Four new species of the subfamily Homoneurinae (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) from southwestern China

Abstract Four species of Homoneurinae from southwestern China are described as new to science: Cestrotus abdominalissp. nov., Cestrotus albifaciessp. nov., Phobeticomyia motuoensissp. nov., and Prosopophorella longasp. nov. An updated key to the species of the genera Cestrotus, Phobeticomyia, and Prosopophorella recorded in China is presented.


Introduction
The family Lauxaniidae is a large family of the Acalyptratae. There are more than 170 genera and nearly 2100 described species, distributed worldwide except for Antarctica. The subfamily Homoneurinae of Lauxaniidae was established by Stuckenberg in 1971(Stuckenberg 1971a on the basis of studies including 28 genera and more than 780 species worldwide, of which seven genera and 240 species are recorded from China alone.
Among the seven genera of this subfamily in China, Homoneura Van der Wulp, 1891 is the largest, containing more than 200 species; Shi and Yang (2014) described 20 species. The genus Dioides Kertész, 1915 in China contains six species;  described five of them. The genus Noonamyia Stuckenberg, 1971(Stuckenberg 1971b   Diagnosis. Face pale yellow, with one tubercle on middle and one rounded tubercle near ventral margin. Frons with one black velvet rectangular spot. Antenna yellow except pedicel blackish brown; arista brown except yellow basally, plumose. Thorax brown with gray pruinescence. Mesonotum with a pair of brown median bands and a pair of undulating lateral bands on anterior margin. Legs yellow, tibia with one incomplete brown ring near base and on tip respectively. Wing r 1 cell half apically with broad brown band connected with the subapical band of r 2+3 cell and r 4+5 cell. Male genitalia: syntergosternite semicircular; epandrium trapeziform in lateral view; surstylus broad basally, tip slender and curved; hypandrium V-shaped. Description. Male. Body length 3.8 mm, wing length 3.9 mm. Female. Unknown. Head ( Fig. 1) yellow. Face pale yellow, with one tubercle centrally and one rounded tubercle near ventral margin; sides of the central tubercle with one brown spot on dorsal margin and middle respectively, and with a pair of brown lateral longitudinal bands on ventral margin. Frons wider than long and parallel-sided, with one black velvet rectangular spot; ocellar triangle blackish gray, ocellar seta developed, nearly as long as anterior fronto-orbital seta; anterior fronto-orbital seta curved, shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Occiput yellow, with one brown narrow median band extending to ocellar triangle. Parafacial with one triangular brown spot between eye and base of antenna; gena with one brown spot, length of gena and sub-gena about 1/2 eye height. Antenna yellow except pedicel blackish brown; 1 st flagellomere about 1.6 times longer than high; arista brown except yellow basally, plumose, the longest ray slightly shorter than 1 st flagellomere height. Proboscis yellow except black on margin, with yellow and black setulae; palpus yellow with black setulae. Thorax (Fig. 4) brown with gray pruinescence. Mesonotum with a pair of brown median bands and a pair of undulating lateral bands on anterior margin, a pair of brown lateral spots present behind scutal suture; two coterminous yellow trapeziform spots present at posterior 1/3, the trapeziform spots basally with two coterminous round brown spots extending to base of scutellum. Three dorsocentral setae; acrostichal setulae in six rows; a pair of prescutellar setae. One anepisternal seta, one katepisternal seta. Scutellum yellow. Legs yellow, femur brown except yellow apically, tibia with one incomplete brown ring near base and on tip respectively. Fore femur with six posterior dorsal setae, four posterior ventral setae, seventeen comb-like anterior ventral setae; tibia with one dorsal preapical seta, one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with eight anterior setae; tibia with one strong dorsal preapical seta, two strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with preapical anterior dorsal seta; tibia with one dorsal preapical seta, one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig.  2) about 2.5 times longer than wide, hyaline; r 1 cell half apically with broad brown band connected with the subapical band of r 2+3 cell and r 4+5 cell, form wavy band extending to posterior margin; r 2+3 cell and r 4+5 cell with pale brown margin spots; hyaline region of r-m surrounded by "+" shape brown spot; dm-cu with brown spot, sides of dm-cu with hyaline spot; costa with 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th sections in proportion of Remarks. The new species is similar to Cestrotus acuticurvus Shi, Yang & Gaimari, 2009 from China (Yunnan) in having spots on the face and wing, but the latter has a mesonotum with brown trapeziform spots and a dm-cu with a brown spot.
