Genus Meleonoma Meyrick, 1914 (Lepidoptera, Autostichidae) from Hainan Island, China, with descriptions of sixteen new species

Abstract Sixteen new species of the genus Meleonoma Meyrick, 1914 from Hainan Island, China are described: M. apicicurvata Wang, sp. nov., M. apicirectangula Wang, sp. nov., M. bicuspidata Wang, sp. nov., M. bidentata Wang, sp. nov., M. conica Wang, sp. nov., M. hainanensis Wang, sp. nov., M. latiunca Wang, sp. nov., M. linearis Wang, sp. nov., M. magnidentata Wang, sp. nov., M. ornithorrhyncha Wang, sp. nov., M. parilis Wang, sp. nov., M. pectinalis Wang, sp. nov., M. puncticulata Wang, sp. nov., M. quadritaeniata Wang, sp. nov., M. robustispina Wang, sp. nov. and M. rostellata Wang, sp. nov. Images of adult dorsal habitus and genitalia of the new species are provided. A map showing the collecting localities and photos of the habitat where the specimens were collected are provided, along with two maps showing the distribution of each species.


Introduction
described the genus Meleonoma and classified it in the family Oecophoridae. It was subsequently placed in Cosmopterigidae (Clarke 1965;Nye and Fletcher 1991;Li andWang 2002, 2004), Lypusidae (Lvovsky 2015;Park and Park 2016), and back to Oecophoridae (Yin and Wang 2016a;Kitajima and Sakamaki 2019). In recent study, Meleonoma is hypothesized to be part of the subfamily Periacminae (Autostichidae) based on both molecular data and morphological study (Wang and Li 2020).
Meleonoma is characterized by having narrow to broad lanceolate forewings, the sacculus, in most species, separated from the valva entirely or distally, and a spinous patch on the tergites of both male and female. It is morphologically similar to the genus Phaulolechia Diakonoff, 1952, but can be distinguished by the termen of the forewing not concave below the apex, R 5 extended to the costa, and CuA 1 and CuA 2 separate. In species of Phaulolechia, the termen of the forewing is concave below the apex, R 5 extends to the termen, and CuA 1 and CuA 2 are fused at the base (Diakonoff 1952: 89).
Meleonoma is represented by 85 valid species (excluding five species with generic assignment uncertain) distributed in the Palearctic and Oriental regions Wang and Tao 2020).  proposed eight species groups for Meleonoma based on both molecular and morphological study, and assigned most described species to the proposed groups. The aim of the present paper is to report the species of Meleonoma collected on Hainan Island including the descriptions of sixteen new species.
Hainan Island is located in the South China Sea east of Viet Nam and has an area of 34,000 square kilometers. It lies between tropical and subtropical regions, so has an average temperature between 22 °C and 26 °C. Hainan Island is rich in natural resources and biological diversity. There are 5860 species of plants known to occur on Hainan Island with 502 endemic species (Yang 2013), which provides a diversity of habitat for insects (Fig. 1).
The sixteen new species can be assigned to five species groups. Meleonoma apicicurvata sp. nov., M. linearis sp. nov. and M. rostellata sp. nov. belong to the facialis group, which are characterized by a yellow forewing with a dark costal spot and a dark apical patch. Meleonoma magnidentata sp. nov. belongs to the acutiuscula group, which are characterized by a dark forewing usually with two small yellow costal spots. Meleonoma bicuspidata sp. nov., M. latiunca sp. nov., M. pectinalis sp. nov., M. hainanensis sp. nov., M. ornithorrhyncha sp. nov., M. parilis sp. nov. and M. quadritaeniata sp. nov. belong to the segregnatha group, which share a dark forewing with more yellow spots. Meleonoma bidentata sp. nov. can be assigned to the annulignatha group, which are characterized by having a dark forewing with two yellow costal spots and a dorsal spot, an uncus with a bifurcate apex, and a circular gnathos. Meleonoma apicirectangula sp. nov. can be assigned to the fasciptera group, which are characterized by the forewing having a median yellow fascia and a yellow costal spot. Meleonoma conica sp. nov., M. puncticulata sp. nov. and M. robustispina sp. nov. share a yellow forewing with some small dark costal and terminal dots. We tentatively place these three species in a new group, the puncticulata group, which needs to be confirmed by molecular data.
In addition to the new species, we also collected and identified five described species in Hainan Island during this study: M. apicispinata Wang, 2016 and M. liui (Wang, 2006) belong to the segregnatha group; M. facialis Li &Wang, 2002 andM. polychaeta Li, 2004 belong to the facialis group; and M. microbyrsa (Wang, 2003) belongs to the malacobyrsa group.
Two maps showing the localities of all 21 species collected on Hainan Island are provided (Fig. 2).

Material and methods
The identification of species was based on dried specimens collected on Hainan Island from 2007 to 2018 by using light traps, with a small number being netted during daytime. We made 22 expeditions to this island, covering almost all the mountains of Hainan Island (Table 1; Fig. 3).
Genitalia dissection and mounting follow the methods introduced by Li (2002), stained using Eosin Y, occasionally with Chlorazol Black E for membranous structure. Images of adults were taken with a Leica M205A stereomicroscope and genitalia were prepared using a Leica DM750 microscope, equipped with Leica Application Suite 4.2 software. Distribution maps were prepared using DIVA-GIS Ver. 7.5.0 and output as TIF files that were edited subsequently in Adobe Photoshop CC.  Terminology follows . Species are arranged by species groups. The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection of Nankai University, Tianjin, China (NKU).

