A new genus and eight newly recorded genera of Braconinae Nees (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from China, with descriptions of fourteen new species

Abstract A new genus, Parallobracongen. nov., of the subfamily Braconinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is described to include Parallobraconprolatussp. nov. Eight genera Chaoilta Cameron, Cyanopterus Haliday, Gammabracon Quicke, Ischnobracon Baltazar, Monilobracon Quicke, Pseudospinaria Enderlein, Vipiomorpha Tobias, and Zaglyptogastra Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae) are newly recorded from China, their 21 species are revised, and 13 new species (Chaoiltabrevicepssp. nov., Cyanopterus (Ipobracon) lucidussp. nov., Cyanopterus (Ipobracon) transversussp. nov., Gammabraconuniformissp. nov., Gammabraconwangisp. nov., Ischnobraconguttatussp. nov., Monilobraconlongitudinalissp. nov., Monilobraconmarginatussp. nov., Parallobraconprolatussp. nov., Vipiomorphasulcatasp. nov., Vipiomorphayunnanensissp. nov., Zaglyptogastraexilissp. nov., and Zaglyptogastratricolorsp. nov.) are described and illustrated. BracomorphaPapp, 1971, is included assubgenusinCyanopterus Haliday, 1835 (syn. nov.) and Cyanopterusninghais Wang, Chen, Wu et He, 2009, is a new combination. Keys to the Chinese species of the genera Chaoilta, Cyanopterus, Gammabracon, Ischnobracon, Monilobracon, Vipiomorpha, and Zaglyptogastra are provided.


Materials and methods
For the identification of the subfamily Braconinae, see van Achterberg (1990Achterberg ( , 1993 and Chen and van Achterberg (2019), for the terminology and measurements used in this paper, see van Achterberg (1988van Achterberg ( , 1993, and for additional references, see Yu et al. (2016). The medial length of the third metasomal tergite is measured from the posterior border of the second suture to the posterior margin of the tergite (T).
Photographs were made with a Keyence VHX-2000 digital microscope and the photos were slightly processed (mainly cropped and the background modified) in Photoshop CS6. For the descriptions and measurements, a Leica M125 stereomicroscope was used.
The specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS), Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (SHEM) and in Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou (ZJUH).
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.3× its apical width, median area convex and coarsely sculptured (Fig. 2e); lateral grooves of T I completely smooth (Fig. 2e); T II largely coarsely sculptured (Fig. 2e); apical width of T II 2.8× its median length, triangular medio-basal area of T II medium-sized, attached to short medio-longitudinal carina, but absent near posterior margin of T II, grooves besides medio-basal area strongly crenulate; antero-lateral areas of T II coarse, anterior grooves wide and distinctly crenulate (Fig. 2e); second suture deep, crenulate, straight medially, and becoming narrower laterally (Fig. 2e); T III and T IV coarsely sculptured, with distinct anterolateral areas; T III-V with crenulate transverse subposterior groove (Fig. 2e); sculpture and antero-lateral areas of T V relatively weak; T VI weakly sculptured; T VII largely smooth except a few weak punctures; hypopygium acute apically, far beyond level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 0.98 × as long as fore wing.
Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. Named after the short head, especially in anterior view: brevis is Latin for short and -ceps is Latin for head.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Note. Tobias and Belokobylskij (2000) divided this genus into three subgenera: Cyanopterus Haliday, 1835, Ipobracon Thomson, 1892, andParavipio Papp, 1967; in this paper we include Bracomorpha Papp, 1971, as a subgenus; in China we have not yet found Ipobracon and Cyanopterus s. s.; and Paravipio is new to China. Bracomorpha may be easily confused with Acampyloneurus van Achterberg, 1992, but the latter has the lower ovipositor valve without teeth and the upper valve without nodus, T II with slightly converging sublateral depressions and the dorsal carina of the clypeus present. In addition, the type species has the first subdiscal cell of the fore wing distinctly (ca. 1.5×) higher than length of vein m-cu and scapus without apical ledge at inner side. In Bracomorpha the lower ovipositor valve has minute apical teeth and the upper valve has a minute nodus, the dorsal carina of the clypeus absent, T II with nearly parallel sublateral depressions or depressions largely absent, the first subdiscal cell is narrower than length of vein m-cu or subequal and scapus with more or less developed narrow apical ledge at inner side.
