2urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7Eurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727AZooKeysZK1313-29891313-2970Pensoft Publishers10.3897/zookeys.970.5496054960Research ArticlePyralidaeTaxonomyCenozoicKoreaSouth KoreaA new species of Galleria Fabricius (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from Korea based on molecular and morphological charactersRohSeung Jin1ParkHaechul1KimSeong-Hyun1KimSo-Yun1ChoiYong-Su1SongJeong-Hunjeonghuns@korea.kr1Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, South KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesWanju-gunSouth Korea
Corresponding author: Jeong-Hun Song (jeonghuns@korea.kr)
Academic editor: Colin Plant
20202109202097051613D055201-5F9C-5B38-A3C8-AB0A400A65968069F755-8DF6-4AEB-A1D7-FD20096B4C5C40575120806202004082020Seung Jin Roh, Haechul Park, Seong-Hyun Kim, So-Yun Kim, Yong-Su Choi, Jeong-Hun SongThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/8069F755-8DF6-4AEB-A1D7-FD20096B4C5C
The greater wax moth, Galleriamellonella Linnaeus, is well known as a pest of honey bees and for the biodegradation of wax and polyethylene by their larvae. The genus Galleria has long been considered monotypic and found worldwide. A taxonomic study of the genus Galleria is presented based on morphological and molecular characters (COI, CAD, wg). A new species (Galleriasimilis Roh & Song, sp. nov.) is recognized on the Korean peninsula. The new species is superficially similar to G.mellonella but they can be separated by the structures of hindwing venation and male genitalia. Habitus photographs and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.
cryptic speciesGalleriinaenew speciesplastic eating mothPyraloideawax wormsRural Development Administration501100003627http://doi.org/10.13039/501100003627Citation
Roh SJ, Park H, Kim S-H, Kim S-Y, Choi Y-S, Song J-H (2020) A new species of Galleria Fabricius (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from Korea based on molecular and morphological characters. ZooKeys 970: 51–61. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.970.54960
Introduction
The family Pyralidae is large group of Lepidoptera, placed in the superfamily Pyraloidea consisting of 1055 genera with 5921 described species (van Nieukerken et al. 2011). A molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the Pyralidae recognized five subfamilies, Chrysauginae, Epipaschiinae, Galleriinae, Phycitinae, and Pyralinae (Regier et al. 2012).
Among the Galleriinae, the monotypic genus Galleria Fabricius, 1798 was established with the type species Phalaenacereana Blom, 1764. Galleriamellonella (Linnaeus) is a ubiquitous pest of honey bees, Apismellifera Linnaeus and A.cerana Fabricius (Ellis et al. 2013; Kwadha et al. 2017). They live on honeycomb in beehives, feeding on honey, beeswax, and the skin of bee pupae (Oldroyd 1999, 2007; Martel et al. 2006; Klein et al. 2007; Kong et al. 2019). Recent studies have shown that the larvae have the ability to biodegrade polyethylene in their guts (Yang et al. 2014; Bombelli et al. 2017; Kong et al. 2019).
The genus Galleria is superficially similar to the genus Achroia Hübner, 1819 (Kwadha et al. 2017), but can be distinguished from the latter by the presence of four stemmata on the head of the larva, concaved in the termen of the forewing, and the Cu vein apparently four-branched from the hindwing (Ellis et al. 2013).
In this paper, we describe Galleriasimilis Roh & Song, sp. nov. based on morphological and molecular characters, and provide habitus photographs and illustrations of diagnostic characters for identification of the two species of the genus Galleria.
Materials and methods
The material examined in this study is deposited in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Wanju, Korea. Specimens were dissected and examined after mounting on glass slides; male genitalia in 60% Euparal and wing venation based on dried specimens. Photographs of adults and male genitalia were taken using a Dhyana 95 scientific CMOS camera (Tucsen, Fuzhou, China) attached to a Leica DM 2000 LED optical microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Terminology for morphological characters of the adult follow Smith (1965).
Genomic DNA from four specimens of Galleriasimilis and 19 specimens of G.mellonella was extracted from the legs of dried specimens of adults in 100% alcohol using a MagListo 5M Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. One mitochondrial protein coding gene, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) (Folmer et al. 1994) and two nuclear protein coding genes, Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, Aspartate transcarbamylase, and Dihydroorotase (CAD) and Wingless (wg) were sequenced (Haines and Rubinoff 2012) (Table 1). Primers and amplification strategies followed Haines and Rubinoff (2012) and are detailed in Table 2. PCR conditions for amplification followed Haines and Rubinoff (2012), and directly sequenced at Macrogen (Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea). Contigs were assembled in Geneious prime (Kearse et al. 2012). Successful COI, CAD and Wingless sequences were uploaded to GenBank (Table 1).
Galleria species and their COI barcodes and nuclear protein coding gene sequences with their associated and GenBank accession numbers as used in this study. Dashes indicate missing data.
Species
Voucher No.