Diagnosis.
The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by having the apex of the valva curved dorsally at almost a right angle, a sub-ovate process extending from beyond the sacculus of the valva, and a large vinculum extended to a broadly rounded anterior margin.
Description. Adult (Fig. 4). Wingspan 8.0-10.0 mm. Head yellow, vertex mixed with black. Labial palpus yellow; second segment with distal 2/3 mixed with black scales, forming a black ring at apex; third segment mixed with black scales from middle to before apex on dorsal surface. Antenna yellow; flagellum alternated with black on dorsal surface except several basal flagellomeres yellow. Thorax yellow; tegula black basally, yellow distally. Forewing yellow, with black scales; costal margin with basal 1/4 black, diffused to above fold posteriorly; costal spot black, sub-triangular, from between basal 2/5 and 2/3 extending crossing anterior margin of cell posteriorly; apical patch black, running from distal part of costal margin along termen; tornal spot black, ill-defined; distal and plical spots black, ovate; black dot at anterior angle of cell distinct; fringe yellow, tinged with blackish brown. Hindwing and fringe grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: foreleg mixed with black scales on femur and tibia, first tarsomere of tarsus with a black dot, apical three tarsomeres black; midleg with femur black apically, tibia black except yellow apically, tarsus black except yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres; hindleg with scattered black scales. Male genitalia (Fig. 20). Uncus slightly wide at base, narrowed from base to pointed apex. Tegumen widened medially; lateral arm slightly narrowed anteriorly. Valva wide at base, slightly narrowed from base to before basal 2/3, curved upward at ca. distal 1/3 almost at a right angle, obtusely rounded at apex; ventral margin heavily sclerotized, forming a wide band reaching ca. distal 1/3, with a large sub-ovate process beyond sacculus; costa wide, with sparse setae; transtilla short, narrowed to pointed apex. Sacculus sub-triangular, relatively small, heavily sclerotized on margins, with sparse long setae on dorsal surface. Vinculum extended anteriorly, broadly rounded on anterior margin. Juxta slender, arched in U-shape (attached to apex of phallus). Phallus slender, strongly curved medially, more than twice length of valva, heavily sclerotized distally, with a fusiform sclerite.

Meleonoma linearis
Description. Adult (Fig. 5). Wingspan 9.5-10.0 mm. Head yellow, in some individuals, head blackish brown, yellow along dorsal margin of eyes and occiput. Labial palpus yellow; second segment with dense blackish brown scales on outer surface, forming a ring at apex; third segment ca. 1/2 length of second segment, with dense blackish brown scales. Antenna yellow; scape blackish brown basally; flagellum alternated with blackish brown on dorsal surface. Thorax blackish brown, pale yellow laterally; tegula blackish brown basally, pale yellow distally. Forewing pale yellow, with scattered blackish brown scales; with a rounded black spot at base below costal margin, with an ovate blackish brown spot near base of cell; costal margin blackish brown along basal 1/3; costal spot blackish brown, large, inverted triangular, from between basal 1/3 and basal 2/3 extending crossing anterior margin of cell posteriorly; apical patch blackish brown; tornal spot greyish black, small; discal and plical spots blackish brown; blackish brown dot at anterior and posterior angles of cell, touching costal and tornal spots respectively; dorsum with a diffused blackish brown spot at base; fringe greyish black. Hindwing and fringe grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore tarsus blackish brown, yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres, tarsi of mid-and hindlegs blackish brown except yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all tibiae blackish brown except yellow apically.
Male genitalia (Fig. 21). Uncus slightly wide at base, narrowed from base to rounded apex. Tegumen U-shaped, widened medially; lateral arm uniformly wide. Valva subparallel from base to apex, with dense long and stout setae distally; apex obtusely rounded, with a spine arising from above ventroapical corner; ventral margin sclerotized, forming a narrow band ending with a long spine apically, with a small subtriangular process at base; costa convex and sparsely setose basally, shallowly concave medially; transtilla lineate, straight inwards, shortly joined by membrane. Sacculus rectangular, shorter than width; dorsal margin narrowly sclerotized, concave before apex; apex shallowly concave, produced to a clavate dorsoapical process and a small triangular ventroapical process, with a fold from ventroapical process extending obliquely upward to ca. middle of sacculus. Saccus clavate, ca. twice as long as uncus, wide at base, narrowed from base to rounded apex. Juxta V-shaped. Phallus approximately 1.5 × length of valva, widened medially, partly membranous distally, with a straightly clubbed process apically; cornuti being two large stout spines, placed distally.
Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin linearis (adj., lineate), referring to the lineate transtilla in the male genitalia.  Wang, 2016 in the male genitalia, but can be differentiated from the latter by the valva with a small rostral process at base on the ventral margin, the sacculus serrate and obliquely truncate apically, and the saccus shorter than the uncus; in M. dorsolobulata, the valva has a lobate process at base on the ventral margin, the sacculus is obliquely rounded dorsoapically, and the saccus is as long as the uncus (Yin and Wang 2016b: 136, fig. 7). The new species can be distinguished in the female genitalia by the lamella antevaginalis concave in V-shape medially on the anterior margin that forms two rounded reticulate anterolateral lobes, and the corpus bursae with two signa different in size.

