Review of the genus Canalirogas van Achterberg & Chen (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) from Vietnam, with description of ten new species

Abstract The Vietnamese species of the genus Canalirogas van Achterberg & Chen, 1996 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) are revised. Ten species are new to science, viz., Canalirogas affinis sp. n., Canalirogas cucphuongensis sp. n., Canalirogas curvinervis sp. n., Canalirogas eurycerus sp. n., Canalirogas hoabinhicus sp. n., Canalirogas intermedius sp. n., Canalirogas parallelus sp. n., Canalirogas robberti sp. n., Canalirogas vittatus sp. n. and Canalirogas vuquangensis sp. n. One species is new for the Vietnamese fauna: Canalirogas spilonotus (Cameron, 1905) and Canalirogas balgooyi van Achterberg & Chen, 1996, is synonymized with it (syn. n.); a lectotype is designated for Troporhogas spilonotus. A key to the Vietnamese species of the genus is also provided.


Introduction
Little is known about most subfamilies of Braconidae from Vietnam, and the subfamily Rogadinae is no exception. For 15 years specialists of the Institute of Ecology & Biological Resources (IEBR) at Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology (VAST) and RMNH have been collecting Braconidae from all over Vietnam to get a first understanding of the Vietnamese fauna of Braconidae, partly in collaboration with Dr S. A. Belokobylskij (St. Petersburg, Russia). In this paper, the newly discovered species of the Indo-Australian genus Canalirogas van Achterberg & Chen, 1996 (Rogadinae) from Vietnam are described. It is a rather small genus comprising eleven known species (Yu et al. 2012), with Troporhogas spilonotus Cameron, 1905, from Sri Lanka to be added (Quicke and Shaw 2005). The Vietnamese species were mainly collected using sweep nets and Malaise traps. Specimens of Canalirogas mainly occur in more or less open habitats, viz., secondary forest and gardens, as indicated by the pale colour pattern of the body. As far as known, all species of Rogadinae are endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae and the larvae are mummified. The checklist and distribution of twenty Canalirogas species from the Oriental and Australian regions are given and a key to all known Vietnamese species is provided.

Material and methods
Most of the examined specimens (including the types) are deposited in the collections of IEBR and VNMN (Ha Noi, Vietnam) and RMNH (Leiden, The Netherlands). The lectotype of C. spilonotus (Cameron)  For identification of the subfamily, see van Achterberg (1990Achterberg ( , 1993Achterberg ( , 1997; for the subdivision of the subfamily, see van Achterberg (1991). For separating Canalirogas from both similar genera Macrostomion Szépligeti and Colastomion Baker and for a key to the genera see Chen and He (1997). For the terminology used in this paper, see van Achterberg (1988). Drawings were made under an Olympus SZ40 binocular microscope by the first author. Photographs with scale lines were made with a Canon® G10 camera attached to a Zeiss® 426126 binocular microscope or with a Canon® G15 camera attached to an Olympus® SZ61 binocular microscope by the first author. Those without scale lines were taken with an Olympus SZX12 motorized stereomicroscope with AnalySIS Extended Focal Imaging Software by the second author. Measurements were taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988).
Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the famous national park near its type locality: Cuc Phuong National Park. Description. Holotype, female, body length 7.2 mm, fore wing length 5.3 mm.
Colour. Yellow; antenna yellow, medial and subapical segments with medial pale band; palpi pale yellow; stemmaticum black; side of scutellum and axilla brown; metasoma yellow except first tergite basally and sixth tergite medially brown; propodeum dark brown but yellow medially; wings subhyaline.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. From 'inter' (Latin for 'between'), because this species is intermediate between C. parallelus sp. n. and C. spilonotus (Cameron), but differs from these species by having larger occelli (diameter of posterior ocellus 3.0 times as long as POL and 1.5 times as long as OOL). This species is close to C. spilonotus, but differs by having the mesopleuron antero-dorsally and below the precoxal sulcus pale yellow (dark brown antero-dorsally and more or less brownish below precoxal sulcus in C. spilonotus), the ovipositor sheath entirely brown (only apically dark brown) and the third and fourth metasomal tergites with nearly transverse striation apically (absent). Head. Antenna with 57 segments, 1.4 times longer than body; third segment 1.1 fourth segment (9:8); middle segment 2.7 times as long as wide (8:3), penultimate antennal segment 0.75 times apical segment (6:8); apical segment with spine; width of face 0.9 times length of face and clypeus combined (28:21); malar space 0.7 times as long as mandible width (4:6); basal width of mandible 0.7 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (6:9); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 3.0 times distance between pits and eyes (9:3; Fig. 44); in dorsal view height of eye 5.0 times as high as temple (20:4); in lateral view width of eye 3.4 times as long as temple (17:5); ocelli in high triangle, POL:Od:OOL = 4:6:4 (Fig. 46); distance between front and hind ocelli as long as OOL; face rugose-punctate; frons, vertex and temple smooth.
Head. Antenna with 52 segments, 1.8 times as long as fore wing; middle and subapical segments 2.6 and 2.5 times longer than wide, respectively; third antennal segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined; clypeus concave medially in lateral view, with distinct ventral rim (Fig. 51); malar space 0.6 times as long as basal width of mandible; basal width of mandible 0.7 times as long as width of hypoclypeal depression; malar suture deep; distance between tentorial pits 3.4 times distance between pits and eyes (Fig. 50); length of eye in dorsal view 5.5 times as long as temple (Fig. 53); width of eye in lateral view 3.8 times as long as temple; ocelli large, POL:Od:OOL = 1:3:1; distance between front and hind ocelli as long as OOL (Fig. 53); face with some distinct punctures laterally, with some indistinct rugae sublaterally, remainder of face, frons, vertex and temple smooth.
Metasoma. First tergite 1.7 times as long as apical width and slightly widened posteriorly (Fig. 54); first-second tergites with costate and somewhat oblique striation; third-fifth tergites with finer and more divergent striation and sixth tergite finely rugulose; medial length of second tergite 1.7 times than third segment; second suture coarsely crenulate; ovipositor sheath truncate apically and half as long as hind basitarsus; ovipositor stout (Fig. 56).
Male. Unknown. Etymylogy. Named after one of the collectors of the holotype, Mr. Rob de Vries (Leiden); for his excellent collaboration.