COI
CAD
wg
Galleriamellonella
15310
MT439336
MT447104
MT447124
15311
MT439337
MT447105
MT447125
15312
MT439338
MT447109
MT447126
15313
MT439349
MT447106
MT447127
15314
MT439350
MT447107
MT447128
15616
MT439351
MT447110
MT447129
15617
–
MT447108
MT447130
21361
MT439339
–
MT447131
21362
MT439340
MT447111
MT447132
21363
MT439341
MT447115
MT447133
21364
MT439342
MT447114
MT447134
21365
–
MT447119
MT447135
21412
MT439343
MT447116
MT447136
21413
MT439352
–
–
21414
MT439346
MT447112
MT447137
21415
MT439344
MT447113
MT447138
21416
MT439347
MT447120
MT447139
21417
MT439345
MT447118
MT447140
21418
MT439348
MT447117
MT447141
G.similis
15315
MT447100
MT447121
MT447142
21366
MT447101
MT447122
MT447143
21367
MT447102
MT447123
MT447144
21368
MT447103
–
MT447145
List of primers and amplification strategies used in this study (abbreviations: s = second, min = minute).
Genes
Primers
Sequences (5' to 3')
Amplification strategies
COI
LCO1490
GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG
LCO1490 + HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994)
HCO2198
TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA
CAD
CAD4_Pyr_F
GAAGAAGCATTTCAAAAAGC
CAD4_Pyr_F + CAD4_Pyr_R (Haines and Rubinoff 2012)
CAD4_Pyr_R
CKRTCACTCATGTCRTA
wg
LepWg1
GARTGYAARTGYCAYGGYATGTCTGG
LepWg1 + LepWg2 (Brower and Desalle 1998)
LepWg2
ACTICGCARCACCARTGGAATGTRCA
* PCR amplifications condition - COI: 5-min 95 °C; 35 cycles: 30-s 95 °C, 25-s 48 °C, 45-s at 72 °C; 5-min 72 °C. - CAD: 2-min 94 °C, 1-min 50 °C, 1-min 72 °C; 34 cycles: 1-min 94 °C, 1-min 50 °C, 1-min at 72 °C; 12-min 72 °C. - wg: 2-min 94 °C, 1-min 56 °C, 1-min 72 °C; 34 cycles: 1-min 94 °C, 1-min 56 °C, 1-min at 72 °C; 12-min 72 °C.
The barcodes were compared to 93 DNA barcodes of the genera Galleria and Achroia downloaded from BOLD systems v4 (BIN numbers: BOLD:AAA0965, BOLD:AAL2955, BOLD:ACO9701). A neighbor-joining analysis (NJ) was performed with MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018) using the Kimura-2-Parameter (K2P) model (Kimura 1980) for nucleotide substitutions. Bootstrap support values for each node were also evaluated via MEGA X with 1000 replicates. Parsimony analyses (PA) with bootstrap were conducted in TNT 1.5 (Goloboff and Catalano 2016) using search strategies described by Song and Ahn (2018).
Intra- and inter-specific distances in different taxonomic levels were calculated using the uncorrected pairwise distance method (Srivathsan and Meier 2012). To explore molecular diagnostic characters for the Galleria species, we used the “list common synapomorphies” function of TNT and then examined thoroughly listed characters in the alignment file.
ResultsMolecular character analysis
A total of 21 new sequences was generated from four specimens of Galleriasimilis and 17 specimens of G.mellonella (524–650 bp of partial COI barcode region, 613 bp of partial CAD¸ and 432 bp of partial wg gene region). All new sequences were uploaded to GenBank (Table 1). The DNA barcodes (COI) were compared to those of 72 DNA barcodes in 16 countries (G.mellonella), one Australian specimen (Galleria sp.) and seven lesser wax moths (Achroiagrisella Fabricius) downloaded from BOLD systems v4 (Fig. 7).
Genetic divergence of COI using uncorrected p-distance among the Galleria and Achroia species ranged from 5.3% to 12.0%, while intraspecific divergence ranged from 0% to 2.2% (Table 3). All four species were strongly supported as a single lineage on both NJ and PA trees (Figs 7, 8). The molecular analyses (p-distance, NJ and PA analyses) revealed that G.mellonella was closely related to G.similis (Table 3; Figs 7, 8). The maximum difference among populations within G.mellonella was 2.2%, and within G.similis was 0% (Table 3). For these two species, it is difficult to correctly delimit each species, due to their extreme similarities in external morphological characters (see taxonomy section below). In contrast to morphological characters, however, genetic divergence strongly supported the separation of G.mellonella and G.similis. The minimum inter-specific difference between the two species (5.3%) was much higher than the maximum intraspecific difference of G.mellonella (2.2%) (Table 3). Furthermore, molecular diagnostic characters for the Galleria species, G.mellonella and G.similis contained 15 characters for COI, one character of CAD and four characters of wg gene regions (Table 4).
Inter- and intraspecific genetic differences in the two genera Galleria and Achroia species for COI (658 bp) calculated using p-distance.
G.mellonella
G.similis
Galleria sp.
A.grisella
G.mellonella
0–0.022
G.similis
0.053–0.066
0
Galleria sp.
