Corresponding author: Sarah M. Smith (
Academic editor: M. Alonso-Zarazaga
The Southeast Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetle fauna is reviewed for the first time. Thirty-four genera and 315 species are reviewed, illustrated, and keyed to genera and species. Sixty-three new species are described:
Smith SM, Beaver RA, Cognato AI (2020) A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China. ZooKeys 983: 1–442.
Xyleborine ambrosia beetles (
Taxonomic knowledge of xyleborines is mostly limited to alpha-level taxonomy that began in earnest with the description of
Given that SE Asia species are intercepted at US and other ports every year and have proven pestiferous (
Examined specimens came from our own collections, fieldwork and through loans from several institutions. All descriptions, keys and diagnoses are based on females as males are largely unknown, rarely encountered, and not often present without a female of the same species. Type material was examined by all authors. Specimens were assembled and examined from the following entomological collections by one or more authors:
All the primary literature as well as types of nearly all 280 species and many of their synonyms known prior to this study were obtained so to assure correct identity of examined specimens. We employed a species concept
Specimens were primarily photographed by SMS with some by Rachel Osborn (MSU) with a Visionary Digital Passport II system (Dun Inc., Palmyra, VA) using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II, 65.0 mm Canon Macro photo lens, two Dynalite (Union, NJ) MH2015 road flash heads, Dynalite RoadMax MP8 power pack and a Stack Shot (Cognisys, Inc, Traverse City, MI). Montage images were assembled using Helicon Focus Mac Pro 6.7.1 (Helicon Soft, Kharkov, Ukraine). Additional photos were contributed by Wisut Sittichaya (Prince of Songkhla University) and AIC (methods detailed in
Specimens were examined using Leica (Wetzlar, Germany) MZ6 and MZ16 stereomicroscopes and illuminated with an Ikea Jansjö LED work lamp (Delft, Netherlands). Length was measured from pronotum apex to the apex of the declivity and a maximum of five specimens per species were measured. Pedicel is not included in the number of funicle segments, following
Anatomical terminology is illustrated in Figure
alutaceous with fine, leather-like reticulation;
asperity(-ies) small flat denticle-like structures frequently arranged in rows or confined to specific areas;
carina a sharply elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute (Fig.
costa a more gradually elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest, without a sharp appearance (Fig.
declivity/declivital the downward slope of the elytra/pertaining to the declivity;
denticle a small tooth, the sides of which are equal, and the tip is above the middle of the base (Fig.
glabrous devoid of vestiture;
granule a small rounded protuberance, like a grain of sand (Fig.
opalescent showing varying colors, like an opal;
serrations row of asperities (flat denticles), a saw-like structure;
shagreened with a rough surface of closely set granules;
spine an elongate projection of the exoskeleton that is longer than its basal width (Fig.
summit highest point, used for pronotum and elytra, denotes the peak between pronotal frontal slope and disc, and between elytral disc and declivity;
tubercle a small knob-like or rounded protuberance of the exoskeleton (Fig.
unarmed without cuticular protuberances, e.g., granules, denticles, tubercles or spines;
vermiculate tortuous; marked by repeated twists, like worm tracks.
Anatomical terminology illustrated on
Obliquely truncate antennal clubs, types 1 and 2 (
Flattened antennal clubs, types 3, 4, and 5 (
Dorsal pronotal types. Type 0,
Lateral pronotal types. Type 0 basic,
Illustrated glossary of terms
We identified 34 genera and 315 species as occurring in the study region. Sixty-three new species, 24 new synonyms and 13 new combinations were identified. Previously published records of two additional species were not confirmed as occurring in the region and are therefore considered dubious:
1.
2.