Key to subgenera and Chinese species of the genus Cyanopterus Haliday 1 Sublateral depressions of T II diverging posteriorly ( Fig. 12e) (sometimes only anteriorly present and shallow); medio-basal area of T II narrow basally ( Fig. 12e) (in C. flavator only basal part present); vein r of fore wing gradually merging into vein 3-SR (Fig. 12a)  Diagnosis. This new species is very similar to C. (I.) praecinctus (Shestakov, 1936) [Korea; Russia], but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: in dorsal view length of eye 1.7× temple, temples distinctly narrowed behind eyes (in dorsal view length of eye 1.5× temple and temples weakly narrowed behind eyes in C. (I.) praecinctus); head with black dorsal marking small and narrowed to stemmaticum, not reaching frons (large and reaching frons); triangular medio-basal area of T II strongly tapering apically (gradually tapering apically).
Metasoma. Length of T I equal to its apical width, median area convex and coarsely sculptured (Fig. 8j); lateral grooves of T I strongly crenulate (Fig. 8j); T II largely sculptured except posteriorly (Fig. 8e); triangular medio-basal area of T II large and smooth, with some short oblique carinae laterally, and acute apically, but without medio-longitudinal carina; antero-lateral areas of T II developed and smooth, anterior grooves moderately wide and sparsely crenulate (Fig. 8e); second suture deep and crenulate, wide and straight medially, narrow laterally ( Fig. 8e); T III-V with anterolateral areas, and crenulate transverse subposterior groove (Fig. 8e); T III-VII largely smooth, and with sparse short setae; hypopygium acute apically, not reaching level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 0.2× as long as fore wing.
Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Henan, Fujian, Zhejiang). Etymology. Named after the transverse head, especially so in dorsal view: transversus is Latin for transverse.
medially, and sometimes with a short and somewhat protruding median carina; propodeum often smooth, without medio-longitudinal carina or groove; angle between veins 1-SR and C+SC+R of fore wing more than 75°; vein 1-SR+M of fore wing evenly  (Tobias, 1973). ♀. a fore wing b hind wing c mesosoma, lateral view d mesosoma, dorsal view e metasoma, dorsal view f hind leg, lateral view g head, anterior view h head, dorsal view i head, lateral view j first metasomal tergite, dorsal view k scapus outer side, lateral view l apex of ovipositor, lateral view. and strongly arched, forms with bases of vein 1-SR+M and 1-M a widened inverted "Y"; vein m-cu of fore wing widened; second submarginal cell of fore wing relatively long and parallel-sided; vein cu-a of fore wing interstitial or slightly postfurcal; hind wing vein 1r-m often distinctly shorter than SC+R1; claws simple; T I with parallel angulate sides of medial area, and comparatively flat, usually with lateral and mediolongitudinal carinae; T II usually with a triangular medio-basal triangular area connected to a medio-longitudinal carina apically, but absent near posterior margin of T II; second suture crenulate; hypopygium rather acute apically, usually beyond level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor normal, distinctly longer than body, subapically upper valve with nodus, and its lower valve with teeth ventrally. Biology. Unknown.

Distribution. Oriental.
Note. This genus is new to China.
Key to Chinese species of the genus Gammabracon Quicke Diagnosis. This new species is very similar to Gammabracon scrobi Quicke, 1984 [Indonesia], but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: wing membrane uniformly yellow (basal half yellow and apical half greyish brown in G. scrobi); anterior margin of scutellum with a shallow pit and metanotum without short carina anteriorly (anterior margin of scutellum with a deep pit and metanotum with short carina anteriorly); apical half of medio-longitudinal carina of T I absent (medio-longitudinal carina of T I complete); T IV striate anteriorly, remainder of tergite smooth (entirely smooth).