Meleonoma rostellata
Description. Adult (Fig. 6). Wingspan 7.0-8.0 mm. Head with frons yellow; vertex blackish grey, with yellow scales laterally; occiput yellow. Labial palpus yellow; second segment with scattered blackish grey scales on outer surface, with a blackish grey ring apically; third segment blackish grey medially, ca. 2/3 length of second segment. Antenna yellow, scape mixed with blackish brown scales dorsally; flagellum ringed with brown on dorsal surface. Thorax blackish brown medially, yellow laterally; tegula blackish brown basally, yellow distally. Forewing yellow, with scattered black scales; costal margin with a black stripe along basal 1/3, widened basally, with a small dim black dot before apex; costal spot black, large, semicircular, extending crossing anterior margin of cell posteriorly, slightly placed beyond middle; apical patch black, large; tornal spot black, diffused to apical patch along termen, before tornal spot situated a black dot; discal and plical spots black; black dot at anterior and posterior angles of cell respectively, almost inseparable from costal and tornal spots; dorsum with a black spot at base; fringe greyish black. Hindwing and fringe blackish grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: foreleg mixed with blackish grey scales on coxa, tarsi of fore-and midlegs blackish grey except yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres, tarsus of hindleg yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all femora mixed with blackish grey scales.
Female genitalia (Fig. 36). Papillae anales sub-quadrate, setose. Apophyses posteriores approximately 2.5 × as long as apophyses anteriores. Eighth sternal plate spiculate; posterior margin bearing long setae, deeply and narrowly incised medially, forming two large semicircular lateral lobes; anterior margin convex medially. Lamella antevaginalis straight on posterior margin, concave in V-shape medially on anterior margin, forming two rounded reticulate anterolateral lobes. Ductus bursae membranous, widened anteriorly; ductus seminalis arising from ductus bursae near entrance of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae rounded, nearly as long as ductus bursae, with two signa different in size: one sub-rounded, placed at entrance of corpus bursae, with dense teeth, the other elongate-ovate, with dense teeth and a large spine.
Distribution. Hainan (Baisha, Jianfengling, Mt. Wuzhi, Yinggeling). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin rostellatus (adj., rostrated), referring to the rostral process at the base on the ventral margin of the valva in the male genitalia. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the valva with several large, strong denticles different in number and size on the ventral margin, and by the lamella antevaginalis being broad rectangular ventrally, narrowly banded dorsally, and joined laterally.
Description. Adult (Fig. 7). Wingspan 18.0-18.5 mm. Head blackish brown, mixed with yellow. Labial palpus yellow; second segment with blackish brown scales on outer surface, with a blackish brown ring at apex; third segment slightly shorter than second segment, mixed with sparse blackish brown scales. Antenna with scape blackish brown basally, yellow distally; flagellum blackish brown. Thorax and tegula blackish brown. Forewing blackish brown; costal margin with two yellow spots: antemedian spot rectangular, from before basal 1/3 oblique outwards, crossing anterior margin of cell posteriorly, distal spot sub-triangular, at ca. distal 1/4; cell with a small yellow spot near outer margin; plical spot yellow, very small; fringe yellow, except greyish black along distal part of costal margin and around tornus. Hindwing and fringe yellowish grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: foreleg blackish brown, femur scattered with yellow scales apically, tarsus yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres; mid-and hindlegs blackish brown, tarsi yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all tibiae yellow apically.
Valva narrow at base, widened from base to basal 1/3, thereafter narrowed to rounded apex, setose; ventral margin projected medially, with several large, strong denticles along basal 2/3, different in number and size on left and right valvae; costa lineate, reaching before apex of valva, with sparse setae basally; transtilla short and wide, narrowed to apex, with long setae at base. Sacculus wide at base, narrowed from base to before apex; apex triangularly produced, setose; ventral margin sclerotized and folded. Saccus ca. 1/2 length of uncus, wide at base, narrowed to rounded apex. Juxta U-shaped; lateral lobe clubbed, slightly enlarged distally. Phallus stout, approximately as long as valva, slightly widened medially, with a spine before apex and numerous teeth sparsely grouped below it.
Distribution. Hainan (Jianfengling, Mt. Limu, Mt. Diaoluo, Mt. Wuzhi). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin magni-(adj., large) and dentatus (adj., dentate), referring to the large denticles on the ventral margin of the valva. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the uniformly wide tegumen straight on posterior margin, the sclerotized and widely banded ventral margin of the valva with two apical spines close at base, and the sacculus with a papillary process below middle of apex.
Description. Adult (Fig. 8). Wingspan 10.0-11.0 mm. Head greyish black, yellow laterally, occiput yellow tipped with greyish black. Labial palpus yellow; second segment mixed with dense black scales on outer surface, forming a black ring at apex; third segment shorter than second segment, with blackish grey scales in basal 2/3. Antenna with scape greyish black basally, yellow distally; flagellum greyish black, annulated with yellow on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula greyish black. Forewing greyish black; costal margin with median yellow spot before middle, small, distal yellow spot at distal 1/4, large, inverted triangular, extending crossing anterior angle of cell posteriorly, with a greyish black dot anteromedially; discal spot black, rounded, with crescent yellow spot encircled its anterior and outer margins; plical spot black, placed at distal 1/3, edged with yellow scales; cell with two black spots near outer margin, placed one above the other, with a large yellow spot between them; dorsal spot yellow, small, placed at end of fold; fringe greyish black mixed with yellow. Hindwing and fringe pale grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore coxa greyish black, tarsi of fore-and midlegs greyish black, yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres, hind tarsus greyish black, yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all tibiae greyish black, yellow apically.
Male genitalia (Fig. 24). Uncus wide at base, narrowed from base to ca. middle, uniformly narrow from middle to narrowly rounded apex. Gnathos sclerotized laterally, not exceeding posterior margin of tegumen, invisible anteriorly. Tegumen uniformly wide except lateral arm slightly narrowed anteriorly, straight on posterior margin, distinctly angled posterolaterally. Valva narrow basally, widened distally; apex obliquely obtuse, produced dorsoapically, with dense setae; ventral margin heavily sclerotized, forming a wide band, triangularly projected at base, concave medially, with two short apical spines close at base: dorsal spine large and narrowly rounded at apex, ventral spine short, pointed at apex; costa wide basally, slightly narrowed distally, reaching apex of valva; transtilla shortly enlarged, not extended. Sacculus wide at base, narrowed to apex; apex oblique, with a sclerotized edge along posterior half, with a setose papillary process below middle; ventral margin overlapped triangularly. Saccus more than twice length of uncus, narrowed from broad base to middle, subparallel from middle to before rounded apex. Juxta arched in V-shape, inflated apically. Phallus slightly longer than valva; basal half tubular, sclerotized, distal half partly membranous; narrow ribbon-like belt crossing beyond distal 1/4, then one branch curved and extending downward to before apex; the other branch extending outward, slender basally, widened from basal 1/3 to distal 1/3, fused with apex of phallus, being a large free spine distally.
Female unknown. Distribution. Hainan (Bawangling, Jianfengling, Mt. Wuzhi). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin bicuspidatus (adj., having two spines), referring to the two apical spines on the ventral margin of the valva. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the uncus with several long stout setae distally and the valva with a row of short setae arranged like a comb apically. It is similar to M. pectinalis sp. nov., and the differences between them are stated in the diagnosis of the latter species.