Material. Specimens examined from North and North
Head. Antenna with 51 segments, 1.7 times as long as fore wing; middle and subapical segments 2.6 and 2.5 times longer than wide, respectively; third antennal segment 1.3 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined; clypeus flat in lateral view (Fig. 59); malar space 0.6 times as long as basal width of mandible; basal width of mandible 0.7 times as long as width of hypoclypeal depression; malar suture deep; distance between tentorial pits 3.9 times distance between pits and eyes (Fig. 58); length of eye in dorsal view 7.8 times as long as temple (Fig. 61); width of eye in lateral view 5.6 times as long as temple; ocelli large, POL:Od:OOL = 5:14:5; distance between front and hind ocelli as long as OOL (Fig. 61); face weakly rugose sublaterally, remainder of face, frons, vertex and temple smooth.
Metasoma. First tergite 1.5 times as long as apical width and slightly widened posteriorly (Fig. 62); first-third tergites with costate and somewhat oblique striation; fourth-fifth tergites with more divergent striation; medial length of second tergite 1.6 times than third segment; second suture crenulate; ovipositor sheath truncate apically and half as long as hind basitarsus; ovipositor rather stout (Fig. 64).
Notes. This conspicuous species has the eyes in dorsal view 6-8 times longer than temple (Fig. 61) and in lateral view width of eye about 3.8 times temple (15:4; Fig.  59); ovipositor stout (Fig. 64). The lectotype of C. spilonotus (Cameron) designated in this paper falls within the (rather wide) variation limits of C. balgooyi and is, therefore, considered to be a senior synonym of the latter. Description. Holotype, female, body length 5.9 mm, fore wing length 5.0 mm, antenna 8.0 mm.
Etymology. From 'vitta' (Latin for 'ribbon, band'), because of the pale band of the antennal segments. Description. Holotype, female, body length 6.6 mm, fore wing length 4.8 mm.

Canalirogas vuquangensis
Head. Antenna with 44 segments, 1.6 times as long as fore wing; middle and subapical segments 3.3 and 2.7 times longer than wide, respectively; third antennal segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined; clypeus flat in lateral view and ventral rim not differentiated from clypeus (Fig. 73); malar space 0.7 times as long as basal width of mandible; basal width of mandible 0.7 times as long as width of hypoclypeal depression; malar suture deep; distance between tentorial pits 2.9 times distance between pits and eyes (Fig. 72); length of eye in dorsal view 8.3 times as long as temple (Fig. 75); width of eye in lateral view 4.4 times as long as temple; ocelli large, POL:Od:OOL = 2:6:3; distance between front and hind ocelli as long as OOL (Fig. 72); face distinctly granulate submedially and orbita sparsely punctate, remainder of face superficially coriaceous; frons, vertex and temple smooth.
Metasoma. First tergite 1.9 times as long as apical width and slightly widened posteriorly (Fig. 76); first-second tergites with rather coarse and somewhat oblique rugae; third-fifth tergites with more divergent rugulae and sixth tergite mainly coriaceous; medial length of second tergite 1.7 times longer than of third segment; second suture moderately crenulate; ovipositor sheath truncate apically and 0.6 times as long as hind basitarsus; ovipositor moderately stout (Fig. 78).
Male. Unknown. Etymylogy. Named after the type locality in Central Vietnam.