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.4× its apical width, median area convex and with a few longitudinal carinae (Fig. 14e); lateral grooves of T I smooth (Fig. 14e); T II strongly longitudinally rugose but antero-lateral areas smooth (Fig. 14e); medio-basal area of T II connected to medio-longitudinal carina apically but absent near posterior margin of T II, medio-longitudinal carina with some transverse crenulae laterally; antero-lateral areas of T II rather small, anterior grooves wide, with a few sparse crenulae (Fig. 14e); second suture deep and wide, with crenulae, more or less straight medially (Fig. 14e); T III longitudinally rugose but posteriorly and antero-lateral areas smooth, with a strong medio-longitudinal carina not reaching posterior margin of T, median area weakly raised and posteriorly defined by a deep transverse crenulate groove; T IV largely smooth but longitudinally rugose medially; T III and T IV with antero-lateral areas and grooves (T V weak); T V-VII smooth; hypopygium rather acute apically, reaching just beyond the level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 1.7× longer than fore wing.

Distribution. China (Hainan).
Etymology. Named after the all yellow wing membrane, pterostigma and veins: uniformis is Latin for uniform.
Diagnosis. This new species is very similar to Gammabracon uniformis sp. nov., but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: basal third of pterostigma yellow, and apical 2/3 dark brown (uniformly yellow in G. uniformis); hind leg yellow, tarsus infuscate (blackish brown); hind wing vein SC+R1 2.2× longer than vein 1r-m (1.7× vein 1r-m); hind femur 3.9× as long as its maximum width (4.8×); fore wing vein cu-a slightly postfurcal (interstitial); medio-basal area of T II relatively large (small). Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 10.5 mm, of fore wing 9.7 mm, of ovipositor sheath 17.1 mm.
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.1× its apical width, median area convex and coarsely sculptured but posteriorly smooth, with a medio-longitudinal carina posteriorly (Fig. 16j); lateral grooves of T I smooth (Fig. 16j); T II largely smooth, but with some oblique carinae besides medio-longitudinal carina (Fig. 16e); T II medio-basal area connected to medio-longitudinal carina apically, but absent near posterior margin of T; antero-lateral areas of T II small, strongly acute apically, anterior grooves wide, with some strong crenulae (Fig. 16e); second suture deep and wide, with crenulae, more or less straight medially (Fig. 16e); T III largely smooth, median area strongly raised and posteriorly defined by a deep sinuate transverse crenulate groove, median area with a few weak punctures laterally; T IV with transverse depression medially; T III and T IV with antero-lateral areas and grooves (of T V weak); T IV-VII smooth; hypopygium rather acute apically, protruding just beyond level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 1.8× longer than fore wing.

Distribution. China (Fujian).
Etymology. Named after the name of the collector of holotype.
Diagnosis. Body medium-sized to large; antenna longer than fore wing; terminal antennomere pointed, but not acute apically, median antennomeres distinctly wider than long; in lateral view scapus without double margin at inner side apically and strongly concave apico-laterally, ventrally ca. as long as or rarely slightly shorter than dorsally; eye large and glabrous, weakly emarginate; face weakly and sparsely punctate; clypeus moderately narrow and without dorsal carina, above clypeus with shallow triangular depression; malar suture moderately shallow; labio-maxillary complex normal, not or slightly elongate; frons weakly depressed, with some setae and a median groove; mesosoma smooth and shiny; notauli only impressed anteriorly; scutellar sulcus completely smooth; median area of metanotum relatively small; propodeum smooth and flattened; angle between veins 1-SR and C+SC+R of fore wing less than 40°; vein 1-SR+M of forewing usually straight, rarely slightly curved after arising from 1-M; forewing vein 3-CU1 usually more or less expanded posteriorly; second submarginal cell of fore wing distinctly expanded distally; forewing vein cu-a postfurcal or more or less interstitial; hind wing vein 2-SC+R usually interstitial or distinctly transverse (but longitudinal in I. indiscretus); hind wing with five to eight basal bristles; claws simple; fourth tarsal segment more or less protruding at inner side apically; metasoma in dorsal view relatively slender; T II with large rhombic medio-basal area and laterally depressed, resulting in a narrow medial part; T III often with large and raised antero-lateral areas; T III-V without deep oblique antero-lateral grooves; ovipositor with weak dorsal nodus and small ventral serrations subapically. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Australasian; Oriental. Note. This genus is newly recorded from China.