Meleonoma latiunca
Description. Adult (Fig. 9). Wingspan 8.0-10.0 mm. Head greyish brown. Labial palpus yellow; first and second segments with dense blackish grey scales; second segment with two indistinct blackish brown rings in distal half; third segment shorter than second segment, with scattered blackish grey scales. Antenna yellow; scape with dense greyish black scales dorsally; flagellum annulated with blackish grey on dorsal surface. Thorax and tegula blackish grey. Forewing broad lanceolate, apex narrowly rounded; ground color blackish grey, with scattered black scales, with a rounded yellow spot at base below costal margin; costal margin with median yellow spot rectangular, from basal 2/5 extending obliquely outward to before posterior margin of cell, distal yellow spot elongate elliptical, from distal 1/4 extending to anterior angle of cell; cell with black spot at ca. basal 2/3 and at posterior angle respectively, edged with yellow scales; plical spot black, edged with yellow scales; dorsal yellow spot at end of fold, smaller; fringe blackish grey. Hindwing and fringe pale greyish brown. Legs greyish yellow; on ventral surface, foreleg mixed with greyish brown on coxa, tarsi of fore-and midlegs greyish brown, yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres, hind tarsus greyish brown, yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all femora mixed with greyish brown scales, tibiae greyish brown except yellow apically.
Male genitalia (Fig. 25). Uncus wide at base, narrowed from base to basal 2/3, outer margin convex; distal 1/3 uniformly wide except narrowly rounded apex, with several stout setae. Gnathos sclerotized laterally, membranous anteriorly. Tegumen narrowed medially; lateral arm uniformly narrow, rounded anteriorly. Valva sub-triangular, narrow at base, widened to rounded apex; apex with a row of short setae arranged like a comb, running from pre-apex of costa along apex to ventroapex, obliquely rounded; ventral margin heavily sclerotized, with a crescent sclerite at base; costa straight, with sparse setae. Sacculus wide at base, slightly narrowed to obtuse apex; apex heavily sclerotized, forming a sclerotized band. Saccus slender, slightly longer than uncus, wide at base, narrowed from base to narrowly rounded apex. Juxta broadly U-shaped; lateral lobe short. Phallus longer than valva, tubular; cornutus absent.
Female unknown. Distribution. Hainan (Bawangling, Yinggeling). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin latus (adj., broad) and the Latin term uncus (n., uncus), referring to the basally wide uncus. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the uncus with a tuft of long setae at apex, and by the elliptical corpus bursae full of dense denticles that form a conspicuous inverted U-shaped area. It is similar to M. latiunca sp. nov. in the male genitalia, but can be distinguished by the uncus dilated distally, the tegumen widened medially, and the saccus slightly shorter than the uncus; in M. latiunca, the uncus is not dilated distally, the tegumen is narrowed medially, and the saccus is longer than the uncus.