Distribution. China (Yunnan).  Diagnosis. Face white, without brown spot or band. Frons with a pair of black velvet triangular spots. Antenna yellow; arista blackish brown except brown basally, plumose. Thorax with yellow pruinescence. Mesonotum with a pair of elliptical brown spots present on scutal suture. Legs yellow, femur brown except yellow apically; tibia with one incomplete brown ring near base. Wing r 2+3 cell and r 4+5 cell without margin spot; the hyaline region of dm-cu surrounded by two brown spots. Male genitalia: syntergosternite circular; surstylus consisting of one outer process and inner process; hypandrium Y-shaped, inner process longer than phallapodeme.
Description. Male. Body length 3.3 mm, wing length 3.0 mm. Female. Unknown. Head (Fig. 11) yellow. Face white, without brown spot or band. Frons wider than long and parallel-sided, with a pair of black velvet triangular spots; ocellar triangle blackish gray; ocellar setae broken, anterior fronto-orbital seta curved, shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Occiput yellow, with one blackish brown median band extending to ocellar triangle. Gena yellow, with one kidney-shape brown spot; length of gena and sub-gena about 1/2 eye height. Antenna yellow; 1 st flagellomere about 1.6 times longer than high; arista blackish brown except brown basally, plumose, the longest ray slightly longer than 1 st flagellomere width. Proboscis brown, with yellow and black setulae; palpus yellow with black setulae. Thorax (Fig. 14) blackish brown with yellow pruinescence. Mesonotum with a pair of brown median bands and a pair of undulating lateral bands on anterior margin, a pair of elliptic brown spots present on scutal suture; one black trapeziform spot present at posterior 1/3, anterior margin of the spot bifurcated. Three dorsocentral setae; acrostichal setulae in six rows; a pair of prescutellar setae, shorter than the first dorsocentral seta. One anepisternal seta, one katepisternal seta. Scutellum yellow with gray pruinescence, one brown trapeziform spot present on half basally and connect with the spot of mesonotum, posterior margin of the spot bifurcated. Legs yellow, femur brown except yellow apically; tibia with one incomplete brown ring near base; the fifth tarsus brown. Fore femur with six posterior dorsal setae, four posterior ventral setae, twelve comb-like anterior ventral setae; tibia with one dorsal preapical seta, one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with eight anterior setae; tibia with one strong dorsal preapical seta, two strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with preapical anterior dorsal seta; longer than wide, hyaline; r 1 cell half apically with broad brown band connected with the subapical band of r 2+3 cell and r 4+5 cell, form wavy band extending to posterior margin; r 2+3 cell and r 4+5 cell without margin spot; the hyaline region of r-m surrounded by "+" shape brown spot; the hyaline region of dm-cu surrounded by two brown spots; costa with 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th sections in proportion of 4.3 : 1.9 : 1; r-m behind middle of the discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sections of M 1 in proportion of 2.0 : 1; ultimate section of CuA 1 about 1/7 of penultimate section. Halter yellow.
Abdomen (Fig. 15) with gray pruinescence; tergites I-IV blackish brown, tergites V-IX brownish yellow. Male genitalia (Figs 16-20): syntergosternite circular, broad half dorsally and narrow half ventrally. Epandrium long and narrow in lateral view. Surstylus consisting of one outer process and inner process, the processes similar in shape, rod-like and with setulae, curved in lateral view, inner process longer than outer process in posterior view. Hypandrium Y-shaped, inner process longer than phallapodeme. Gonopod vestigial. Phallus acute apically, without apical concave, with a pair of triangular dorsal sclerites. Phallapodeme as long as phallus.
Remarks. The new species is similar to Cestrotus heteropterus Shi, Yang & Gaimari, 2009 from China (Yunnan) in the color of the face and in having spots on the tergite and wing, but the latter has spots on the face and the antennal pedicel brown.