Key to Chinese species of the genus Ischnobracon Baltazar 1 Black dorsal patch of head not reaching eye orbits and guttiform (Fig. 18h); antenna blackish brown basally (Fig. 18j), antennomeres lightened medially to distally, scape with a reversed U-shaped yellow patch dorsally (Fig. 18k Hind coxa with distinct piceous spot on outer side of coxa (Fig. 22k), and with or without a small dark patch on lower part of femur (Fig. 22f ); base of hind wing with narrow glabrous areas on either side of vein cu-a (Fig. 22b Hind coxa and femur entirely yellow, without dark spots (Fig. 20f ); base of hind wing largely with setae, only narrowly glabrous just distal to posterior half of vein cu-a (Fig. 20b)  , but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: scape blackish brown with a reversed U-shaped yellow spot dorsally (yellow with black lateral streak in I. baltazarae); second submarginal cell of fore wing relatively short, vein 2-M 2.8× as long as vein 2-SR (3.45 × vein 2-SR); fore wing vein cu-a distinctly curved and postfurcal (straight and interstitial); base of hind wing with rather narrow glabrous areas on either side of vein cu-a (hind wing subbasal cell glabrous on posterior half and with large glabrous area distal to vein cu-a); hind femur yellow, without black mark (hind femur black ventro-distally).
Metasoma. Metasomal tergites smooth (Fig. 18e); length of T I 1.6× its apical width, raised median area not depressed medially (Fig. 18e); median length of T II 1.1× its apical width; antero-lateral areas of T III large, apical width of T III 1.2× its median length (Fig. 18e); tergites with dense and long setae especially posteriorly except for the raised areas (Fig. 18e); ovipositor sheath 0.7× as long as fore wing.

Ischnobracon v-macula (Cameron, 1899) Figures 21, 22
Bracon v-macula Cameron, 1899: 62.     Diagnosis. Body medium-sized to large; terminal antennomere slightly acute apically; scapus often with a strong secondary edge on its inner side apically, distinctly removed from pedicellus and with more or less oblique and usually angulate outer side basally, and pedicellus more or less petiolate basally in dorsal view or pedicellus and scapus both strongly compressed; outer side of scapus distinctly angulate and oblique subbasally, but sometimes rounded; in lateral view scapus often ventrally longer than dorsally; lateral of antennal sockets usually with deep depression (often as oblique groove, but sometimes weak); eye glabrous, not or weakly emarginate; face medio-dorsally with a reversed Y-shaped impression or with a narrow groove, but sometimes obsolescent; clypeus moderately narrow, partly or completely flattened and without dorsal carina; malar suture moderately developed; labio-maxillary complex normal, not elongate; frons often strongly depressed, with a developed median groove; mesosoma largely smooth and shiny; notauli at least present anteriorly, sometimes complete; scutellar sulcus crenulate; metanotum strongly convex medially; propodeum largely smooth, sometimes with a short medio-longitudinal groove anteriorly, and often with crenulae posteriorly; angle between veins 1-SR and C+SC+R of fore wing more than 60°; fore wing vein 1-SR+M variable, more or less straight, or weakly curved to distinctly angled after arising from vein 1-M; hind wing vein C+SC+R with only one basal bristle; claws simple; metasomal tergites usually largely strongly sculptured, rarely smooth; T I with a medio-longitudinal carina posteriorly, dorsolateral carinae present; T II usually with a weakly to strongly raised medio-basal triangular area connected to medio-longitudinal carina apically, but absent near posterior margin of T II; T II-IV partly coarsely striate-rugose; hypopygium rather acute apically; ovipositor with dorsal nodus and ventral serrations subapically, often longer than body. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Afrotropical; Australasian; Oriental; Palaearctic. Note. This genus is newly recorded from China.