Meleonoma pectinalis
Description. Adult (Fig. 10). Wingspan 8.0-9.0 mm. Head black, vertex with yellow scales laterally. Labial palpus yellow; second segment with dense blackish brown in basal 2/3, with a blackish brown ring before apex; third segment nearly 2/3 length of second segment, with blackish brown scales medially. Antenna with scape yellow, mixed with blackish brown scales; flagellum blackish brown, ringed with yellow ventrally. Thorax greyish black, mixed with sparse yellow scales; tegula greyish black. Forewing greyish black, with a diffused yellow spot at base below costal margin; costal margin with two orange spots: first spot from basal 1/3 extending to middle of cell posteriorly, sub-rectangular, second spot triangular, from distal 1/4 extending obliquely to beyond anterior angle of cell posteriorly, with a blackish brown dot at middle anteriorly; cell with a black spot at basal 1/3, with two black spots near outer margin placed one above the other, with a large orange spot between them, small black dots on inside of yellow spot; plical spot black, rounded, bordered by orange-yellow spots on outside, placed at distal 1/3 of fold; dorsal spot orange, smaller, placed before end of fold; fringe greyish black, mixed with yellow basally. Hindwing and fringe greyish brown. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore coxa blackish brown, tarsi of fore-and midlegs blackish brown, yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres, hind tarsus blackish brown, yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all femora with dense blackish brown scales, tibiae blackish brown, yellow apically.
Male genitalia (Fig. 26). Uncus wide at base, narrowed from base to basal 1/5, uniformly wide from basal 1/5 to basal 3/5, thereafter dilated elliptically, with a vertical semicircular sclerite near base; apex rounded, with a tuft of long setae. Gnathos weakly sclerotized laterally, just exceeding posterior margin of tegumen, invisible anteriorly. Tegumen widened medially; lateral arm narrow and short, shorter than median width, narrowed anteriorly. Valva triangular, narrow at base, widened to apex, with a small pad bearing several long setae at basal 1/3 on inner surface, with strong long setae distally; apex obliquely rounded, with a row of short setae arranged like a comb; costa narrow, lineate in distal half, with sparse long setae; ventral margin heavily sclerotized, forming a narrow band. Sacculus wide at base, slightly narrowed from base to apex; apex rounded, heavily sclerotized, covered with sparse setae. Saccus wide at base, narrowed to rounded apex; slightly shorter than uncus. Juxta slender, weakly arched. Phallus longer than valva, wide medially, with a large U-shaped sclerite distally.
Distribution. Hainan (Bawangling, Jianfengling). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin pectinalis (adj., comblike), referring to the valva with a row of setae along apex arranged like a comb. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the uncus with a sclerotized conic plate from middle of base reaching distal 1/3, and the valva distinctly angled at basal 1/3 on the ventral margin.

Meleonoma hainanensis
Description. Adult (Fig. 11). Wingspan 14.5-15.0 mm. Head with frons yellow on upper half, black on lower half; vertex blackish brown, yellow along dorsal margin of eyes and occiput. Labial palpus yellow; second segment mixed with dense black scales on outer surface, forming a black ring apically; third segment mixed with sparse black scales. Antenna with scape black, yellow along posterior margin; flagellum black annulated with yellow dorsally, yellow ventrally. Thorax blackish brown, edged with yellow scales; tegula blackish brown, tinged with yellow scales distally. Forewing blackish brown, with yellow and black scales; costal yellow spot situated before middle, crossing anterior margin of cell posteriorly, distal yellow spot at 1/4, sub-triangular, narrowed posteriorly, extending beyond anterior angle of cell, with a blackish brown dot at middle anteriorly; dorsal yellow spot diffused, ill-defined; cell with a black spot beyond basal 2/3 and at posterior angle respectively, both edged with yellow scales; plical spot black, at distal 2/5 of fold; terminal dots blackish brown interrupted by yellow scales, extending from distal part of costal margin through termen to before tornus; fringe blackish grey tinged with yellow. Hindwing and fringe deep grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: foreleg with coxa greyish black, tarsus greyish black except yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres, tibiae of fore-and midlegs greyish black, yellow apically, mid tarsus greyish black except yellow at apex of each tarsomere, hind tibia greyish black, tarsus mixed with sparse greyish black scales; all femora covered with dense greyish black scales.
Female unknown. Distribution. Hainan (Mt. Diaoluo). Etymology. The specific epithet is from the type locality, Hainan, China. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the distally dilated valva with a beak-shaped process ventroapically, the U-shaped juxta with large spine-shaped lateral lobes sharp at apex, and the sacculus fused with the valva, and by the entirely sclerotized ductus bursae, and the two large signa of the corpus bursae each with a strong spine medially.

Meleonoma ornithorrhyncha
Description. Adult (Fig. 12). Wingspan 10.0-11.0 mm. Head with frons yellow; vertex blackish brown, with yellow scales laterally. Labial palpus yellow; first segment black on outer surface; second segment with dense blackish brown scales in basal 3/4 on outer surface, with a black ring apically; third segment with a black dot medially on dorsal surface, nearly 2/3 as long as second segment. Antenna yellow; flagellum ringed with blackish brown. Thorax blackish brown, yellow at base laterally; tegula blackish brown on basal half, yellow on distal half. Forewing elongate narrow, apex pointed; ground color blackish brown, with an irregular longitudinal yellow stripe from base to middle; costal margin with median yellow spot placed before middle, diffused to preceding stripe posteriorly, distal yellow spot large, irregular, mixed with blackish brown scales, placed beyond distal 1/3, extending to posterior angle of cell posteriorly, with a blackish brown dot at middle anteriorly; small yellow spots running from apex along termen, last spot extending to distal spot of costal margin; dorsum with small yellow spot near base and at end of fold respectively; plical spot black, at distal 1/3 of fold; fringe blackish brown, with a pale yellow basal line. Hindwing and fringe greyish black. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore coxa black, femur black; femora of mid-and hindlegs with scattered black scales, tarsi black except yellow at apices of basal three tarsomeres; hind tarsus black, yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all tibiae black except yellow apically.