In part, this study relied on DNA based phylogenies to help resolve generic and species identities and designate species limits (
We discovered a total of 75 new species reported in this and associated publications (
This study provides the first taxonomic review of xyleborine species occurring in mainland SE Asia and adjacent areas. The associated taxonomic tools, Lucid key, DNA sequences, and images complement this monograph and provide additional resources for species and generic identifications (
1 | Scutellum not easily visible in dorsal view, apparently absent (Fig. |
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– | Scutellum distinctly visible, linguiform, flush with the elytra, or medially depressed below elytra |
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2 | Scutellum conical and surrounded by setae (Fig. |
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– | Scutellum apparently absent (Fig. |
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3 | Pronotum with a dense basal mycangial tuft (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum without a mycangial tuft (Fig. |
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4 | Mesonotal mycangial tuft in two or four pit mycangia located on the elytra either near the scutellum or along the base (Fig. |
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– | Mesonotal mycangial tuft on elytral bases (Fig. |
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5 | Anterior margin of pronotum quadrate or subquadrate, and emarginated; posterior face of protibiae inflated, with or without granules |
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– | Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, never emarginated; posterior face of protibiae flat and unarmed by granules |
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6 | Pronotum 1.1–2.0× longer than wide; pronotal disc smooth, finely punctate; antennal funicle 2- or 3-segmented; posterior face of protibiae inflated and unarmed by granules |
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– | Pronotum wider than long; pronotal disc coarse, finely asperate; antennal funicle 4-segmented; posterior face of protibiae inflated and granulate |
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7 | Declivity truncate, circular, completely surrounded by a circle of pointed teeth |
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– | Declivity not as above if truncate, then not surrounded by a circle of pointed teeth |
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8 | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 with one or two sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
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– | Antennal club flattened, types 3 or 4 with two or three sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
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9 | Pronotal disc finely asperate (Fig. |
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– | Pronotal disc punctate (Fig. |
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10 | Antennal club circular |
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– | Antennal club longer than wide |
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11 | Elytral bases straight (Fig. |
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– | Elytral bases bisinuate (Fig. |
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12 | Protibiae distinctly triangular, denticles on apical 1/3 of outer margin |
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– | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, denticles along most of length or obliquely triangular with denticles on apical half |
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13 | Elytral with oblong pit mycangia in distinctly impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron (Fig. |
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– | Elytra without pit mycangia (Fig. |
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14 | Mycangial tuft present on basal margin of pronotum (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum without mycangial tufts (Fig. |
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15 | Procoxae widely separated |
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– | Procoxae contiguous or narrowly separated |
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16 | Metatibiae conspicuously enlarged and flattened; pronotal disc asperate |
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– | Metatibiae similar to pro- and mesotibiae, never enlarged; pronotal disc punctate |
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17 | Lateral margins of pronotum carinate (Fig. |
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– | Lateral margins of pronotum obliquely costate (Fig. |
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18 | Elytral apex divaricate and ornamented with a pair of distal projections; very elongate, 3.85–4.75× as long as wide |
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– | Elytral apex entire without a pair of distal projections; stout to elongate, 2.1–3.4× as long as wide |
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19 | Posterior face of protibiae inflated, granulate |
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– | Posterior face of protibiae flat, without granules |
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20 | Declivital face with three striae (Fig. |
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– | Declivital face with five or six striae (Fig. |
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21 | Elytra with distinctive deep strial furrows and interstrial ridges, ridges either granulate or carinate (Fig. |
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– | Elytra without strial furrows and interstrial ridges (Fig. |
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22 | Declivital posterolateral margin rounded; lateral profile of declivity appearing obliquely truncate; declivity armed with numerous tubercles; declivital striae 1 variably undulating, never parallel to suture (Fig. |
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– | Declivital posterolateral margin carinate forming a circumdeclivital ring; lateral profile of declivity appearing truncate; declivity unarmed; declivital striae 1 parallel to suture (Fig. |
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23 | Scutellum flush with elytra and medially impressed (Fig. |
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– | Scutellum flush with elytra and flat (Fig. |
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24 | Elytra with distinctive deep strial furrows and interstrial ridges, ridges either granulate or carinate |
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– | Elytra without strial furrows and interstrial ridges |
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25 | Anterior margin of pronotum feebly emarginate (Fig. |
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– | Anterior margin of pronotum entire (Fig. |
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26 | Pronotal disc asperate (Fig. |
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– | Pronotal disc punctate (Fig. |
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27 | Anterior margin of pronotum with separate asperities of almost equal size, not larger than those on anterior slope (Fig. |
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– | Anterior margin of pronotum with two or more distinctly larger asperities, which may be fused to form a recurved carina (Fig. |
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28 | Protibiae with normal socketed denticles, their bases elevated; declivity distinctly flattened and posterolaterally widened, posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivital interstriae 2 without spines or tubercles (Fig. |