Distribution. China (Yunnan). Diagnosis. Face shining, blackish brown on half basally, yellow on half apically, with a pair of blackish brown trapeziform spots. Frons with two blackish brown velvet longitudinal bands extending to sides of ocellar triangle. Thorax brown with gray pruinescence. Mesonotum with two brown median bands, one gray narrow band between the median bands. Legs blackish brown, hind tibia pale brown, all tibiae with one white ring near tip. Wing brown, with three hyaline spots between R 2+3 and R 4+5 . Male genitalia: syntergosternite semicircular; hypandrium V-shaped, with a pair of short inner process on sides, one V-shaped membrane on inferior margin; gonopod with setulae basally, curved apically.
Description. Male. Body length 3.7-3.8 mm, wing length 3.7-3.8 mm. Female. Body length 3.8-4.0 mm, wing length 3.9-4.1 mm. Head (Fig. 21) brownish yellow. Face shining, blackish brown on half basally, yellow on half apically, with a pair of blackish brown trapeziform spots; parafacial black on half basally, yellow on half apically, with silvery pruinescence. Frons yellow, wider than long and parallel-sided, with two blackish brown velvet longitudinal bands extending to sides of ocellar triangle, the bands connected with one W-shape transverse band; ocellar triangle brown, ocellar seta developed, longer than anterior fronto-orbital seta; anterior fronto-orbital seta curved, shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Gena about 1/3 eye height. Antenna yellow except pedicel and scape black; 1 st flagellomere about 1.7 times longer than high; arista dark brown except pale brown basally, plumose, the longest ray as long as 1 st flagellomere height. A silvery spot present between eye and base of antenna. Proboscis brown, with yellow and black setulae; palpus black with black setulae. Thorax (Fig. 24) brown with gray pruinescence. Mesoscutum with two brown median bands, one gray narrow band between the median bands; two brown lateral bands behind scutal suture, along rows of dorsocentral setae with one gray narrow band respectively. Three dorsocentral setae, with brown basal spots; acrostichal setulae in eight rows, pubescent; a pair of prescutellar setae, as long as the first dorsocentral seta. One anepisternal seta, two katepisternal seta. Scutellum with brownish yellow pruinescence. Legs blackish brown, hind tibia pale brown, all tibiae with one white ring near tip; fore and hind tibia each with one unobvious white basal ring; tarsi pale yellow, the fifth tarsus brown. Fore femur with eight posterior dorsal setae, five posterior ventral setae, fourteen comb-like anterior ventral setae; tibia with one dorsal preapical seta, one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with five anterior setae; tibia with one strong dorsal preapical seta, three apical ventral setae. Hind femur with one weak preapical dorsal seta, one row anterior ventral setae; tibia with one weak dorsal preapical seta, one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 22) brown, with one hyaline apical band on outer margin, three hyaline spots present between R 2+3 and R 4+5 ; r-m without hyaline spot, the cell in front of r-m with hyaline spot; discal medial cell with two round hyaline spots; dm-cu with one hyaline spot outside, and connected with hyaline apical spot of CuA 1 and hyaline subapical band of m 1 cell; m 1 cell with two hyaline subapical bands, one undulating hyaline along the posterior margin of cua 1 ; subcostal cell with hyaline spot; costa with 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th sections in proportion of 4.6 : 1.7 : 1; r-m behind middle of the discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sections of M 1 in proportion of 1.4 : 1; ultimate section of CuA 1 about 1/7 of penultimate section. Halter white. syntergosternite semicircular. Epandrium near rectangle in lateral view. Surstylus consisting of one short broad outer apical process and one short inner process, the inner process blunt apically and curved in lateral view. Hypandrium V-shaped, with a pair of short inner process on sides, one V-shape membrane on inferior margin. Gonopod with setulae basally, curved apically. Phallus with apical concave and a pair dorsal sclerites, a pair of near apical process present on sides. Phallapodeme shorter than phallus.
Remarks. The new species is similar to Phobeticomyia lunifera (de Meijere, 1910) from Indonesia (Java), but the latter has no inner process on the hypandrium, and the phallus has no apical spine.
