotum slightly transverse, with sides distinctly sinuate at the basal third. Basal angles obtuse and rounded; basal border remarkably narrower than anterior border; presence of two marginal setae, the posterior one placed at the basal angles.
Elytra subrectangular and elongated, separately rounded, depressed and without longitudinal groove, and slightly truncated but not emarginated at apex. Elytral striae absent (except sutural stria). Lateral margin starting from the humeral area, distinctly crenulate to at least half-length. Scutellar pore present, large and umbilicate; umbilicate series of type B (sensu Jeannel 1963; Giachino and Vailati 2011); disc bearing two discal setae.
Legs relatively short and stumpy. Unarmed pro-and metafemora, normal metatrochanters, two dilated protarsomeres in the male.
Etymology. Gregorydytes is a compound noun: in honour of Francis Thomas Gregory, the first European explorer who discovered Ophthalmia Range (type locality) in 1876, and dytes meaning diver in Greek. Gender name masculine.
Pronotum transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.25), with maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, and basal border remarkably narrower than anterior border; sides distinctly and regularly arcuate anteriorly, sinuate before basal angles. Anterior angles rounded, not prominent; posterior angles obtuse and rounded. Disc convex, with very sparse pubescence of medium length; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, slightly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fourth; basal setae at posterior angles. Legs short and stout, with metatrochanters short and stout and metafemora non dentate. Two protarsomeres dilated and without adhesive phanerae in male.
Elytra subrectangular (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.55), with maximum width at the base of the posterior third, subtruncate but not emarginated before apex. Disc slightly convex, without longitudinal groove; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and very sparse and upright pubescence of medium length, longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked but rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulation up to the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: large and foveate basal umbilicate pore. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed at the base the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced from each other equidistant with 6 th and 7 th ; 5 th , 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced from each other as 8 th and 9 th . Two discal setae, the first placed at the level of the 3 rd pore of the umbilicate series, the second one placed just before the 8 th pore. Aedeagus ( Fig. 9) small, median lobe short, stout, subrectilinear, with basal bulb extremely reduced; ventral margin gently bisinuated; apical blade evident. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix. Left paramere elongated, reaching the aedea-gal distal fourth and bearing only one seta; right paramere lost during the preparation of the specimen.
Etymology. The name arises from the type locality Ophthalmia Range in the Pilbara region.
Distribution. Gregorydytes ophthalmianus sp. nov. is known so far only from the type locality Ophthalmia Range, 25 km W of Newman, Pilbara, WA.
Diagnosis. Genus characterised by very long and sharp metatrochanters; dentate metafemora; elytra not reduced at tip; elytral disc bearing three setae and longitudinal grooves absent; 9 th pore of the umbilicate series in the normal position (placed after the 8 th ); aedeagus with median lobe not very curved, size of basal bulb normal and parameres bearing two apical setae. Labial tooth present and smooth. Differs from Magnanillus Baehr, 2017 by the absence of longitudinal elytral grooves.
Description. Species of medium size (TL mm 1.37-2.18) and anophthalmous. Integument depigmented but well sclerified and covered with sparse pubescence.
Head from normal to large size, slightly narrower than pronotum; mandibles short and simple, without hyperplasias. Maxillary palpi ovoidal and swollen. Labium transverse and articulated; mentum not fused with submentum. Labial tooth present and smooth. Antennae moniliform, without particular features.
Pronotum subquadrate, with sides not or only slightly sinuate at the basal third, smooth or denticulated before basal angles. Basal angles right, sharp, not rounded; basal border as wide as, or only slightly narrower, than the anterior border; presence of two marginal setae, the posterior one placed just before basal angles.
Legs relatively short and stumpy. Unarmed profemora; posterior edge of metafemora dentate, metatrochanters very long and sharp, two dilated protarsomeres in the male.
Aedeagus relatively large, median lobe long and not very curved, with basal bulb of normal size. Parameres long and bearing two apical setae. Endophallus with poorly sclerified phanerae.
Etymology. The genus name combines the Pilbara name with the suffix -phanus to recognise the genus Illaphanus. Gender masculine.
Species included. Only two species currently belong to this genus: Pilbaraphanus chichesterianus sp. nov. Pilbaraphanus bilybarianus sp. nov. Differential diagnosis. Pilbaraphanus chichesterianus sp. nov. and P. bilybarianus sp. nov. are closely related and share the characters indicated in the genus diagnosis. P. chichesterianus sp. nov. differs from P. bilybarianus sp. nov. by its bigger body size, shorter metatrochanters, and more transverse pronotum.

Key to the species of Pilbaraphanus
Description of the HT ♂. TL mm 2.18. Body elongated and depigmented, yellow-testaceous; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and short pubescence.
Head robust, hypertrophic, slightly narrower than pronotum; without excess setae. Labium with a smooth tooth, mentum articulated. Antennae robust, moniliform, short, not reaching the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow indistinct; anterior margin of the epistome subrectilinear.
Pronotum subsquare (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.12), with maximum width at the base of the anterior fifth, and with basal border remarkably wider than anterior border; sides slightly and irregularly arcuate in the anterior part, subrectilinear before basal angles. Anterior angles acute, prominent; posterior angles squared and not rounded. Disc convex, with very sparse pubescence of medium length; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, slightly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fifth; basal setae placed inside the disk and before posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters long and acuminate, but not curved, and metafemora dentate; metatrochanters ( Fig. 11) shorter than femoral tooth. Two protarsomeres dilated and without adhesive phanerae in males. Left pro-, left and right meso-, and left metalegs missing in the HT ♂.
Elytra perfectly subrectangular (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.80), not truncate and not emarginated before apex. Disc convex, longitudinal grooves absent; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture, and very short, sparse and upright, pubescence longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked, gently rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulation up to the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed before the base of the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced from each other half the distance from 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced to each other as the 8 th and 9 th . Three discal setae, the first placed before the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series, the second and third ones placed respectively just before the 5 th and 8 th umbilicate pores. Aedeagus ( Fig. 12) large, median lobe long, stout, subrectilinear, with basal bulb extremely reduced; ventral margin gently curved; apical blade evident but short. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix, but with two crossing apical slightly sclerified stripes. Left paramere elongated, reaching the aedeagal distal third and bearing two setae; right paramere lost during the preparation of the specimen. Differential diagnosis. Pilbaraphanus bilybarianus sp. nov. and P. chichesterianus sp. nov. are closely related and share the characters described in the genus diagnosis. P. bilybarianus sp. nov. differs from P. chichesterianus sp. nov. by its smaller body size, longer metatrochanters, and less transverse pronotum.
Description of the HT ♀. TL mm 1.37. Body elongated and depigmented, yellow; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and short pubescence.
Pronotum subsquare (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.03), with the maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, and with basal border remarkably wider than anterior border; sides poorly and not regularly arcuate in the anterior part, gently sinuate in the basal half and slightly dentate before basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, prominent; posterior angles squared, gently rounded. Disc convex, with very sparse pubescence of medium length; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fourth; basal setae not placed inside on the disk, but before the posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters long and acuminate, gently curved and metafemora dentate; metatrochanters (Fig. 14) as long as femoral tooth. All left legs missing in the HT ♀.