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– | Protibiae with denticles reduced or absent, only the raised bases present; declivity either convex with posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7, or truncate, its margin forming a circular rim around the declivity; spines or tubercles present on declivital interstriae 2 (Fig. |
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29 | Elytral apex emarginate and/or explanate (Fig. |
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– | Elytral apex entire (Fig. |
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30 | Elytra never explanate or excavated |
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– | Elytra explanate and weakly to strongly excavated (not explanate, strongly excavated and apex appearing subquadrate in |
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31 | Lateral margin of pronotum carinate (Fig. |
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– | Lateral margin of pronotum obliquely costate (Fig. |
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32 | Procoxae narrowly separated |
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– | Procoxae contiguous |
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33 | Elytra truncate; antennal club flattened, types 4 or 5 (Fig. |
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– | Elytra rounded; antennal club obliquely truncate, types 1 or 2 (Fig. |
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34 | Declivity unarmed, lacking granules or tubercles (some granules on disc) |
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– | Declivity bearing granules or tubercles |
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35 | Antennal club flattened, types 3, 4 or 5 (Fig. |
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– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, types 1 or 2 (Fig. |
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36 | Elytral disc with at least interstrial punctures confused (Fig. |
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– | Elytral disc with interstrial punctures uniseriate or interstriae impunctate (Fig. |
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37 | Submentum large, distinctly triangular and flat, flush with genae |
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– | Submentum variable, slightly or deeply depressed below genae |
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38 | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge |
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– | Protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular |
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39 | Anterior margin of pronotum conspicuously extended anteriad with prominent serrations (Fig. |
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– | Anterior margin of pronotum not conspicuously extended anteriad, without serrations (Fig. |
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40 | Elytral apex rounded; eyes very large, deeply emarginate; elytral apex angulate; larger, 4.8–6.6 mm |
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– | Elytral apex acuminate; eyes small, feebly emarginate, almost entire; smaller, 3.4–3.5 mm |
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41 | Anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate or quadrate in dorsal view (Fig. |
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– | Anterior margin of pronotum conical or rounded in dorsal view (Fig. |
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42 | Pronotum wider than long; stouter species, 2.3–2.7× as long as wide |
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– | Pronotum at least 1.15× longer than wide; elongate species, 2.78–2.89× as long as wide |
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43 | Elytral apex attenuate, sides parallel in basal 30–60%; declivital slope very gradually rounded; scutellum small |
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– | Elytral apex narrowly or broadly rounded, sides parallel in basal 66–80%; declivital slope evenly or steeply rounded; scutellum large |
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44 | Protibiae with six or more socketed denticles |
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– | Protibiae with five socketed denticles |
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45 | Declivital interstriae unarmed by tubercles or granules |
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– | Declivital interstriae 2 and 3 each bearing three large tubercles |
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46 | Antennal club 2-segmented, elytra attenuate |
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– | Antennal club 3- or 4-segmented, elytra variable but never attenuate |
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47 | Antennal club type 1, segment 1 encircling anterior face, no sutures on posterior face (Fig. |
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– | Antennal club type 2, with at least one suture on posterior face (Fig. |
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48 | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge |
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– | Protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular without evenly rounded edge |
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49 | Elytral disc with interstrial punctures confused |
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– | Elytral disc with interstrial punctures uniseriate |
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50 | Declivity steeply rounded, posterolateral margin costate and tuberculate |
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– | Declivity truncate and encircled by a tuberculate circumdeclivital carina |
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51 | Pronotal summit prominent |
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– | Pronotal summit low, indistinct |
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52 | Declivity extremely flat, laterally broadened and densely setose, setae star-shaped scales or bristle-like; declivital slope very gradual |
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– | Declivity variably convex or slightly broadened and slightly to moderately setose, setae hair-like; declivital slope steep or evenly rounded |
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53 | Posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate; elytral apex laterally broadened |
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– | Posterolateral margin of declivity rounded or costate; elytral apex variably rounded |
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54 | Declivital interstriae 2 armed by tubercles and granules; body unicolored |
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– | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles, typically unarmed by granules; body typically bicolored |
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55 | Declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex |
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– | Declivital interstriae 1 parallel to suture along its length |
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56 | Declivity with tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 equally sized or those of interstriae 3 the largest |
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– | Declivity with tubercles on interstriae 1, 2 and 3 equally sized or those of interstriae 1 the largest |
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2.5–5.0 mm, 2.11–3.4× as long as wide.
