A new species of the genus Arria Stål, 1877 (Mantodea, Haaniidae) from China with notes on the tribe Arriini Giglio-Tos, 1919

Abstract A new species of the praying mantis genus Arria Stål, Arria purasp. nov. from southwest China is described and illustrated. An overview, comparison, and distribution data of this tribe are given. A new synonym is created: Sinomiopteryx yunnanensis Xu, 2007 is a junior synonym of Arria pallida (Zhang, 1987). One new combination Arria brevifrons (Wang, 1991) comb. nov. (from Sinomiopteryx Tinkham), is proposed.


Introduction
The tribe Arriini Giglio-Tos, 1919 (Mantodea, Haaniidae) comprises two genera, Arria Stål, 1877 and Sinomiopteryx Tinkham, 1937 (Schwarz andRoy 2019). The genus Arria was established by Stål (1877) based on the type species A. cinctipes Stål, 1877 from India. The other genus Sinomiopteryx was established by Tinkham (1937) based on the type species S. grahami Tinkham, 1937 from China. Recently, Schwarz andRoy (2018) proposed that Palaeothespis Tinkham, 1937 andPseudothespis Mukherjee, 1995 are junior synonyms of Arria. So far, the number of species in the genus Arria and Sinomiopteryx has changed from six to eight and four to two, respectively, including the new species, new synonym and new combination (Xu 2007;Schwarz and Roy 2018;Otte et al. 2020).
The species of Arriini are quite similar in appearance and there are few previous descriptions and illustrations of male genitalia. In this paper, during a study of the external morphology and male genitalia of Arriini, we found that Arria and Sinomiopteryx can be easily distinguished by male genitalia and other valuable appearance features, which are also provided to help distinguish the two genera.

Material and methods
Specimens were collected by sweeping net. The tip of the abdomen was separated and macerated in 10% water solution of KOH for about 12 hours, then washed in water and absolute ethanol. The terminalia were isolated into supra-anal and subgenital parts, the phallomeres were separated into left phallomere, ventral phallomere and right phallomere without overlapping, then all parts were preserved in glycerine in a microvial pinned with the specimen. Some wings were removed and mounted on a slide provided with the data of the specimen. External morphology and male genitalia were observed using a Leica M125 stereomicroscope. Photographs of phallomeres, terminalia and wings were taken with Nikon SMZ25, and photographs of the mounted specimens were taken with Canon EOS-70D digital camera with a Canon 100 mm Macro EF Lens or a Laowa 60 mm Macro Lens. Photo stacks were created using Helicon focus 6.0.18. Figures were processed with Adobe Photoshop CS6. Measurements were collected with the Keyence VHX-1000 system using the live measurement mode. Numeric patterns of the discoidal spines: The numbers (from left to right) represent the position (proximal to distal). Their value is representative of their respective length relation to the other spines with 1 being the shortest and 4 being the longest spine. Identical values represent equally long spines (Wieland 2013). L/W ratio of forewing means length to max width ratio of forewing. The classification system follows Schwarz and Roy (2019). Terminology and abbreviations follow Brannoch et al. (2017), for genitalia, we follow Schwarz and Roy (2019). Measurements follow Brannoch et al. (2017), but head length includes the labrum, foretibia length was from the base to the apex of the tibial spur, for apterous females the total length was from the vertex of the head to the posterior tip of the abdomen. The distribution map was created in SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010 pia a process arising from the midlength to posterior right ventral wall of right phallomere, posterolateral to process pva; pva a process arising from the midlength of the ventral wall of right phallomere, anteromesal to process pia; PvS posteroventral spine; PT paratype; R1A dorsal sclerite of fda; R1B sclerite on process pia and pva; R3 anteriorly extending sclerite of right phallomere; sdp secondary distal process; sdpm median secondary distal process; tl terminal lobe of ventral phallomere in Arria.