Meleonoma parilis
Description. Adult (Fig. 13). Wingspan 11.0-12.0 mm. Head with frons blackish grey mixed with yellow scales; vertex blackish grey, yellow laterally. Labial palpus yellow; first and second segments mixed with dense blackish grey scales, with a black ring apically; third segment 2/3 length of second segment, blackish grey in basal 2/3. Antenna yellow; scape with scattered blackish grey scales; flagellum ringed with blackish grey. Thorax blackish grey, yellow laterally; tegula blackish grey basally, yellow distally. Forewing elongate-lanceolate, apex narrowly rounded; ground color orange-yellow; costal margin with four black spots: first one at base, rounded, extending to above fold posteriorly; second one horizontally narrow rectangular, from between basal 1/6 and 1/3 extending to above anterior margin of cell posteriorly; third one largest, parallelogram-shaped, from between 2/5 and distal 1/3 crossing anterior margin of cell posteriorly; fourth one small, at ca. distal 1/4, consisting of a few black scales; apex with a large black spot, diffused to costal margin and termen; tornal spot black, large, extending to posterior corner of cell; cell with a diffused black spot near base and a rectangular spot at ca. distal 1/3; plical spot black, large, at basal 2/3 of fold, diffused to discal spot anteriorly; dorsum greyish black along basal 2/3, forming a large stripe; fringe blackish grey, yellow basally. Hindwing and fringe deep grey, yellow basally. Legs orange-yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore coxa blackish brown; tarsi of fore-and midlegs blackish brown, yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres; hind tarsus blackish brown, yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all femora tinged with blackish brown scales, tibiae blackish brown, yellow apically.
Male genitalia (Fig. 29). Uncus straight, uniform in width from near base to truncate apex. Gnathos sclerotized laterally, crossing anterior margin of tegumen, membranous anteriorly. Tegumen widened medially, concave anteriorly; lateral arm narrowed anteriorly, shorter than median width. Valva with basal half uniformly wide, widened from middle to apex, with a small setose pad at base; apex obtusely rounded, produced dorsoapically, with long setae; ventral margin heavily sclerotized, forming a wide band with a spine-shaped apical process ca. 2/5 length of uncus, directing downward, almost forming a right angle with ventral margin; costa widely banded, reaching pre-apex of valva; transtilla weakly sclerotized, indistinctly joined by membrane medially. Sacculus sub-rectangular, shorter than width, broadly overlapped ventrally; apex heavily sclerotized, with dense setae. Saccus wide at base, narrowed from base to rounded apex, slightly longer than uncus. Juxta slender, arched in C-shape. Phallus longer than valva, basal half uniformly wide, weakly sclerotized; distal half mostly membranous, with fine wrinkles; long and wide banded plate from before apex far exceeding apex, widened and truncate apically; cornuti being two large spines joined at base.
Distribution. Hainan (Bawangling, Jianfengling, Mt. Limu, Mt. Wuzhi, Yinggeling). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin parilis (adj., evenly wide), referring to the evenly wide uncus. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the phallus with four narrowly band-shaped sclerites in distal 1/3. It is similar to M. parilis sp. nov., and the differences between them can be found in the diagnosis of the preceding species.

