The bees of the family Halictidae (Hymenoptera) described by Ferdinand Morawitz from the collection of Aleksey Fedtschenko

Abstract The type specimens of the family Halictidae, described by Ferdinand Morawitz from the collection of Aleksey Fedtschenko deposited in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University and in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (Russia), are critically reviewed. Precise information with illustrations of types for 43 taxa is provided. Lectotypes are here designated for the following seven nominal taxa: Halictus aprilinus Morawitz, 1876, H. cingulatus Morawitz, 1876, H. laevinodis Morawitz, 1876, H. limbellus Morawitz, 1876, H. nasica Morawitz, 1876, H. rhynchites Morawitz, 1876 and H. vulgaris Morawitz, 1876.


Introduction
More than 140 years ago (1876), the second part of Ferdinand Morawitz's critical study on the bees collected by the Aleksey Fedtschenko 1869-1871 Expeditions in "Turkestan" was published. In the prior volume, "Apidae genuinae" (1875), Morawitz treated a total of 255 species of numerous genera, of which many species were described as new. In this second part, "Andrenidae" (1876), the remaining bees were dealt with, including the species of the difficult genera Andrena, Halictus and Hylaeus, totalling 183 species (Pesenko and Astafurova 2003). The species treatments are of a high professional standard, the localities are precisely documented (A. Fedtschenko 1871, O. Fedtschenko 1874, Baker 2004, Kuhlmann 2005, Dathe and Proshchalykin 2017 and the type series have been carefully conserved over a long period, generally in the collections of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia (ZMMU) and in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia (ZISP). To this day, these remain some of the most important manuscripts on bees of this region.
The entomological literature uses various, often obscure, terms and names for Central Asian regions and countries. The term "Turkestan" has a particularly special use in entomology, widely adopted by Morawitz (1875Morawitz ( , 1876, Dalla Torre (1896), Meade-Waldo (1923) and in other fundamental papers, regardless of its imprecise assignment to countries (Proshchalykin and Dathe 2018).
The territory of Central Asia, described as the "Western Regions" (Xi Yui) in Chinese sources, was referred to in the Russian and European historiography of the 18 th and early 19 th Centuries as Lesser Bukharia, as opposed to Greater Bukharia, where the Bukhara Khanate was situated. In Europe, these lands came to be referred to in the 18 th and 19 th Centuries as Turkestan, i.e. "the Land of Turks," which was the original Iranian name for the territory east of Fergana and Bukhara where nomadic Turkic tribes roamed. Subsequently, when the Turkic tribes occupied the enormous territory from the Caspian Sea to Lop Nor, the name Turkestan acquired a new meaning, so broad that it was deemed necessary to distinguish such areas as Western-Bukhara, or Russian Turkestan -and Eastern or Chinese Turkestan (Murzayev 1957). According to current views, Fedtschenko's "Turkestan" comprises the countries Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and southern parts of Kazakhstan.
In his publication on the genus Halictus, which appeared seven years later (Warncke 1982), only the sex and locality for each lectotype is cited, for example: "Halictus limbellus Mor. / ♀ Lectotypus / Samarkand." The selected specimen is not further individually identified and data on syntypes and paralectotypes are completely missing from the text. Thus, of the twenty seven designated lectotypes, fifteen are either invalid or unnecessary (when the type series includes only the holotype) and require corrections by subsequent authors (Pesenko 1986a, Ebmer 1997.
In the 1980's, Yu. Pesenko continued the study of Halictidae in the Fedtschenko's collection of the ZISP and ZMMU, designating lectotypes for seven of Morawitz's nominal taxa in the genera Halictus, Nomia and Nomioides (Pesenko 1983, 1986a.
As a part of a detailed types inventory of the ZISP collection, all primary types of Halictidae, including seven species described by F. Morawitz from the collection of A. Fedtschenko, are being progressively photographed and catalogued (Astafurova and Proshchalykin 2018. The present paper is the first complete, illustrated summary of all species of the family Halictidae, described by F. Morawitz from the collection of A. Fedtschenko, an invaluable reference for researchers across this region who otherwise could not easily assign names to these difficult bees.

Materials and methods
All of the material listed below was examined for this study. In the following list, the taxa are treated in alphabetical order of the names used in the original descriptions. Each entry includes the name of the taxon in its original combination, the complete reference to the original description of the species (including the original combination and spelling of the name and the author, year and page of the description) and a list of type specimens present in the collections of the ZMMU and ZISP. The data from each label are separated by two slashes ( // ). Square brackets are used for English translations and when information is added to specimen label information (e.g. geographical coordinates) or published data (e.g. current name of an old place name; affiliation to a present-day country). Photographs were made using a combination of a stereomicroscope Olympus SZX10 and a digital camera (Olympus OM-D and Can on EOS70D).
Illustrations were obtained by montaging from an image series that covers different focal planes into a single in-focus image with the Helicon Focus 6. The final illustrations were post-processed for contrast and brightness using Adobe® Photoshop® software.

Type locality. Shakhimardan (Uzbekistan).
Published ( Remarks. The lectotype designation of Warncke (1982: 148) is unnecessary as the species was described from a single male that was directly written about by Morawitz (1876: 231).

Type locality. Gulcha (Kyrgyzstan).
Published ( The lectotype designation by Warncke (1982: 106) is unnecessary as the species was described from a single female that was directly written about by Morawitz (1876: 251).