Arria Stål, 1877
Arria Stål, 1877: 46;Tinkham 1937: 497;Zhang 1987: 239;Zhou and Shen 1992: 62;Wang and Bi 1991: 125;Wang 1993: 114;Mukherjee and Ghosh 1995: 251;Ehrmann 2002: 72, 259, 298;Xu 2007 (Fig. 7), female stronger than male. Head narrowly transverse with juxtaocular bulges; compound eyes broadly oval, prominent; ocelli large in male (Fig. 8), minute in female. Lower frons transverse, 3.3-4.2 times as wide as high. Antennae filiform, long in male, much shorter in female. Forefemur slender, with 4 discoidal, 10-13 anteroventral and 4 posteroventral spines; foretibia with 7-9 anteroventral and 4-7 posteroventral spines. Pronotum short with supracoxal dilatation well marked, lateral margins with small denticles in male and strongly tuberculate in female. Forewing narrow with narrowly rounded apex, CuA branches no less than 5, L/W ratio is 4.3-5.5; fore margin with widely spaced cilia, hindwing with pointed apex, vein M with brunet band near the tip; both pairs of wings fully developed and exceeding the end of abdomen in male (Fig. 9); female apterous. Sclerite L4A approximately rhomboidal, males with terminal lobe (tl) of ventral phallomere fused to vla, protruding as a truncate lobe, close to sdpm ventrad; sdpm short; right phallomere with large pia and ear-shaped pva. Styli close to each other (Fig. 4). (Wang & Bi, 1991), comb. nov. Remarks. This species was described and illustrated by Wang and Bi in 1991 based on one male specimen from Zhejiang. The ocelli are not closely grouped as in the males of Sinomiopteryx; forewings are narrow, L/W ratio is 4.8 with CuA 5 , hindwings with pointed apex and brunet band of near apex of vein M. All features fall into the range of Arria. The specimen has had the abdomen removed, but we did not find the genitalia. According to the spots on the forelegs, A. brevifrons can be distinguished from A. pallida and A. sticta.
Male. Small, slender (Figs 1A, 3). Head ( Fig. 2A). Triangular, about 1.4 times as wide as long. Vertex with pair of paramedian depressions, otherwise flat. Compound eyes oval and large, conspicuously projecting outside profile of head. Juxtaocular bulges present, extending to the dorsal edge of vertex. Ocelli large and elliptic, lateral paired ocelli larger. Antennae filiform, ciliated. Scapus cylinder-shaped, slightly depressed in the middle, approximate as length as width. Pedicellus almost as long as scapus yet narrower, goblet-space. Third antennomere about as long as pedicel. Fourth antennomere less than half of third length. Lower frons transverse, 4.2 times as wide as high, flat medially, with dorsal and lateral margins bordered by protruding ridge, ventral margin inconspicuous, dorsal margin obtuse-angled. Clypeus smooth, above of ventral margin with a transverse groove. Prothorax (Fig. 2B). Short, 3.2 times as long as wide, metazone 1.5 times as long as prozone, lateral margins with small and few setiferous denticulations, middle carina present but feeble in prozone, behind supracoxal sulcus with pair of depressions, posterior margin with pair of paramedian bulges. Prosternum with middle carina posteriad supracoxal sulcus.
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin words "pura" (meaning pure) which refers to the forewing without any spots.
Remarks. The new male species is much smaller than all other known species of Arria. Additionally, it can be distinguished from A. brevifrons, A. cinctipes, A. leigongshanensis, A. pallida

Arria sticta (Zhou & Shen, 1992)
Palaeothespis sticta Zhou & Shen, 1992: 62-63. Remarks. The holotype is probably lost, as we did not find it in the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History where the author used to work. Arria sticta is similar to A. pallida but differs from the latter in that a dark stripe is located along the anteroventral base to the first discoidal spine of forefemur; with three dark spots on the ventral surface of forefemur.

Sinomiopteryx guangxiensis Wang & Bi, 1991
Sinomiopteryx guangxiensis Wang & Bi, 1991: 126;Wang 1993 Remarks. This species was described and illustrated by Wang and Bi in 1991 based on one male specimen from Guangxi, the holotype has had the abdomen removed, but we did not find the genitalia. Fortunately, we collected a male from Guangxi, and it perfectly fits with S. guangxiensis, and can be used as accurate comparative material.

Discussion
Arria is superficially similar to Sinomiopteryx, but differs substantively in details. Arria can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: (1) ventral phallomere with terminal lobe (tl) (Sinomiopteryx without pl); (2) styli close to each other (styli further apart in Sinomiopteryx) (Figs 4-5); (3) forewings narrower, L/W ratio is 4.3-5.5, CuA with five branches or more (forewings wide, L/W ratio is 3.3-3.7, CuA with four branches or less in Sinomiopteryx) (Fig. 9). The ocelli characters seem unstable in Arria, especially in A. leigongshanensis, they look as in Sinomiopteryx, but they are very large and grouped in Sinomiopteryx (Fig. 8). Nevertheless, identification of species may be difficult because original species descriptions are inadequate in that many features are not evaluated and included, especially the male genitalia. Besides, most females of Arriini are undescribed and difficult to distinguish from each other, unless both male and female are collected at the same time or DNA barcoding is performed. Further fieldwork is needed to uncover specimens of the rare tribe, finally allowing for its better characterization.