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.3× its apical width, median area convex and with a mediolongitudinal carina, smooth anteriorly, and longitudinally rugose posteriorly (Fig. 24j); lateral grooves of T I sparsely crenulate (Fig. 24j); T II longitudinally rugose including mediobasal area, but antero-lateral areas smooth posteriorly (Fig. 24e); triangular medio-basal area of T II moderately large, attached to medio-longitudinal carina apically but absent near posterior margin of T II; antero-lateral areas of T II developed, longitudinally rugose anteriorly and smooth posteriorly, anterior grooves weakly and sparsely crenulate (Fig. 24e); second suture deep and crenulate, wide and curved medially, narrow laterally (Fig. 24e); T III largely longitudinally rugose but smooth posteriorly, antero-lateral areas weakly rugose; T III-V with antero-lateral areas, and crenulate transverse subposterior groove (Fig. 24e); T  IV-VII smooth, and with dense long setae posteriorly; hypopygium acute apically, reaching level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 1.1× as long as fore wing.
Colour. Head and mesosoma largely yellow (Fig. 23); antenna, eye, and mandible apically black (Fig. 24g); fore and middle legs (except for tarsus apically and claws black) yellow, hind leg black (Fig. 24f ); metasoma (except T I and T II dark brown) and ovipositor sheath black (Figs 23, 24e); wing membrane yellow, but black brown apically (hind wing including posterior margin medially), stigmal spot black brown, first subdiscal cell of fore wing with a blackish brown spot medio-posteriorly, pterostigma yellow but apically blackish brown, basal veins yellow and apical veins dark brown (Fig. 24a, b).

Distribution. China (Yunnan).
Etymology. Named after the largely longitudinally rugose T I-III: longitudinalis is Latin for longitudinal.
Diagnosis. This new species is very similar to Monilobracon longitudinalis sp. nov., but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: stemmaticum blackish brown (yellow in M. longitudinalis); fore wing without a stigmal spot (with a blackish brown stigmal spot); medio-basal area of T II relatively large and without sub-lateral areas (medio-basal are relatively small, and with large sublateral areas); basal half of T IV with striae (smooth); metasomal tergites blackish brown, but posterior margins of T III-VII whitish yellow (metasomal tergites blackish brown, but sublateral areas of T II partly yellowish); ovipositor sheath 2.0× longer than fore wing (1.1-1.3×).
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.2× its apical width, median area convex and strongly longitudinally rugose, with a medio-longitudinal carina (Fig. 26j); lateral grooves of T I crenulate (Fig. 26j); T II longitudinally rugose including medio-basal area, but smooth posterior-laterally (Fig. 26e); triangular medio-basal area of T II very large, attached with medio-longitudinal carina apically absent near posterior margin of T II; antero-lateral areas of T II absent, anterior grooves moderately impressed and crenulate (Fig. 26e); second suture deep and crenulate, wide and curved medially, narrow laterally (Fig. 26e); T III largely longitudinally rugose except for smooth posteriorly, antero-lateral areas weak and smooth posteriorly; T IV longitudinally rugose medio-anteriorly, and with weak anterolateral areas; T V-VII smooth and antero-lateral areas absent (Fig. 26e); hypopygium acute apically, reaching level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 2.0× as long as fore wing.

Distribution. China (Yunnan).
Etymology. Named after the whitish yellow posterior margins of the T III-VII: marginatus is Latin for margin.