Elytra perfectly subrectangular (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.91), not truncated, only slightly emarginated before the apex. Disc convex, longitudinal grooves absent; integument shiny with evident microsculpture, and very short, sparse, upright pubescence not longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked, gently rounded; posthumeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulation up to the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed before the base of the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced from each other as half distance from 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced from each other as the 8 th and 9 th . Three discal setae, the first placed before the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series, the second one placed just before the 5 th , and the third one placed at the level of the 7 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. The species name derives from Bilybara, aboriginal name that refers to the Pilbara region.
Distribution. Pilbaraphanus bilybarianus sp. nov. is known only from the type locality (Kings deposit, which is part of the Solomon Mining Area), 60 km N of Tom Price, Pilbara, WA. Diagnosis. This genus is characterised by: metatrochanters very long and sharp; metafemora dentate; elytra not reduced at tip; elytral disc with longitudinal grooves and bearing three setae; 9 th pore of the umbilicate series in normal position (placed after the 8 th one); aedeagus with median lobe gently curved, size of basal bulb normal and parameres bearing two apical setae. Labial tooth lacking. Differs from Pilbaraphanus by the presence of a longitudinal elytral grooves and the lack of labial tooth.

Magnanillus
Note. The description of this genus by Baehr and Main (2016) (sub Macranillus), although very accurate, does not consider some peculiar characters present in species belonging to Macranillus, in particular: the elytral chaetotaxy, the absence of labial tooth, the presence of teeth on the posterior margin of metafemora, and the elongated and sharpened shape of the metatrochanters. The presence of the last two characters in Magnanillus was confirmed (M. Baehr pers. comm. 2018). The genus is redescribed below.
Pronotum subquadrate, with sides not, or only slightly, sinuate at the basal third, smooth or denticulated before basal angles. Basal angles right or obtuse, sharp, not rounded; base as wide as, or only slightly narrower, than anterior margin; presence of two marginal setae, the posterior one placed just before the basal angles.
Legs relatively short and stumpy. Profemora unarmed; metafemora dentate on the posterior edge, metatrochanters very long and sharp, two dilated protarsomeres in the male.
Aedeagus relatively large, median lobe long and slightly curved, with basal bulb of normal size. Parameres long, each bearing two apical setae. Endophallus with poorly sclerified phanerae.
Species included. Currently ten species belong to this genus:  (Baehr & Main, 2016) Note.
The key to species of Magnanillus Baehr, 2017 lack clear information on important diagnostic characters such as metafemora and metatrochanter morphology (see genus redescription). For the identification of the described species of Magnanillus refer to Baehr and Main (2016). Differential dagnosis. Magnanillus firetailianus sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from the other species of this genus (except M. quartermaini (Baehr & Main, 2016)) by its pronotum with basal border narrower than anterior border. It also differs from M. sabae sp. nov., M. salomonis sp. nov. and M. regalis n. sp by much longer metatrochaters, extended over the position of the femoral tooth. M. firetailianus sp. nov. differs from M. serenitatis sp. nov. by its bigger size, while it differs from M. quartermaini by a less transverse pronotum.
Pronotum sub-rectangular (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.14), with maximum width at the base of the anterior fifth, and with basal border remarkably narrower than anterior border; sides slightly and irregularly arcuate in the anterior part, subrectilinear at the basal half, gently sinuate and slightly dentate before basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, slightly prominent; posterior angles squared, acute. Disc convex, with very sparse pubescence of medium length; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fifth; basal setae not inside the disk, but placed before posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters long and acuminate, gently curved and metafemora dentate; metatrochanters (Fig. 16) slightly longer than femoral tooth. Two dilated protarsomeres in males.
Elytra perfectly subrectangular (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.80), not truncated and not emarginated before the apex. Disc convex, with longitudinal grooves; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture, very short, sparse, and upright, pubescence, not longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked, gently rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulation up to the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed before the base of the apical third of the elytra; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. half of the distance between 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced from each other as the 8 th and 9 th . Three discal setae, the first placed before the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed just before the 5 th , the third one placed at the 7 th pore.
Aedeagus (Fig. 17) large, median lobe long, stout, gently curved, with basal bulb small, but tight and evident; ventral margin gently curved from basal bulb to apex; apical blade evident but short. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix, but with two small, apical, Y-shaped, crossing and slightly sclerified stripes. Left paramere elongated, not reaching the distal third and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter and bearing two apical setae.
Etymology. The name comes from the type locality in the Solomon Mining Area, the Firetail deposit, in the Pilbara region.
Distribution. Magnanillus firetailianus sp. nov. is known only from the type locality (Firetail deposit) 50 km N of Tom Price, Pilbara, WA.  (Baehr & Main, 2016) by longer elytra and more transverse pronotum.
Pronotum sub-squared (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.14), with maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, and basal border slightly wider than anterior border; sides slightly and irregularly arcuate in the anterior part, subrectilinear in the basal half, not sinuate and slightly denticulate before basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, slightly prominent; posterior angles obtuse, blunted. Disc convex, with very short and sparse pubescence; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fifth; basal setae not inside on the disk, but placed before the posterior angles.
Elytra subrectangular, relatively short (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.63), not truncated and very slightly emarginated before apex. Disc convex, with longitudinal grooves; very short, sparse, and upright pubescence not longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked, obtuse; post-humeral margin denticulate, with a distinct crenulation down to the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 7 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed before the base of the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. 1/3 of the distance from 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced from each other as the 8 th and 9 th . Three discal setae, first placed before the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed just before the 5 th , third one placed before the 7 th pore.
Aedeagus (Fig. 20) large, median lobe long, stout, gently curved, with basal bulb small but evident; ventral margin gently curved from basal bulb to apex; apical blade poorly evident, very short. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix, but with two small, apical, subparallel, and slightly sclerified stripes. Left paramere elongate, not reaching the aedeagal distal third and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter and bearing two apical setae.
Etymology. The name is to remind one of the Solomon mining area and the different deposits where this species occurs, and it originates from the mythological Queen of Sheba (in Latin Sheba = Saba). According to tradition, the Queen of Sheba visited the Kingdom of Solomon with valuable gifts for its king.
Distribution. Magnanillus sabae sp. nov. is known from different deposits of the Solomon Mining Area, 50-60 km N/NW of Tom Price, Pilbara, WA. Differential diagnosis. Magnanillus salomonis sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from M. firetailianus sp. nov. by its protonum with basal border ca. as wide as the anterior border. It can be distinguished from M. sabae sp. nov. by its longer metatrochanters, reaching the femoral tooth. It can be distinguished from M. serenitatis sp. nov. by its shorter metatrochanters, not overreaching the femoral tooth. It can be distinguished from M. regalis sp. nov. by its more transverse pronotum, and the clearly curved apex of the metatrochanters. It can be distinguished from M. benneti (Baehr & Main, 2016), M. pearsoni (Baehr & Main, 2016), M. maini (Baehr & Main, 2016), M. magnus (Baehr & Main, 2016) and M. quartermaini (Baehr & Main, 2016) by its more transverse pronotum.
Pronotum transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.16), with maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, and basal border wider than anterior border; sides slightly and irregularly arcuate in anterior part, subrectilinear in the basal half, not sinuate and denticulate before basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, slightly prominent; posterior angles right, acute. Disc convex, with short and very sparse pubescence; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fourth; basal setae slightly located internally on the disk and placed before the posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters long, acuminate, and gently curved and metafemora dentate; metatrochanters (Fig. 22) as long as the femoral tooth. Anterior legs missing in all male specimens.