Meleonoma quadritaeniata
Description. Adult (Fig. 14). Wingspan 10.0-11.0 mm. Head orange, frons with blackish brown scales, vertex with scales tipped blackish brown. Labial palpus orange; first and second segments with black scales on outer surface; second segment with a black ring apically; third segment tinged with brown scales, nearly 2/3 length of second segment. Antenna yellow; scape black on basal half dorsally; flagellum ringed with blackish brown on dorsal surface. Thorax black medially, yellow laterally; tegula black basally, yellow distally. Forewing orange-yellow; costal margin with four black spots: first spot at base, sub-rectangular, extending to fold posteriorly; second spot from beyond basal 1/4 diffused and narrowed to middle of cell posteriorly; third spot from basal 1/3 widened to before distal 1/3; fourth spot small, placed at distal 1/5, consisting of several black scales; apex with a large diffused black spot, anteriorly diffused to costal margin; cell with a diffused black spot at middle and a rectangular black spot at distal 1/3, the latter below third costal spot; plical spot at middle of fold, diffused to second costal spot; tornal spot large, equally sized with apical spot; dorsum with black spot at base and before middle respectively; fringe greyish blackish except yellow basally. Hindwing and fringe blackish grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore-and midlegs scattered with dense black scales, tibiae of fore-and midlegs yellow apically, tarsi of fore-and midlegs yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres, hindleg whitish yellow mixed with black scales.
Female unknown. Distribution. Hainan (Mt. Wuzhi). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin quadri-(of four) and taeniatus (adj., banded), referring to the four banded plates of the phallus. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished by the uncus with two denticles apically and the medially widened tegumen with slender lateral arm slightly extending inward anteriorly; and by the entirely spiculate corpus bursae with an elongate dentate signum at bottom.
Description. Adult (Fig. 15). Wingspan 10.0-11.0 mm. Head yellow; vertex blackish brown, lateral scales yellow basally. Labial palpus yellow; first and second segments with dense blackish grey scales on outer surface; second segment inflated at apex by rough scales; third segment shorter than 1/2 length of second segment, greyish black on basal half. Antenna with scape yellowish brown on dorsal surface, yellow on ventral surface; flagellum yellow alternated with greyish black. Thorax and tegula greyish black. Forewing dark brown, with diffused yellow spot near base below costal margin and at base of dorsum respectively; costal margin with median yellow spot rounded, from before middle reaching middle of cell posteriorly, edged with sparse black scales, distal yellow spot larger, inverted triangular, from distal 1/4 extending ventrad crossing middle of wing, with a small black dot at middle anteriorly; cell with a black spot beyond middle, anteriorly touching median spot of costal margin, with a large diffused black spot at outer margin, interrupted by a yellow spot; plical spot black, placed at distal 2/5 of fold, bordered by a yellow spot at outside; yellow dorsal spot rounded, at end of fold; fringe greyish black, tinged with yellow basally. Hindwing and fringe grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore coxa with scattered blackish brown scales, tarsi of fore-and midlegs blackish brown, yellow at apices of basal two and apical one tarsomeres, hind tarsus with basal three tarsomeres blackish brown except yellow at apex of each tarsomere; all femora with dense blackish brown scales, tibiae blackish brown except yellow apically.
Distribution. Hainan (Bawangling, Dongfang). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin bidentatus (adj., bidentate), referring to the two apical denticles of the uncus.  (Wang, 2003) in the male genitalia. It can be separated from the latter by the transtilla pointed at apex and the sacculus produced to a sub-rectangular process dorsoapically. In M. neargometra, the  transtilla is rounded at apex and the sacculus is produced to a sub-triangular process dorsoapically (Wang 2003: 202, fig. 9).
Description. Adult (Fig. 16). Wingspan 13.0-14.0 mm. Head with frons yellowish white mixed with blackish brown, vertex blackish brown. Labial palpus yellow; distal half of second segment mixed with dense black scales on outer surface, forming a black ring at apex; third segment mixed with dense black scales from distal half to before apex ventrally. Antenna blackish brown; scape mixed with yellow; flagellum annulated with yellow ventrally. Thorax and tegula blackish brown. Forewing blackish brown, tinged with pale yellow to yellow scales; median fascia yellow, with blackish brown scales medially, extending from basal 2/5 of costal margin obliquely outward to around tornus, widened posteriorly; costal spot yellow, inverted triangular, edged with sparse blackish brown scales, extending to outer margin of cell posteriorly; fringe blackish brown. Hindwing and fringe greyish brown. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore coxa blackish brown; femora of fore-and midlegs with dense blackish brown scales, hind femur with sparse blackish brown scales; tarsi of fore-and midlegs blackish brown, yellow at apices of basal two and apical one tarsomeres, hind tarsus with basal three tarsomeres blackish brown except yellow apically; all tibiae blackish brown except yellow apically.
Female unknown. Distribution. Hainan (Baisha, Bawangling, Mt. Wuzhi). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin apic-(adj., apical) and rectangulus (adj., rectangular), referring to the shape of the apical process of the sacculus.  (Wang, 2006), M. stica (Wang, 2006) and M. puncticulata sp. nov. in the forewing patterns. It can be distinguished from M. leishana and M. stica by the uncus longer than the saccus and the phallus without sclerotized belts distally; in M. leishana (Wang, 2006) (Wang 2006a: 131, fig. 216) and M. stica (Wang, 2006) (Wang 2006b: 25, fig. 15), the uncus is shorter than the saccus and the phallus has sclerotized belts distally. It can be separated from M. puncticulata by the uncus tapered from base to apex, the relatively narrower and shorter saccus ca. 3/5 the length of the uncus, and the phallus without cornutus; in M. puncticulata, the uncus is widened from base to middle, thereafter narrowed to apex, the saccus is almost as long as the uncus, and the phallus has a strong cornutus.
Description. Adult (Fig. 17). Wingspan 14.5 mm. Head yellow. Labial palpus yellow; second segment with blackish brown scales dorsally, forming a dark dot before apex; third segment with sparse blackish brown scales dorsally. Antenna yellow, flagellum annulated with brown (worn). Thorax yellow (worn); tegula yellow, blackish brown at base. Forewing yellow, with blackish brown scales; costal margin with blackish brown dot at base, beyond middle and at distal 1/3 respectively; cell with a blackish brown spot beyond middle and at outer margin respectively; plical spots blackish brown, small, rounded; terminal dots running from distal part of costal margin along termen to tornus, evenly spaced; fringe yellow. Hindwing and fringe grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: fore-and midlegs blackish brown, tibia of midleg yellow apically, tarsus of midleg yellow at apex of each tarsomere, hindleg covered with blackish brown scales.
Female unknown.

Distribution. Hainan (Dongfang).
Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin conicus (adj., conic), referring to the shape of the uncus in the male genitalia.  (Wang, 2006) and M. stica (Wang, 2006) superficially. It differs from the latter two species by the saccus almost as long as the uncus and the valva evenly wide distally; whereas the saccus is distinctly longer than the uncus and the valva is widened distally before apex in M. leishana (Wang 2006a: 131, fig. 216) and M. stica (Wang 2006b: 25, fig. 15). The new species is similar to M. conica sp. nov., and the differences between them are stated in the preceding species.