Diagnosis. Antennomeres (except scape and pedicel) square; scapus rather slender, and in lateral view without double margin at inner side apically and apex strongly protruding ventrally; eye glabrous, not emarginated; face flattened in lateral view; clypeus flat and with distinct dorsal carina; malar suture present but weak, with dense short setae; labio-maxillary complex normal, not elongate; frons with strong median groove, largely smooth; notauli quite shallow, and impressed anteriorly on disc; scutellar sulcus comparatively narrow, and sparsely crenulate; metanotum convex medially, but without median carina anteriorly; propodeum smooth, and without medio-longitudinal carina or groove; first discal cell of fore wing nearly parallel-sided and ca. 3.0× longer than vein m-cu; vein 1-SR+M of fore wing straight; vein 1r-m of hind wing ca. 5.0× longer than vein 2-SC+R; vein 1-SR of fore wing distinctly oblique and pointing basad of vein cu-a, angle with vein C+SC+R ca. 55°; fore wing vein cu-a weakly postfurcal; vein 2-SC+R of hind wing transverse, distinctly shorter than vein 1r-m; hind wing with densely setae basally; claws simple; legs more or less with sparsely setae; in dorsal view, metasoma ovoid; median area of T I developed and coarsely sculptured posteriorly; medio-basal area of T II wide subbasally and acute apically, latero-basal areas triangular and medium-sized and posterior half of tergite with pair of diverging depressions; second suture deep and wide, crenulate, narrowed and curved upward laterally, weakly curved medially; T III with developed antero-lateral areas and posterior margin of tergite sinuate, and 3.8× wider than its median length (excluding its basal groove); T III-V with crenulate transverse subposterior groove; T III-VII largely smooth; ovipositor with minute ventral teeth and without dorsal nodus.
Distribution. Oriental (China). Etymology. Named after the nearly parallel-sided first discal cell of the fore wing (parallelus is Latin for "sides of equal distance"). Gender: masculine.
Note. This new genus will run in existing keys to Cyanopterus Haliday, 1835 (e.g., Belokobylskij 2000), but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: first discal cell of fore wing nearly parallel-sided and elongate (first discal cell of fore wing widened basally in Cyanopterus); vein 1r-m of hind wing quite long and ca. 5.0× longer than vein 2-SC+R (vein 1r-m of hind wing at most ca. 2.0× longer than vein 2-SC+R in Cyanopterus); vein 1-SR of fore wing distinctly oblique and pointing basad of vein cu-a (less oblique and pointing to vein cu-a in Cyanopterus); second submarginal cell of fore wing widened distally (second submarginal cell of fore wing parallel-sided in Cyanopterus); apex of scapus strongly protruding ventrally (apex of scapus slightly protruding ventrally in Cyanopterus); clypeus with distinct dorsal carina (clypeus usually without dorsal carina in Cyanopterus). Diagnosis. T II of the new species is similar to that of Cyanopterus oriens Belokobylskij, 2000, from Far East Russia (e.g., size and shape of medio-basal area and with pair of diverging depressions), but can be separated by having first discal cell of fore wing parallel-sided and vein 1-SR+M straight (widened basally and vein 1-SR+M weakly bent in C. oriens), vein 1r-m of hind wing ca. 5 × longer than vein 2-SC+R (ca. equal in C. oriens), vein 1-SR of fore wing distinctly oblique and pointing basad of vein cu-a (less oblique and pointing to vein cu-a in C. oriens), second submarginal cell of fore wing widened distally (parallel-sided in C. oriens) and apex of scapus strongly protruding ventrally (slightly protruding in C. oriens).
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.1× its apical width, median area convex, anteriorly half smooth and posteriorly half coarsely sculptured (Fig. 28j); lateral grooves of T I sparsely crenulate (Fig. 28j); T II largely smooth except medially (Fig. 28e); triangular medio-basal area of T II large and smooth, with a few short oblique carinae connected laterally, and acute apically, but not attached with medio-longitudinal carina; antero-lateral areas of T II developed and smooth, anterior grooves moderately wide and sparsely crenulate (Fig. 28e); second suture deep and crenulate, wide and weakly  curved medially, narrow laterally (Fig. 28e); T III with antero-lateral areas; T III-V with crenulate transverse subposterior groove (Fig. 28e); T III-VII largely smooth, and with some spare short setae posteriorly; hypopygium acute apically, not reaching level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 0.6× as long as fore wing.