Elytra subrectangular, relatively short (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.69), not truncate and not emarginated before the apex. Disc convex, with longitudinal grooves; integument shiny with evident microsculpture, very short, sparse, and upright, pubescence, not longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked, obtuse; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to the base of the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed at the base of the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. half of the distance between 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced from each other as the 8 th and the 9 th . Three discal setae, first placed before the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed in the middle of the elytron, the third one placed before the 7 th pore.
Aedeagus (Fig. 23) large, median lobe long, stout, gently curved, with basal bulb small but tight and evident; ventral margin gently curved from basal bulb to apex; apical blade poorly evident, very short. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix, but with two very small, apical, and slightly sclerified, ovoidal areas. Left paramere elongate, reaching the distal third and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter and bearing two apical setae.
Etymology. The name comes from type locality "Solomon mining area" and the mythological King of Solomon (in Latin Salomon).
Distribution. Magnanillus salomonis sp. nov. is known from different deposits of the Solomon Mining Area, 50-60 km N/NW of Tom Price, Pilbara, WA. Differential diagnosis. Magnanillus regalis sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from M. firetailianus sp. nov. and M. quartermaini (Baehr & Main, 2016) by its pronotum with basal border ca. as wide as the anterior border. It can be distinguished from M. sabae sp. nov. by its longer metatrochanters, reaching the femoral tooth. It differs from M. serenitatis sp. nov. by its shorter metatrochanters, not overreaching the femoral tooth. It can be distinguished from M. salomonis sp. nov. by its less transverse pronotum and the straight apex of its metatrochaters.
Head relatively large, narrower than pronotum; with two couples of excess setae on the vertex as in Fig. 24. Labium without tooth, mentum articulated. Antennae robust, submoniliform, very short, not reaching the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow indistinct; anterior margin of the epistome subrectilinear.
Pronotum sub-squared (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.14 maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, and basal border slightly wider than anterior border; sides slightly and irregularly arcuate in anterior part, subrectilinear at the basal half, not sinuate but with an evident tooth before basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, slightly prominent; posterior angles right, acute. Disc convex, with very sparse pubescence of medium length; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fourth; basal setae slightly placed internally on the disk and before the posterior angles. Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters long, acuminate, subrectilinear and metafemora dentate; metatrochanters (Fig. 25) reaching the femoral tooth. Two dilated protarsomeres, without adhesive phanerae in males.
Elytra subrectangular, elongate (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.83), not truncated and only slightly emarginated before apex. Disc convex, with longitudinal grooves; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and very short, longitudinally aligned, upright pubescence. Humeri well marked, obtuse; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to the base of the apical third; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed at the base the apical third of the elytron; 7 th pore very forward, placed near the 6 th pore; 6 th and 7 th pores closer than 5 th and 6 th ; 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced out ca. the 5 th and 6 th . Three discal setae, first placed before the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed just before the 5 th pore, third one placed after the 7 th pore. Aedeagus (Fig. 26) large, median lobe long, slender, gently curved, with basal bulb small but tight and evident; ventral margin gently curved from basal bulb to apex; apical blade poorly evident, short. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix, but with small, Y-shaped, apical, slightly sclerified stripe. Left paramere elongate, reaching the distal third and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter and bearing two apical setae.
Etymology. The name comes from the Latin word regalis = royal, and it reminds the type locality "King" deposit in the Solomon Mining Area.
Distribution. Magnanillus regalis sp. nov. is known only from the type locality (Kings deposit) in the Solomon Mining Area, 50 km N of Tom Price, Pilbara, WA.  Differential diagnosis. Magnanillus serenitatis sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from M. firetailianus sp. nov. by its pronotum with basal border as wide as the anterior border. It can be distinguished from M. sabae sp. nov., M. salomonis sp. nov. and M. regalis sp. nov. by its longer metatrochanters, overreaching the femoral tooth.
Pronotum transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.23), maximum width at the base of the anterior third, and basal border slightly wider than anterior border; sides slightly and irregularly arcuate in anterior part, very poorly arcuate in the basal half, not sinuate and denticulate before the basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, slightly prominent; posterior angles right, acute. Disc convex, with very short and sparse pubescence; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fourth; basal setae slightly placed inside the disk and before the posterior angles.
Elytra subrectangular, relatively short (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.67), not truncated and only very slightly emarginated before apex. Disc convex, with longitudinal grooves; shiny integument with evident microsculpture and very short, sparse, upright pubescence, not longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked but rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to the base of the apical fourth; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost down to the 7 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and nearly equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed at the base of the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. half of the distance between the 6 th and the 7 th ; 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced from each other as the 8 th and 9 th . Three discal setae, first placed before the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed after the midpoint of the elytron, third one placed before the 7 th pore. Aedeagus (Fig. 29) large, median lobe long, slender, gently curved, with basal bulb small but tight and evident; ventral margin gently curved from basal bulb to apex; apical blade poorly evident, very short. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix, but with very small, V-shaped, apical, slightly sclerified stripe. Left paramere elongate, reaching the distal third and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter and bearing two apical setae.
Etymology. The name comes from the Serenity Valley, type locality of the species, in the Pilbara region.
Distribution. Magnanillus serenitatis sp. nov. is known only from two drill holes in the Serenity Valley, 65 km N/NW of Tom Price, Pilbara, WA. Diagnosis. Genus characterised by: metatrochanters long and sharp; metafemora non dentate; elytra not reduced at tip; elytral disc with longitudinal grooves and bearing one seta; 9 th pore of the umbilicate series in normal position (placed after the 8 th one); aedeagus with median lobe curved, size of the basal bulb normal and parameres bearing two apical setae. Labial tooth absent.
Description. Species of medium size (TL mm 1.93-2.04) and anophthalmous. Integument depigmented but well sclerified and covered with sparse pubescence.
Pronotum cordiform, sides sinuate at the basal third, denticulated before basal angles. Basal angles right, sharp at tips, not rounded; basal border narrower than anterior border; presence of two marginal setae, the posterior one placed before basal angles.
Elytra ovoidal short, separately rounded, not truncated and apically not emarginated; convex, with longitudinal grooves. Elytral striae absent (except sutural stria). Lateral margin starting from the humeral area, distinctly crenulate up to its half-length.
Legs relatively long and slender. Pro-and metafemora unarmed; metatrochanters long and sharp, two dilated protarsomeres in the male.
Aedeagus relatively large, median lobe long and curved with basal bulb of normal size. Parameres long, each of them bearing two apical setae. Endophallus with very small and poorly sclerified phanerae.
Etymology. The name is derived by the combination of the Greek prefix Neo-(means new) and the name Illaphanus. Gender masculine.
Species included. Currently only one species belongs to this genus: N. callawanus sp. nov. Head large, narrower than pronotum; without excess setae. Labium without tooth, mentum articulated. Antennae robust, moniliform, short, reaching the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow distinct; anterior margin of the epistome subrectilinear.