Meleonoma puncticulata
Description. Adult (Fig. 18). Wingspan 12.0-13.0 mm. Head yellow, vertex with brown scales, frons pale yellow. Labial palpus yellow; second segment with sparse blackish brown scales on outer surface, with a blackish brown ring before apex; third segment slightly shorter than second segment, blackish brown ventrally. Antenna with scape yellow, with blackish brown scales on anterior margin; flagellum blackish brown annulated with yellow dorsally, yellow ventrally. Thorax and tegula yellow mixed with sparse blackish brown scales. Forewing pale yellow to orange-yellow, with blackish brown scales; costal margin with blackish brown dot at base, at basal 3/5 and distal 1/4 respectively; discal and plical spots blackish brown, small and rounded; cell with a round blackish brown at middle, with a transversely elongate spot before posterior angle of cell; dense blackish brown scales from apex along termen to tornus, forming an apical patch; terminal dots blackish brown, running from apex through termen to tornus; fringe yellow except blackish grey on distal part of costal margin and around tornus. Hindwing and fringe greyish brown. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: foreleg blackish brown except coxa yellow mixed with blackish brown, tarsus yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres; midleg with blackish brown scales on femur, tibia blackish brown except yellow apically, tarsus blackish brown except yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres; hindleg tinged with blackish brown scales on tibia and tarsus.
Male genitalia (Fig. 34). Uncus elongate, narrow at base, widened from base to middle, thereafter narrowed to pointed apex, with a single long seta laterally near base. Gnathos very short, only distinct basally. Tegumen widened medially; lateral arm short, slightly narrowed anteriorly. Valva elongate, widened from base to basal 1/3, subparallel from basal 1/3 to rounded apex, setose; ventral margin with basal 1/3 sclerotized, forming a narrow band; costa wide at base, narrowed to before apex, with stout setae in basal half; transtilla expanded, with dense long setae. Sacculus wide at base, base 3.0 × width of apex, narrowed from base to before distal 1/3; distal part heavily sclerotized, setose, quadrate, truncate apically; dorsal margin sinuate, sclerotized, concave before apex; ventral margin normal, not sclerotized. Saccus almost as long as uncus, wide at base, narrowed to rounded apex. Juxta slender, arched. Phallus approximately 2/3 length of valva; basal 2/5 tubular, sclerotized, distal 3/5 membranous except sclerotized in part, with a small sclerite and indistinct folds distally; curved, sclerotized belt from ca. distal 1/4 exceeding apex of phallus, dilated and with a small sclerite basally; cornutus large and stout, spine-shaped, curved at base, extending from beyond basal 2/5 to before distal 1/4. Female unknown. Distribution. Hainan (Jianfengling, Mt. Diaoluo, Mt. Limu). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin puncticulatus (adj., having dots), referring to the forewing with several blackish brown dots. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the ventral band of the valva widened distally and having two spines apart from each other, the sacculus produced to a short semielliptical process apically, and the phallus with a large spine-shaped cornutus more than 1/2 length of the phallus.

Meleonoma robustispina
Description. Adult (Fig. 19). Wingspan 11.0-13.0 mm. Head yellowish white. Labial palpus pale yellow; second segment with blackish brown scales on outer surface, with a black ring apically; third segment with blackish brown scales on dorsal surface. Antenna yellow; scape with blackish brown scales on posterior margin; flagellum annulated with greyish brown on dorsal surface. Thorax pale yellow except black at base; tegula black basally, pale yellow distally. Forewing pale yellow, with scattered blackish brown scales, with blackish brown spot at base and between Sc and fold respectively; costal margin with four blackish brown dots spaced from before middle to pre-apex, becoming smaller; apex with an elliptical blackish brown spot; termen with three blackish brown dots evenly spaced from below apical spot; cell with a small rounded blackish brown spot before posterior angle of cell; plical spot blackish brown, placed at middle of fold; fringe pale yellow, tinged with blackish brown on extension of apical spot, or blackish brown tinged with yellow except yellow on distal part of costal margin. Hindwing and fringe grey. Legs yellow, with exception on ventral surface: foreleg black, coxa yellow, tibia yellow apically, tarsus yellow at apices of basal two tarsomeres; mid tibia black, yellow apically, tarsus black except yellow at apices of basal two and apical one tarsomeres; hindleg mixed with sparse black scales on tibia and tarsus.
Male genitalia (Fig. 35). Uncus with basal half evenly wide, distal half narrowed to pointed apex. Tegumen U-shaped, widened medially, sclerotized along outer and inner margins; lateral arm uniformly narrow. Gnathos very weak laterally, just exceeding posterior margin of tegumen, invisible anteriorly. Valva narrow at base, widened medially, thereafter narrowed to rounded apex, with long setae; ventral margin heavily sclerotized, forming a band widened distally, with two spines apart from each other: short preapical spine directing downward and curved inward, longer apical spine extending outward and exceeding ventroapical corner; costa slightly concave medially, with sparse long setae in distal 2/3; transtilla slender, meeting medially. Sacculus irregularly shaped, with a sclerotized narrow edge dorsally, produced to a setose, semielliptical process apically; ventral margin overlapped triangularly. Saccus longer than twice length of uncus, wide at base, narrowed to rounded apex. Juxta widely arched. Phallus slightly longer than valva; basal 2/5 tubular, weakly sclerotized; distal 3/5 partly membranous, wrin-kled, with a sclerotized band from middle to pre-apex, ending with a spine; cornutus large spine-shaped, more than 1/2 length of the phallus, strongly arched medially, narrowed to pointed apex, extending from middle to beyond apex of phallus apically.
Female unknown. Distribution. Hainan (Mt. Limu, Yinggeling). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin robustispinus (adj., having strong spines), referring to the strong spine-shaped cornutus of the phallus in the male genitalia.

List of described species of Meleonoma in Hainan Island
The segregnatha species group