0.112–0.119
0.114
0
A.grisella
0.107–0.116
0.117–0.119
0.116–0.120
0–0.003
List of 20 molecular diagnostic characters used to determine the genetic distinctiveness of two cryptic species Galleriamellonella and G.similis based on mtDNA partial COI, nuDNA partial CAD and wg gene region. Numbers indicate nucleotide sites in the sequenced 658 bp portion of the COI gene, 613 bp portion of the CAD gene and 432 bp portion of the wg gene. Number position follows G.mellonella: MT439366 (COI), MT447104 (CAD) and MT447124 (wg).
Species
Genes
COI
16
34
109
197
232
259
271
274
280
307
G.mellonella
T
A
A
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
G.similis
C
T
G
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Species
COI
CAD
wg
385
391
403
424
470
319
129
241
343
379
G.mellonella
T
T
C
T
T
G
A
T
C
C
G.similis
C
C
T
C
C
A
C
C
T
T
We also found three distinct differences in the amino acid sequences of each protein (Table 5). In particular, the transition from G (guanine) to A (adenine) at the 319 site of CAD protein led to a change from a hydrophobic amino acid (Alanine, A) to a hydrophilic amino acid (Threonine, T), and the transversion from A to C (cytosine) at the 129 site of the wg protein led to a change from a hydrophilic amino acid (Glutamate, E) to a hydrophobic amino acid (A). The molecular characters provided further evidence that new species G.similis was distinct and valid.
List of three molecular diagnostic characters used to determine the molecular distinctiveness of two cryptic species Galleriamellonella and G.similis based on amino acid sequences of partial COI, CAD, and wg protein region. Numbers indicate amino acid site in the sequenced 201 amino acid (aa) portion of the COI protein, 204 aa portion of the CAD protein and 143 aa portion of the wg protein. Number position follows G.mellonella: the translated amino acid sequences of MT439366 (COI), MT447104 (CAD) and MT447124 (wg).
Species
Proteins
COI
CAD
wg
152
107
43
G.mellonella
V
A
E
G.similis
I
T
A
Taxonomic accountsGenus Galleria Fabricius, 1798
Galleria Fabricius, 1798: 419, 462. Type species: Phalaenacereana Blom, 1764, by subsequent designation by Latreille (1810: 441).
Cerioclepta Sodoffsky, 1837: 93. Type species: Galleriamellonella Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation.
Vindana Walker, 1866: 1706. Type species: Vindanaobliquella Walker, 1866, by monotypy.
Galleriasimilis sp. nov. (Figs 2, 4, 6) is very similar to G.mellonella (Figs 1, 3, 5) but can be distinguished by a square discal cell of its hindwing venation (Fig. 6) and the different shape of male genitalia (Fig. 4, G.similis: valva shorter and wider, concave at outer margin). Galleriasimilis sp. nov. had 15, one and four diagnostic characters from 658 bp of partial COI, 613 bp of partial CAD and 423 bp of partial wg gene region, respectively (Table 4). Our study showed that morphological and molecular characters can be used to resolve the status of cryptic species, G.mellonella and G.similis. A cryptic species was suggested by the unusually high genetic distances within specimens originally identified as G.mellonella.
Male wing venation of Galleria species. 5G.mellonella6G.similis, paratype.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/454686Description.
Adult. Male (Fig. 2). Head: vertex densely clothed with gray hair-like scales; labial palpus three-segmented. Thorax: Light brown; notum covered with gray scales. Legs with femora, tibiae, and tarsi clothed with light gray piliform scales; tarsi apical and medial spurs covered dark-brown scales. Wingspan 21.5–32.0 mm. Forewing (Fig. 6) narrow, costa straight at base and gently curved beyond 4/5, termen concave; tornus pointed, 9 separate veins originating at the discal cell; Sc terminating at 4/5 costa; R5 originated at R4, M1 and M2 parallel; M2, M3 originating at distal corner of discal cell; Cu1 and Cu+A1 parallel, ground color yellowish white with gray and some dark overscaling. Hindwing (Fig. 6) discal cell square, L/W ratio 1.72; costa straight, apex straightly curved to termen; Sc straight to 3/5 costa; R1, R2 and R3 present; R1 and R2 terminating at apex; M2 originating at 1/5 M3; CuA1 and CuA2 parallel; A1 originating at 4/5 Cu2. Hindwing covered with dark-brown scales; postmarginal part present with short light brown hairs. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Fig. 4) with uncus concave and hooked; tegumen wide at base; gnathos long; valva short and wide, costa straight, termen relatively concave, small setae present sparsely on outer and inner surface; vinculum narrower than gnathos; juxta heart shaped; saccus very short and slender; phallus slightly short and thick, vesica with short setae, ductus ejaculatorius present.
Female. Unknown.
Distribution.
Korea.
Etymology.
Named from the Latin similis meaning “similar”, which refers to the similar morphological characters with G.mellonella.
We thank T. Han (Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea) and S.I. Lee (National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Korea) for assistance with DNA extraction. This work was carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ01504902)” Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
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