Neoillaphanus callawanus
Pronotum cordiform (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.13), maximum width at the base of the anterior third, and basal border narrower than anterior border; sides slightly and regularly arcuate in anterior part, subrectilinear at the basal half, sinuate and denticulate before basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, prominent; posterior angles right, sharp at tips. Disc convex, with sparse pubescence of medium length; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, poorly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fifth; basal setae not on the disk and placed before posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters long and acuminate but not curved and metafemora unarmed; metatrochanters (Fig. 31) as long as 2/3 of the femoral length. Two poorly dilated protarsomeres, without adhesive phanerae in males.
Elytra ovoidal, relatively short (max. length / max. width ratio = 1.8), maximum width at the base of the posterior third, not truncated and not emarginated in preapical zone. Disc convex, with longitudinal grooves; integument shiny with evident microsculpture and pubescence of medium length, sparse and upright, not longitudinally aligned. Humeri rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to half-length; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 7 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and nearly equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed just before the base the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. half of the distance between 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th and 8 th displaced onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced out ca. as the 8 th and 9 th . One discal seta placed just before the 7 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Aedeagus (Figs 32, 33) large, median lobe long, slender, curved, with basal bulb tight and evident; ventral margin regularly curved from basal bulb to apex; apical blade evident, but short. Endophallus without an evident lamella copulatrix, but with very small, preapical, slightly sclerified stripe. Left paramere elongate, reaching the distal third of median lobe and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter and bearing two apical setae.
Etymology Diagnosis. Genus of the "Illaphanus phyletic series" (sensu Giachino 2005), with species strongly characterised by normal metatrochanters; metafemora non dentate; elytra not reduced at tip; elytral disc without longitudinal grooves and bearing three setae, scaly microsculpture and 9 th pore of the umbilicate series in normal position (placed after the 8 th one); aedeagus with median lobe subrectilinear, size of basal bulb normal and parameres each bearing one apical seta. Labial tooth absent.
Description. Species of a medium size (TL mm 1.57-1.59) and anophthalmous. Integument depigmented but well sclerified, with strong microsculpture and covered with short and sparse pubescence.
Pronotum trapezoidal, with sides not sinuate in the basal third, denticulated at the basal third. Basal angles obtuse, sharp, not rounded; basal border slightly narrower than anterior border; presence of two marginal setae, the posterior one placed near basal angles.
Elytra subrectangular elongate, separately rounded, not truncated and apically only slightly emarginated, convex, without longitudinal grooves. Elytral striae absent (except sutural stria). Lateral margin starting from the humeral area and distinctly crenulate up to the level of 8 th -9 th pores of the umbilicate series. Scutellar pore present, large and umbilicate; umbilicate series of type B (sensu Jeannel 1963; Giachino and Vailati 2011); disc bearing three setae.
Legs relatively long and slender. Pro-and metafemora unarmed; metatrochanters normal, two slightly dilated protarsomeres, without adhesive phanerae in males.
Etymology. The name combines the name Kimberley (region where the type locality is located) and the Greek suffix -typhlos (meaning blind

Diagnosis. Species identified by the characters listed in the genus diagnosis.
Description. TL mm 1.57-1.59 ♂♂. Body elongate, depigmented, testaceous; integument with medium length pubescence. Microsculpture evident and very strong: composed by isodiametric meshes on pronotal disc; scaly on basal part of elytral disc, and longitudinally oriented hollow points on apical elytral disc (Fig. 34).
Pronotum trapezoidal (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.00), maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, with basal border narrower than anterior border; sides subrectilinear, anteriorly slightly but regularly arcuate, not arcuate and not sinuate at the basal half, denticulated at the basal third. Anterior angles obtuse, rounded and not prominent; posterior angles obtuse, but evident. Disc convex, with sparse pubescence of medium length; median groove very shallow, hardly evident. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae placed inside the marginal groove, almost on the anterior fourth; basal setae not on the disk and placed at posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters normal and metafemora unarmed. Two poorly dilated protarsomeres, without adhesive phanerae in males.
Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length / max. width ratio = 2.20), maximum width at the base of the posterior third, not truncated and slightly emarginated before apex. Disc convex, without longitudinal grooves; integument with sparse and upright pubescence, longitudinally aligned. Humeri well marked; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to the 8 th and 9 th pores of the umbilicate series; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident almost up to the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore small and foveate. Umbilicate series with the first three pores of the humeral group very closed to each other and nearly equidistant; 4 th pore farther and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed just after the middle of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. 1/4 of the distance between 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th and 9 th placed onto the disc; 7 th and 8 th spaced out ca. double of the distance from 8 th and 9 th ; 9 th placed at the level of the 8 th pore. Three discal setae, first placed at the level of the 2 nd pore of the umbilicate series, second one placed at the level of the base of the posterior fourth of elytron, third one placed just before the level of the 9 th pore. Aedeagus (Fig. 35) relatively small, median lobe long, slender, subrectilinear, with basal bulb tight and evident; ventral margin weakly curved from basal bulb to apex; apical blade evident, but short. Endophallus without any sclerified phanerae. Left paramere very elongated, reaching the distal fifth of the median lobe, and bearing only one seta; right paramere shorter than left one, bearing one apical seta.
Etymology. The name derives from the name of one of the early European explorers to visit the region named as the Carr-Boyd Ranges (type locality). In 1883 William Henry James Carr-Boyd became second-in-command of an expedition led by W. J.
O'Donnell on behalf of the Cambridge Downs Pastoral Association; their purpose was to explore the country around the Cambridge Gulf, and to establish a sheep station.  (Lea, 1906) Diagnosis. Genus of the "Illaphanus phyletic series" (sensu Giachino 2005), with species characterised by: absence of longitudinal elytral grooves, pronotum with basal border wider than anterior border and denticulate sides before basal angles, elytral disc with two setae, 8 th pore of the umbilicate series after the 9 th (sensu Giachino and Vailati 2011), labium toothless, median lobe of the aedeagus long and weakly curved, and parameres very long and slender.
Note. In the original description of the genus Giachino (2005) does not mention the forward position of the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series. The omission was due to the lost seta corresponding to the 9 th pore, and to the extended length of secondary setae (1 st , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 7 th , and 8 th ) in A. macleayi. The study of the umbilicate series of A. jinayrianus sp. nov. indicates, according to Giachino and Vailati (2011) 1.76 in A. macleayi), by the position of the 4 th pore of the umbilicate series placed further, and by the position of the anterior discal pore which is placed at the base of the posterior third of elytra.
Head very small, much narrower than pronotum. Labium toothless. Antennae long and robust, not moniliform (with relatively elongated antennomeres), considerably exceeding the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow indistinct; anterior margin of the epistome subrectilinear.
Pronotum slightly transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.13) with maximum width at the anterior third, and a very wide basal border, wider than the anterior border. Pronotum sides anteriorly clearly arcuate, weakly sinuate and denticulate before the base, base laterally distinctly emarginated. Anterior angles rounded, not prominent. Posterior angles protruding, acute at the vertex. Disc slightly convex, with a short and relatively dense pubescence; median groove very shallow, slightly marked. Marginal groove relatively wide and flat, very enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae inserted inside the marginal groove, on approximately the anterior third; basal setae inserted almost on the posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters normal and metafemora unarmed. Two asymmetrically dilated protarsomeres, with one row of adhesive phanerae in male.
Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 1.77), with maximum width in the middle, very slightly emarginated before apex; sides slightly sinuate at the base of the anterior fourth. Disc poorly convex; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and short, dense, upright pubescence. Humeri extremely marked, almost right angle; post-humeral margin denticulate, with a distinct crenulation up to the base of the apical third of the elytron; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident up to over the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with pores of the humeral group not equidistant; 4 th pore slightly displaced towards the disc, not so far from the third pore and inserted just on the basal fourth of the elytron; 5 th pore placed just before the apical third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th pores spaced out, ca. 2/3 of the 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th , 8 th and 9 th pores almost equidistant and slightly displaced onto the disc, 8 th pore placed after the 9 th one. Two discal setae, first placed at the base of the apical third, second one placed at the level of the 9 th pore. Aedeagus (Fig. 37) large, median lobe long, slender, subrectilinear, with basal bulb poorly evident; ventral margin poorly and gently curved from the basal bulb to the apex; apical blade evident, but short and emarginated in the lower edge. Endophallus with a median, C-shaped, sclerified phanera. Parameres slender and very elongated, reaching the distal seventh of the median lobe, and bearing three setae only; right paramere slightly shorter than the left.
Etymology. The name of the species comes from the type locality of the Jinayri deposit.
Distribution. Austranillus jinayrianus sp. nov. is known only from the type locality, Jinayri deposit, in the Pilbara region, 110 km NW of Newman, WA. Note. Baehr and Main (2016) description of this species is based on only one female specimen. They assigned the genus Gracilanillus based on the presence of inconspicuous longitudinal grooves at the base of elytra. The study of a male morphologically comparable to the habitus drawing provided by Baehr and Main (2016) and collected from a locality close to the Gracilanillus vixsulcatus type locality, allowed the description of the male of this species, and also the clarification of the taxon's systematics. Based on some characters considered fundamental in the Anillini taxonomy (Giachino 2005;Giachino and Vailati 2011), the species is here assigned to Gilesdytes gen. nov. Differential diagnosis. Small species (TL mm 1.29), easily distinguishable from G. ethelianus sp. nov. by the discal pore located towards the elytral edge, and from G. pardooanus sp. nov. by the lateral edge of the pronotum smooth, non-denticulate, near the basal angle.
Head relatively large, narrower than the pronotum. Labium bearing a median tooth. Antennae short, robust, moniliform, just exceeding the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow slightly distinct; subrectilinear anterior margin of epistome.
Pronotum subrectangular, slightly transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.04), maximum width at the anterior third, very wide basal border, slightly wider than anterior border. Pronotum sides anteriorly poorly arcuate, posteriorly subrectilinear, gently convergent, and laterally smooth, non-denticulate, but distinctly emarginated before the base. Anterior angles rounded, not prominent; posterior angles not protruding externally, rounded at the vertex. Disc slightly convex, with sparse and relatively long pubescence; median groove very shallow, slightly marked. Marginal groove relatively wide and flat, much enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae inserted Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters normal and metafemora unarmed. Males with two dilated protarsomeres without adhesive phanerae.
Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 1.94), maximum width at the anterior 7 th , not emarginated before apex. Disc poorly convex; in-tegument shiny, with evident microsculpture and relatively long, sparse, upright pubescence. Humeri marked, almost right; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to the base of the apical 5 th of the elytron; elytral apices not separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd pores of the humeral group not equidistant, 2 nd and 3 rd pores closest; 4 th pore clearly farther from the 3 rd one and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed just after the middle length of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th pores spaced out ca. 1/3 of the distance from 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th pores almost equidistant and slightly displaced onto the disc, 8 th pore placed after the 9 th one. A single discal seta placed laterally towards the edge of the disc and located between the 7 th and 9 th pores. Aedeagus (Fig. 39) relatively small, median lobe long, slender, subrectilinear, with evident basal bulb; ventral margin poorly and gently curved from the basal bulb to the apex; apical blade evident, but short. Endophallus with a median, sinuate, sclerified phanera. Left paramere slender and very elongated, reaching the distal fifth of the median lobe, and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter than the left one.
Female. See Baehr and Main (2016). Distribution. Gilesdytes vixsulcatus is known from two localities approximately 85-90 km NW of Newman, Pilbara, WA. The distance between the two collection points is ca. 30 km. Differential diagnosis. Medium sized species (TL mm 2.11), easily distinguishable from G. ethelianus sp. nov. by the discal pore placed towards the elytral edge, and from G. vixsulcatus by the denticulate lateral edge of the pronotum before the basal angle.
Head relatively large, narrower than pronotum. Labium bearing a median tooth. Antennae short and delicate, moniliform, just exceeding the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow slightly distinct; anterior margin of the epistome subrectilinear.
Pronotum subrectangular, slightly transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.05), maximum width at the anterior third, with very wide basal border, slightly wider than anterior border, pronotum sides anteriorly poorly arcuate, and laterallyposteriorly denticulate before the basal angles. Anterior angles obtuse, slightly prominent; posterior angles sub squared not protruding, gently rounded at the vertex. Disc slightly convex, with very sparse and short pubescence; median groove very shallow, faintly marked. Marginal groove relatively wide and flat, very enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae inserted inside marginal groove, approximately on the anterior fifth; basal setae inserted approximately on the posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters normal and metafemora unarmed. Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 1.92), maximum width at the anterior 3 rd , slightly emarginated before apex. Disc poorly convex; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and very short, sparse and upright pubescence. Humeri hardly marked, almost right; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to the 9 th pore of the umbilicate series; elytral apices not separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd pores of the humeral group almost equidistant; 4 th pore slightly displaced onto the disc and clearly farther from the 3 rd pore, placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed just after the middle length of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th ones spaced out ca. the 1/3 of the distance from 6 th and 7 th ; 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th not equidistant, 8 th and 9 th pores closest, 8 th pore located after the 9 th one; 8 th slightly displaced onto the disc. One single discal seta laterally placed towards the edge, at the level of the 9 th pore.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. The name of the species comes from the type locality Pardoo, in the Pilbara region (WA).
Distribution. Gilesdytes pardooanus sp. nov. is known only from the type locality (Pardoo Mine), 100 km E of Port Hedland, Pilbara, WA. Note. The only specimen collected had head, prothorax and legs missing (excluding one trochanter), however the remaining characters available were not comparable with other species described, and the presence of aedeagus allowed us to describe the new species.

Gilesdytes ethelianus
The taxon ethelianus sp. nov., based on elytra and aedeagus morphology, is provisionally assigned to the genus Gilesdytes.
Differential diagnosis. Small sized species (estimated TL mm 1.30), easily distinguishable from G. pardooanus sp. nov. and from G. vixsulcatus by the discal pore placed in the middle of elytron, not located towards its edge.
Description of the HT ♂. Estimated TL mm 1.30. Elytra (Fig. 41) subrectangular (total length = mm 0.77), very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 1.94), maximum width near the middle, slightly emarginated before apex. Disc poorly convex; shiny, integument testaceous, with evident microsculpture and very short, sparse and upright pubescence. Humeri hardly marked, almost right; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulation up to the 8 th , 9 th pores of the umbilicate series; elytral apices not separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident up to the 7 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd pores of the humeral group almost equidistant; 4 th pore clearly farther from the 3 rd , placed after the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed just after the middle length of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th pores spaced out ca. the 1/3 of the distance from 6 th and 7 th ones; 7 th , 8 th and 9 th pores not equidistant, with 8 th and 9 th pores closest. Due to setae missing it is impossible to determine if the 8 th pore is placed after the 9 th one; 7 th pore displaced onto the disc. One single discal seta not laterally located towards the edge and placed at the level of the 7 th pore.