Variation. Length of body of female 7.6-7.7 mm, of fore wing of female 7.7 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 4.2-4.9 mm; antenna of paratype female incomplete, with 30 antennomeres remaining; third antennomere 1.7× longer than its maximum width, 1.2 and 1.3× longer than fourth and fifth, respectively, the latter 1.3× longer than wide; ovipositor sheath 0.5-0.6× as long as fore wing.
Male. Length of body of male 7.8 mm, of fore wing of male 7.9 mm; antenna of male with 44 antennomeres; Length of mesosoma 1.7× its height; fore wing vein cu-a interstitial; length of T I 1.0× its apical width; other characters as in female.

Genus Pseudospinaria
Diagnosis. Body medium-sized to large; terminal antennomere slender, strongly acute apically; scapus in lateral view basally rounded and at inner side usually with narrow apical ledge, concave apico-laterally, ventrally shorter than dorsally; eye glabrous, weakly emarginate; face coarsely sculptured; clypeus narrow and without dorsal carina; malar suture moderately developed, often with long and dense setae; labio-maxillary complex normal, not elongate; frons broadly impressed, with some setae and median groove; vertex and temples transversely rugose; notauli complete; mesoscutum with deep punctures near the notauli; metanotum with median carina protruding over propodeum posteriorly, and with a complete mid-longitudinal carina; propodeum coarsely punctate; angle between veins 1-SR and C+SC+R of fore wing ca. 60°; vein r of fore wing long, (nearly) ca. as long as vein 2-SR; fore wing vein 2-SR sinuate; vein 1-R1 of fore wing distinctly longer than pterostigma; fore wing vein cu-a slightly postfurcal; second submarginal cell of fore wing slender, but somewhat widened apically; tarsal claws with an additional tooth; basal lobes of claws rounded; T I without a medialongitudinal carina; T II with wide triangular medio-basal area, area reaching apex of tergite or nearly so; T IV-VI with lateral teeth; T VII of female with medio-apical tooth (absent in male); ovipositor with dorsal nodus and ventral serrations subapically; ovipositor sheath 0.1-0.3× as long as fore wing. Biology. Unknown.

Distribution. Oriental.
Note. This genus is newly recorded from China. Of the two described species, only one species is recorded from China.
Note. This species is newly recorded from China.
Diagnosis. Body small sized to medium-sized, and rather slender; terminal antennomere robust and acute apically; in lateral view scapus without double margin at inner side apically, not or slightly concave apico-laterally, ventrally weakly shorter than dorsally; eye glabrous, weakly emarginate; face largely smooth, sometimes with some sparse punctures medially; clypeus moderately narrow, dorsal clypeal carina developed (but in the Afrotropical species Vipiomorpha rugosa (Szépligeti, 1913) absent); malar suture moderately developed, often with dense setae; labio-maxillary complex normal, not elongate; frons often strongly depressed, with a strong median groove; notauli strongly developed and complete; mesopleuron smooth, rarely with a longitudinal impression posteriorly; metapleuron smooth and shiny; metapleural flange present; propodeum punctate-rugose medially, and more pronounced postero-medially than anteriorly, with a complete medio-longitudinal groove; angle between veins 1-SR and C+SC+R of fore wing ca. 45°; marginal cell of fore wing short and elongate elliptical, vein 1-R1 shorter than pterostigma or ca. as long (at most 1.2× longer); second submarginal cell of fore wing nearly parallel-sided; fore wing veins 1-M and 1-SR+M straight; forewing vein r less than 0.5× length of m-cu; base of hind wing often with a large glabrous area; hind wing vein 1r-m distinctly oblique, and much shorter than vein SC+R1; basal lobes of claws blunt or rounded; metasoma often long and more or less slender; median area of first metasomal strongly rugose, usually with well-developed dorso-lateral carina but without medio-longitudinal carinae; lateral grooves of T I remain far removed from lateral margin of tergite; T II usually with raised smooth, shiny and large antero-lateral areas; remainder of tergite usually strongly rugose; second suture crenulate; T III usually rugose, with smooth antero-lateral areas; T III-V with or without antero-lateral areas; hypopygium extending beyond the apex of the metasomal tergites; ovipositor with dorsal nodus and ventral serrations subapically. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Afrotropical; Oriental; Palaearctic.