Distribution. China (Tibet). Diagnosis. Face brownish yellow, with one brown broad median band on middle. Frons with one yellow W-shape spot on anterior margin. Antenna blackish brown; arista brown, pubescent. With one long median process on male clypeus. Thorax with gray pruinescence. Mesonotum with one narrow gray pruinescent band on the middle and a pair of gray pruinescent bands along the rows of dorsocentral setae. Legs yellow; tibiae with blackish brown sub-basal ring and apical ring. Wing with one irregular hyaline spot under the tip of R 2+3 , one hyaline apical spot between R 4+5 and M 1 . Male genitalia: syntergosternite broad, circular, with a pair of short ventral process; surstylus short, rod-like in lateral view; aedeagal dorsal sclerites consisting of a pair of sclerites, narrow apically.
Head (Figs 34, 35) yellow. Face brownish yellow, with one brown broad median band on middle, a pair of triangular blackish brown lateral spots on ventral-lateral angle; parafacial black on inner margin. Frons yellow, wider than long and parallelsided, with one yellow W-shape spot on anterior margin, two triangular black spots on half apically; the middle with one black velvet rectangular spot extending to vertex, and connected with the triangular black spot on lateral margin; ocellar triangle black, ocellar seta developed, longer than anterior fronto-orbital seta; anterior fronto-orbital seta curved. Occiput yellow, male with one broad brown median band connected with black velvet rectangular spot. Gena yellow, with one brown rectangular spot; gena about 1/3 eye height. Antenna blackish brown, 1 st flagellomere yellow except brown on dorsal margin and tip; 1 st flagellomere about 1.2 times longer than high; arista brown, pubescent. The black band of inner margin between eye and antenna nearly triangular, connected with the black triangular spot of frons lateral margin. Clypeus black, with one long median process. Proboscis yellow except blackish brown apically, with yellow and black setulae; palpus blackish brown with black setulae. Thorax (Fig. 36) blackish brown with gray pruinescence. Mesonotum with one narrow gray pruinescent band on the middle and a pair of gray pruinescent bands along the rows of dorsocentral setae. Three dorsocentral setae, the most anterior dorsocentral setae near scutal suture; acrostichal setulae in six rows, pubescent; a pair of prescutellar setae, shorter than the first dorsocentral seta. One anepisternal seta, one katepisternal seta. Legs yellow; coxa pale brown; femora brown except yellow apically; tibiae with blackish brown sub-basal ring and apical ring. Fore femur with five posterior dorsal setae, two posterior ventral setae, 27 comb-like anterior ventral setae; tibia with one weak dorsal preapical seta, one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with eight anterior setae; tibia with one strong dorsal preapical seta, two apical ventral setae. Hind tibia with one dorsal preapical seta, one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 33) about 3.1-3.3 times longer than wide, hyaline, with one narrow brown sub-basal band connect with gray posterior margin, one broad brown median band extending to dm-cu, one brown subapical band connect with gray posterior margin, one hyaline band between brown subapical band and median band; one irregular hyaline spot present under the tip of R 2+3 , one hyaline apical spot between R 4+5 and M 1 ; r-m and dm-cu with narrow hyaline bands, surround by brown cloud-like spot; subcostal cell with brown spot apically, the spot through R 1 ; costa with 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th sections in proportion of 8.2 : 3.1 : 1; r-m behind middle of the discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sections of M 1 in proportion of 2.2 : 1; ultimate section of CuA 1 about 1/8 of penultimate section. Halter white.
Abdomen (Fig. 36) blackish brown. Male genitalia (Figs 37-41): syntergosternite broad, circular, with a pair of short ventral process. Epandrium near rectangle in lateral view. Surstylus short, rod-like in lateral view. Hypandrium V-shaped, with a pair of inner processes and a pair of lateral processes. Gonopod short. Aedeagal dorsal sclerites consisting of a pair of sclerites, narrow apically; apical concave deep.
Remarks. The new species is similar to Prosopophorella zhuae Shi & Yang, 2009 from China (Guangxi) in body color, face, wing type and male genitalia. However, tarsi 3-5 of the latter is pale brown and the syntergosternite has no ventral process, whereas tarsi 3-5 in the new species is yellow and the syntergosternite has a pair of ventral processes.