Etymology. The name comes from the Ethel Gorge type locality. Distribution. Gilesdytes ethelianus sp. nov. is known only from the type locality (Ethel Gorge), 11 km ENE of Newman, Pilbara, WA. Diagnosis. Included species strongly characterised by: lacking longitudinal elytral grooves, pronotum basal border as wide as anterior border, with sides posteriorly not or only slightly sinuate, basal seta of pronotum absent, one elytral discal seta placed near elytral edge, 8 th pore of the umbilicate series placed after the 9 th one (sensu Giachino and Vailati 2011), metafemora not dentate, labium tooth absent, median lobe of the aedeagus long and curved with parameres long and slender. Differs from Magnanillus Baher, 2017 by the absence of elytral longitudinal grooves, and by a single elytral discal seta (3 setae in Magnanillus).
Description. A genus of Anillini with species of a medium size (TL mm 2.12-2.23), anophthalmous. Integument depigmented but well sclerified, with strong microsculpture and covered with short and sparse pubescence.
Pronotum squared, with sides smooth or serrulate, not or only slightly sinuate towards the basal third. Basal angles right or obtuse, sharp, not rounded; basal border as wide as or wider than anterior margin; presence of only one marginal seta, posterior seta absent.
Elytra subrectangular, elongated, not separately rounded, not truncate and slightly emarginated apically; convex, without longitudinal grooves. Elytral striae missing (except for the sutural stria). Lateral margin, starting from the humeral area, hardly serrulate up to the level of 6 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Scutellar pore present, large and umbilicate; umbilicate series of type B (sensu Jeannel 1963; Giachino and Vailati 2011) with the 8 th pore placed after the 9 th one; disc bearing one seta strictly located near the elytral edge.
Legs relatively long and slender. In female, unarmed pro-and metafemora; metatrochanters normal; male legs unknown.
Etymology. Composite name coming from the Pilbara region with the suffix -dytes (diver). Gender masculine.
Key to the species of Pilbaradytes Differential diagnosis. Medium sized species (TL mm 2.12), easily distinguishable from P. webberianus sp. nov. by smaller head and by serrulated lateral edges of pronotum.
Pronotum subrectangular, slightly transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.22), maximum width at the base of the anterior third, very wide basal border, as wide as the anterior border, pronotum sides poorly arcuate anteriorly, subrectilinear and gently convergent posteriorly, laterally completely serrulate from the anterior seta to the basal angles, not emarginated before the base. Anterior angles rounded, only slightly prominent; posterior angles sharp and obtuse, not protruding. Disc slightly convex, with very sparse and short pubescence; median groove very shallow, slightly marked. Marginal groove wide and flat, very enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae inserted inside the marginal groove, approximately on the anterior fifth; basal seta lacking.
Legs missing. Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 1.79), maximum width at the middle, slightly emarginated in the pre-apical zone. Disc convex; shiny integument, with evident microsculpture and short, very sparse, upright pubescence. Humeri very marked, but rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to 6 th pore of the umbilicate series; elytral apices not separately rounded. Marginal groove wide and evident up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd pores of the humeral group not equidistant, 2 nd and 3 rd pores closest; 4 th pore clearly farther from the 3 rd one and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed well after the middle length of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th pores spaced out ca. the 1/3 of the distance from 6 th and 7 th ones; 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th pores almost equidistant, 8 th pore slightly displaced onto the disc and placed after the 9 th one. One single discal seta laterally placed near the edge, midway between the 7 th and the 9 th pores. Aedeagus (Fig. 44) relatively large, median lobe long, tubular, regularly curved, with basal bulb evident; ventral margin gently curved from the basal bulb to the apex; apical blade evident, but short. Endophallus without any sclerified phanerae. Left parameres slender and very elongated, reaching the distal fourth of the median lobe, and bearing two setae; right paramere stout and shorter than the left one, and bearing two setae.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. The name comes from the type locality Abydos deposit. Distribution. Pilbaradytes abydosianus sp. nov. is known only from the type locality 100 km SE of Port Hedland, Pilbara, WA. Type species. Gracilanillus currani Baehr & Main, 2016 Diagnosis. Included species strongly characterised by: longitudinal elytral grooves absent, pronotum with basal border as wide as or narrower than anterior border, and sides not or only slightly posteriorly sinuate, basal seta of pronotum present, one elytral discal seta present, 8 th pore of the umbilicate series placed after the 9 th pore (sensu Giachino and Vailati 2011), metafemora not dentate, labial tooth absent, median lobe of aedeagus long and curved, parameres long and slender. Bylibaraphanus differs from Magnanillus Baher, 2017 by elytra with a single discal seta (3 in Magnanillus) and smaller body size. It differs from Hesperanillus Baher & Main, 2016 by head narrower than pronotum, and pronotum less cordiform. It differs from Gracilanillus Baher & Main, 2016 by the absence of longitudinal elytral grooves.
Pronotum squared, pronotum sides smooth, not or only slightly sinuate at the basal third. Basal angles acute or obtuse, sharp or rounded; basal border as wide as, or narrower, than anterior border; basal seta present.
Elytra convex, subrectangular, elongated, separately rounded, not truncate, apically slightly emarginated, and without longitudinal grooves. Elytral striae missing (except for the sutural stria). Lateral margin, starting from the humeral area, hardly serrulate up to the level of the 7 th or 9 th pore of the umbilicate series. Scutellar pore present, large and umbilicate; umbilicate series of type B (sensu Jeannel 1963;Giachino and Vailati 2011) with the 8 th pore placed after the 9 th one; disc bearing one seta (posterior) in the central area of the disc.
Legs relatively long and slender. Pro-and metafemora unarmed; metatrochanters normal; two protarsomeres slightly dilated and without adhesive phanerae in males.
Aedeagus relatively large; median lobe relatively long, curved, not restricted before the basal bulb, basal bulb of normal size. Parameres long, slender, bearing two or three apical setae. Endophallus with sclerified phanera.
Etymology. Combined name formed by Bylibara (aboriginal noun for the Pilbara region) and the suffix -phanus taken from Illaphanus genus. The gender of the name is masculine.
Species included. The following two species belong to this genus: Bylibaraphanus currani (Baehr & Main, 2016) Bylibaraphanus cundalinianus sp. nov. Head large, slightly narrower than the base of pronotum. Labium without tooth. Antennae short, just exceeding the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow slightly distinct; subrectilinear anterior margin of epistome.

Key to the species of Bylibaraphanus
Pronotum subrectangular, slightly transverse (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.22), maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, with very wide basal border, as wide as the anterior border, pronotum sides, anteriorly poorly arcuate, and posteriorly subrectilinear shortly and gently sinuated, laterally completely smooth from anterior seta to basal angles, not emarginated before the base. Anterior angles rounded, not prominent; posterior angles acute, sharp, protruding. Disc slightly convex, with very sparse and relatively long pubescence; median groove very shallow, slightly marked. Marginal groove narrow and flat, not particularly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae inserted inside marginal groove, at ca. the anterior third; basal setae inserted approximately on posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with normal metatrochanters and unarmed metafemora; two protarsomeres slightly dilated and without adhesive phanerae in males.
Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 2.09), with parallel sides, slightly emarginated before apex. Disc convex; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and short, very dense and upright pubescence. Humeri very marked, but rounded; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to 7 th pore of the umbilicate series; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove narrow and evident up to the 7 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd pores of the humeral group not equidistant, 2 nd and 3 rd pores closest; 4 th pore clearly farther from the 3 rd one and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed well after the middle length of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th pores spaced out ca. the half distance between 6 th and 7 th pores; 7 th , 8 th and 9 th pores slightly displaced onto the disc and not equidistant, 8 th placed after the 9 th one. One single discal seta in the central area of the disc and placed approximately half way between the 6 th and 7 th pores. Aedeagus (Fig. 47) relatively large, median lobe, in lateral view, relatively long and triangularly restricted at apex, regularly curved and not restricted before the basal bulb, basal bulb of normal size. Ventral margin gently curved from basal bulb to apex, emarginated just before the apex; apical blade evident, very long. Endophallus with a large, concave, well sclerified phanera in the middle area. Left parameres slender and very elongated, reaching the distal fourth of the median lobe, and bearing two setae; right paramere shorter than left one and bearing three setae. Differential diagnosis. Small sized species (TL mm 1.43), easily distinguishable from B. currani by obtuse and not protruding basal angles of the pronotum.
Head large, slightly narrower than the base of the pronotum. Labium without tooth. Antennae short, just exceeding the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards. Fronto-clypeal furrow slightly distinct; subrectilinear anterior margin of epistome.
Pronotum subrectangular (max. width / max. length ratio = 1.06) maximum width at the base of the anterior fourth, with basal border narrower than the anterior border, pronotum sides, anteriorly poorly arcuate, posteriorly subrectilinear and slightly sinuated, laterally completely smooth from anterior seta to basal angles, not emarginated before the base. Anterior angles rounded, slightly prominent; posterior angles obtuse, rounded, not protruding. Disc slightly convex, with very sparse and relatively short pubescence; median groove very shallow, slightly marked. Marginal groove relatively narrow and flat, not particularly enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae inserted inside the marginal groove, approximately on the anterior fifth; basal setae inserted approximately on posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters normal and metafemora unarmed. Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 1.98), with parallel sides, slightly emarginated before apex. Disc convex; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and very short, very dense and upright pubescence. Humeri very marked, squared; post-humeral margin denticulate, with distinct crenulations up to the discal pore; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove narrow and evident up to the discal pore.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with 1 st , 2 nd ,and 3 rd pores of the humeral group almost equidistant; 4 th pore clearly farther from the 3 rd one and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed well after the middle length of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th pores spaced out ca. 1/3 of the distance between 6 th and 7 th pores; 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th pores not equidistant, 8 th placed after the 9 th one; 7 th slightly displaced onto the disc. One single discal seta in the central area of the disc and placed at ca. 2/3 of the distance between the 6 th and 7 th pores.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. The name comes from the type locality: Cundaline Ridge.  Baehr & Main, 2016 Diagnosis. Included species strongly characterised by: body very elongated, posterior supraorbital seta and longitudinal elytral grooves absent, pronotum with basal border narrower than anterior border, and sides posteriorly distinctly crenelated, basal seta of pronotum present, one or two elytral discal seta present, 8 th pore of the umbilicate series located after the 9 th pore (sensu Giachino and Vailati 2011), metafemora dentate in males (state unknown in females), labial tooth absent, median lobe of the aedeagus long, slender and curved, parameres long and slender.
Note. Describing Angustanillus Baehr and Main (2016) mention the presence of two setae on the elytral disc, one located in the fifth basal section, and one in the fourth apical section. The species we describe here has only one seta, situated in the posterior one. Considering the taxonomic importance of the number of setae in establishing the systematics of a taxon in Anillini (Giachino 2005;Giachno and Vailati 2011), together with the difficulties in identifying these setae without a proper preparation and observation with a microscope at high magnification, we consider the presence of one seta as the most probable character in this genus. However, in the genus diagnosis we account for the possible presence of one or two discal setae.
Additionally, in the genus diagnosis we indicate the presence of a large metafemoral tooth, at least in the male. The female of A. armatus sp. nov. is unknown to date, and the female holotype is known only for A. striatipennis Baehr and Main (2016), therefore still it is not possible to confirm the presence of this character state in both sexes of the two species. We hence re-describe the genus Angustanillus integrating the new characters presented by A. armatus sp. nov.
Pronotum elongated, with sides distinctly crenelated in the basal fourth, not sinuate in the basal third. Pronotum basal border slightly narrower than the anterior border; basal angles sharp and squared; basal seta present, placed before basal angles.
Elytra subrectangular and elongated, separately rounded, not or distinctly emarginated apically; convex, without longitudinal grooves. Elytral striae present (4 striae) or missing (except for the sutural stria). Lateral margin, starting from the humeral area, hardly serrulate up to the level of 8 th pore of the umbilicate series. Scutellar pore present, large and umbilicate; umbilicate series of type B (sensu Jeannel 1963; Giachino and Vailati 2011), 8 th pore placed after the 9 th pore; disc bearing one (posterior) or two setae in the central area of the disc.
Legs relatively long and slender. Male metafemora distally armed with a long, internal spur; metatrochanters normal; two protarsomeres dilated and without adhesive phanerae in males.
Aedeagus relatively large; median lobe long, curved, not restricted before the basal bulb that is of normal size. Parameres relatively long and robust, bearing two setae: one apical and one subapical. Endophallus without sclerified phanerae.
Species included.  Differential diagnosis. Large sized species (TL mm 2.66), easily distinguishable from A. striatipennis by: elytra without distinct striae, but with a series of short and longitudinally aligned setae; only one discal seta; pronotum and elytra surface without distinct punctures; and more elongated pronotum.
Head large, slightly wider than the base of the pronotum. Labium without tooth. Antennae short, just exceeding the base of the pronotum when stretched backwards.
Pronotum elongated (max. width / max. length ratio = 0.90), maximum width at the middle, basal border slightly narrower than the anterior border, pronotum sides poorly arcuate, distinctly crenelated at the posterior fourth, emarginated before the base. Anterior angles rounded, not prominent; posterior angles sharp, squared, not protruding. Disc slightly convex, with very sparse and short pubescence; median groove very shallow, slightly marked. Marginal groove wide and flat, enlarged near the base; anterior marginal setae inserted inside the marginal groove, approximately on the anterior fifth; basal setae inserted before the posterior angles.
Legs long and slender, with metatrochanters normal and metafemora (Fig. 50) armed with a long, internal spur; two protarsomeres dilated and without adhesive phanerae in male.
Elytra subrectangular, very elongated (max. length/max. width ratio = 2.28), with parallel sides, slightly emarginated before apex. Disc convex; integument shiny, with evident microsculpture and short, longitudinally aligned and upright pubescence. Humeri very marked, squared; post-humeral margin denticulate, with a distinct crenulation up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series; elytral apices separately rounded. Marginal groove narrow and evident up to the 8 th pore of the umbilicate series.