Note. This genus is newly recorded from the Oriental region and China; it is a small genus including three species, here we report two new species and one previously described species from China.
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.5× its apical width, median area convex and strongly rugose (Fig. 32e); lateral grooves of T I sparsely crenulate (Fig. 32e); median length of T II 0.7× as long as its apical width; T II strongly rugose but antero-lateral areas smooth (Fig. 32e); T II without medio-basal area; antero-lateral areas of T II developed and smooth, anterior grooves wide, with a few crenulae (Fig. 32e); second suture deep and wide, with crenulae, slightly urved medially (Fig. 32e); median length of T III 0.5× as long as its apical width; T III and T IV with antero-lateral areas (of T IV weak), and crenulate transverse subposterior groove (Fig. 32e); T V with weakly crenulate transverse subposterior groove; T III-V strongly rugose; T VI-VII largely smooth, Figure 31. Vipiomorpha sulcata sp. nov., ♀, holotype, habitus, lateral view. and with some long setae posteriorly; hypopygium rather acute apically, reaching far beyond level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 1.32 × as long as fore wing.
Colour. Largely yellowish brown (Fig. 31); head blackish brown except for face and mandible (but apically blackish brown) yellow (Fig. 32g, h); for legs (but claws blackish brown) yellow; ovipositor sheath black (Fig. 31); wing membrane yellow, pterostigma and veins yellowish brown (Fig. 32a, b). Male. Length of body of male 4.6 mm, of fore wing of male 4.3 mm; antenna of male with 42 antennomeres; length of forewing vein SR1: 3-SR: r = 8: 6: 1; length of T I 1.7× its apical width; T IV with noticeably antero-lateral areas; head largely yellow, area surrounded stemmaticum black brown; other characters similar with the female.
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.1× its apical width, median area convex and strongly rugose (Fig. 36e); lateral grooves of T I strongly crenulate (Fig. 36e); median length of T II 0.7× as long as its apical width; T II strongly rugose but antero-lateral areas smooth (Fig. 36e); T II without medio-basal area; antero-lateral areas of T II developed and smooth, anterior grooves wide, with a few weak crenulae (Fig. 36e); second suture deep and wide, with crenulae, slightly curved medially (Fig. 36e); median length of T III 0.37 × as long as its apical width; T III-IV with antero-lateral areas (of T IV weak), and crenulate transverse subposterior groove (Fig. 36e); T V with weak crenulate transverse subposterior groove; T III-VI rugose except posteriorly (T V and T VI weakly so); T VII largely smooth, and with some long setae posteriorly; hypopygium rather acute apically, far beyond level of apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 1.33 × as long as fore wing.

Distribution. China (Yunnan).
Etymology. Named after its type locality, the southwestern province of Yunnan.
Distribution. Afrotropical; Australasian; Oriental; Palaearctic. Note. This genus is newly recorded from the Oriental region.
Metasoma. Length of T I 1.3× its apical width, median area convex and longitudinally rugose (Fig. 38e); lateral grooves of T I strongly crenulate (Fig. 38e); apical width of T II 1.8× as long as its median length; T II strongly rugose but antero-lateral areas smooth (Fig. 38e); T II with large medio-basal area which ends near posterior margin of T II; antero-lateral areas of T II developed and smooth, anterior grooves wide, with a few crenulae (Fig. 38e); second suture deep and wide, with crenulae, more or less straight medially (Fig. 38e); T III-V with strong antero-lateral areas and grooves, and with strong crenulate transverse subposterior grooves; T III and T IV strongly rugose but anterolateral areas smooth (Fig. 38e); T V weakly rugose antero-medially, smooth laterally and posteriorly; T VI and T VII largely smooth; ovipositor sheath as long as fore wing.