Chaetotaxy: scutellar pore large, foveate. Umbilicate series with 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd pores of the humeral group almost equidistant; 4 th pore clearly farther from the 3 rd one and placed at the end of the basal third of the elytron; 5 th pore placed at the end of median third of the elytron; 5 th and 6 th pores spaced out ca. 1/4 of the distance from 6 th and 7 th pores; 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th pores not displaced onto the disc and not equidistant, 8 th pore placed after the 9 th one. One single discal seta in the central area of the disc and placed approximately at the level of the 9 th pore. Aedeagus (Fig. 51) relatively large, median lobe, in lateral view, long and restricted at apex, regularly curved and not restricted before the basal bulb, basal bulb of normal size. Ventral margin curved from basal bulb to apex, gently emarginated just before the apex; apical blade evident, but short. Endophallus without sclerified phanerae. Parameres relatively long and robust, bearing two setae: one apical and one subapical; right paramere shorter than the left one.
Etymology. The name comes from the Latin word armato (which means armed) to highlight the presence of a large spur on metafemora.
Distribution. Angustanillus armatus sp. nov. is known only from the type locality Mesa B, 38 km W of Pannawonica, Pilbara, WA.

Discussion
The Anillini tribe is very diverse in the semi-arid climate regions of Western Australia, with 15 genera and 37 species described to date ( Table 1). As noted by Baehr and Main (2016) some genera have a wide distribution within the Pilbara region (Fig. 52), however all species appear to have very restricted ranges and were only ever collected from a single mining area (Table 1, Fig. 53). Three monotypic genera (Gregorydytes, Neoillaphanus, Pilbaranillus) are so far known only from a single mining spot. For the seven genera detected at two or more mining areas, the greatest distance between mining areas where any single genus was detected ranged from 48 km (Pilbaradytes) to 343 km (Gilesdytes), and the median greatest distance was 166 km. For nearly all species, their sampled range lies within a single mineral deposit exploration area, which at most, is generally only a few tens of square kilometres in area. The species which displayed the greatest sampled ranges were Magnanillus salomonis, M. sabae and M. serentitatus. These three species were detected in multiple deposits spanning 45 to 50 km across the comparatively extensive Solomon Mining Area which encompasses several ranges interspersed by valleys (Fig. 53).
The apparent highly localized distribution patterns for the Anillini recorded in our study may be partly a sampling artefact coinciding with the highly localized and restricted distribution of drill holes within the sampled mining areas. This is an inherent limitation involved with sampling these habitats which can only be accessed through drill holes. Despite this practical limitation, extensive and repeated sampling in other Table 1. Checklist of Western Australian Anillini, listed alphabetically by genus and species, along with their collection region, mining area and locality / deposit. Figure 52. Distribution of all currently described Anillini species in Western Australia. See Fig. 53 for an enlargement of Pilbara region. Species described by Baehr and Main (2016) are marked with an asterisk (*). Figure 53. Distribution of all currently described Anillini species in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Species described by Baehr and Main (2016) are marked with an asterisk (*).
(n = 11). The Solomon Mining Area, which recorded 13 species in four genera, and the Robe Valley, which recorded six species in three genera, stand out as hotspot areas for hypogean Anillini (Table 1). Magnanillus is the most speciose anilline genus in the region, which has radiated within the Solomon Mining Area where nine of the ten described species occur. Gracilanillus is the next most speciose genus with six species described to date, from the Robe Valley, Solomon, and Western Hub mining areas. Considering the high local richness, and high turnover between localities, it is likely that many more anilline species remain to be discovered in the Pilbara and other semiarid regions with suitable habitat underground conditions.
The discovery of this rich fauna of Anillini in Western Australia's semi-arid regions is important because it significantly expands the ecology of this group, which is otherwise almost exclusively endogean, as noted by Baehr and Main (2016). The Western Australian fauna of Anillini, which is known only from subterranean habitats, contrasts with the eastern Australian fauna which is known only from endogean habitats. Globally, Anillini are mostly represented by endogean species (Jeannel 1937;1963;Vailati 2011, 2012;Giachino 2008Giachino , 2015, including the Australian fauna (Giachino 2005;Baehr 2018). Only a few taxa have been collected in deeper hypogean habitats, and these taxa display typical subterranean characters (e.g., Español and Comas 1985;Ortuño and Sendra 2007). Similarly, the species described here, and in Baehr and Main (2016), show morphological specialisations to the hypogean habitat (Giachino and Vailati 2018), such as increased body size, modified metatrochanters and metafemora (hypertrophic and dentate), modified elytral microsculpture, and presence of elytral striae (usually obsolete in Anillini). Other commonly expressed characters of specialised subterranean carabids (for example Trechini and Zuphiini) are absent in these hypogean Anillini, such as elongation of legs and antennae (Giachino and Vailati 2010;Baehr 2014b).
One hypothesis that may explain this extraordinary diversity of relict hypogean Anillini in the Pilbara is that an ancient endogean Anillini fauna gradually adapted to deeper subterranean habitats to escape the progressively drought on the ground surface developing at the end of the Tertiary which has driven the present aridification of the Australian continent. This classical 'climatic relict' theory has been invoked to explain the high richness and short-range endemism patterns displayed by several other groups of relict terrestrial and aquatic subterranean fauna in Western Australia (Harvey 2002;Humphreys 1993Humphreys , 2008Humphreys , 2017. The scenario involves populations of hygrophilic epigean lineages colonising underground habitats where moisture and food conditions remained favourable, followed by extinction of their surface counterparts as surface conditions became inhospitable, thus facilitating allopatric speciation. Phylogenetic analyses conducted on troglobitic pseudoscorpions (Harrison et al. 2014), schizomids (Abrams et al. 2019;Harms et al. 2018), isopods (Javidkar et al. 2018) and springtails (Guzik et al. 2020) suggested multiple colonisations by putative epigean ancestors and species radiations coinciding with aridification between 15 and 1.75 Ma. Despite the lack of molecular data to estimate the time of divergence amongst the Anillini taxa described so far, the 'climatic relict' hypothesis may help to explain their ecological and evolutionary shift to subterranean habitats in semi-arid environments. This time frame is well within the presence of Anillini in Australia (considered a Gondwanan lineage) starting from 85 Ma (Giachino 2005; Baehr and Main 2016). However, the preponderance of Anillini to become speciose and have short distribution ranges may be more a consequence of the group's low vagility rather than climatic relictualisation processes, because endogean Anillini in the mesic climate regions of eastern Australia are similarly diverse and localised. Consideration of 'adaptive shift' and parapatric speciation processes (sensu Howarth 2019) may also help our understanding of the evolution of subterranean Anillini, since this largely endogean group is intrinsically pre-adapted to subterranean life, and the 'adaptive shift' model and classical theory of troglobiont evolution via climatic vicariance are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Molecular studies of Australian Anillini are needed to reconstruct the phylogeny of the group and to estimate the time of divergences for hypogean taxa to investigate both 'climatic relict' and 'adaptive shift' models for their evolution.
A major challenge confronting many contemporary systematists is how to integrate standard taxonomic research with conservation outcomes. Harvey et al. (2011) argue that 'whole of biota' surveys (that include all invertebrates) are rarely fundable and are logistically impossible, and that concentrated research on some of the most vulnerable elements in the landscape -short-range endemics, including troglofauna and stygofauna -can help to enhance conservation and research outcomes. Because the Anillini are inherently short-range endemics, they are priority candidates for conservation in environmental impact assessments (EIA's). New Anillini species continue to be collected during the course of pre-mining EIA surveys in Western Australia's semi-arid regions. Further taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of this group are needed to better understand the patterns of diversity and distribution, and their conservation requirements.