Distributed throughout Asia and Australasia, also occurring in Madagascar. One species has been introduced to Brazil, Chile and Uruguay (
This usually comprises a short radial tunnel leading to a single, large, flat brood chamber, extending in the longitudinal plane.
Previous morphological studies of
1 | Antennal club type 5, with sutures almost or completely reduced, club covered with pubescence (Fig. |
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– | Antennal club type 4, with sutures visible and partly corneous (Fig. |
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2 | Eye completely divided (Fig. |
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– | Eye moderately to strongly emarginate (Fig. |
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3 | Declivital face with strial and interstrial punctures deeply confused, indistinguishable; larger, 3.7–3.9 mm |
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– | Declivital face with three striae clearly indicated on each elytron; smaller, 2.0–3.2 mm |
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4 | Stout, 2.0× as long as wide; pronotum from dorsal view round and stout, type 1. 2.0–2.4 mm |
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– | Slender, 2.8–3.2× as long as wide; pronotum from dorsal view elongate, type 7. 2.0–3.2 mm |
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5 | Declivital striae 2 not equidistant between 1 and 3 (Fig. |
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– | Declivital striae 2 equidistant between 1 and 3 (Fig. |
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6 | Declivital striae 1 clearly laterally displaced, striae 2 nearly touching striae 1, striae 3 displaced near circumdeclivital margin (Fig. |
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– | Declivital striae 2 medially displaced toward striae 1; distance between striae 1 and 3 twice the distance between 1 and 2 (Fig. |
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7 | Declivity not granulate, or only interstriae 1 granulate, or only interstriae 1 and 2 |
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– | Declivity with all interstriae granulate |
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8 | All declivital interstriae smooth, never granulate; larger, 4.5–4.8 mm |
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– | Interstriae 1, or 1 and 2 granulate; smaller, 2.9–3.6 mm |
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9 | Declivital face flat, strongly shagreened to opalescent; interstriae 1 granulate (typically near apex) |
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– | Declivital face convex, strongly shiny; interstriae 1 and 2 moderately inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity |
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10 | Declivital face setose, sparsely to moderately covered with recumbent or semi-recumbent hair-like setae, sometimes difficult to see |
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– | Declivital face without setae |
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11 | Declivity strongly shiny; interstriae very finely setose, setae semi-erect; larger, 4.3–4.5 mm |
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– | Declivity shagreened, dull; interstriae sparsely to moderately covered with semi-recumbent hair-like setae; smaller, 2.5–3.0 mm |
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12 | Setae on declivital interstriae short, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; margin of circumdeclivital ring with short, erect, hair-like setae |
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– | Setae on declivital interstriae approximately as long as the width of an interstria; margin of circumdeclivital ring with long, erect, bristle-like setae |
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13 | Declivity strongly shiny; declivital interstriae 1 carinate along at least apical 1/2 |
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– | Declivity shagreened, dull; declivital interstriae 1 granulate |
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14 | Declivital interstriae convex; larger, 3.4 mm, and more elongate, 3.4× as long as wide |
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– | Declivital interstriae 2–4 flat; smaller, 2.8–3.2 mm, and stouter, 2.3–2.4× as long as wide |
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3.7–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.82 mm; n = 2); 2.11–2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense and strongly confused declivital strial and interstrial punctures with striae and interstriae indistinguishable.
None.
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
All host records are from the genus
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
5.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished from all other species in Southeast Asia, except the Malaysian species,
‘Borneo’, West Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
The only host records are from the family
China: Jiangxi, Longnan County, Jiulianshan,
4.3–4.5 mm long (n = 2); 2.32–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface smooth, strongly shiny; large size; declivital interstriae very finely setose, setae semi-erect; declivital face convex towards suture; declivital interstriae 1 inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; declivital striae 1–3 approximately equidistant.
China* (Jiangxi), Taiwan.
Recorded only from ‘Formosan hardwood’ and ‘angiosperm wood’ (
3.4 mm long (n = 1); 3.4× as long as wide. The species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivity glabrous; declivital interstriae 1–3 multiseriate granulate, granules strongly confused; and declivital interstriae convex.
G.
Thailand.
Unknown.
The holotype specimen is a DNA voucher, SAX40. The head and pronotum were separated from the specimen prior to DNA extraction and point mounted with the elytra.
2.1–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.25 mm; n = 2); 2.0× as long as wide (
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Thailand.
Recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.8–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.65 mm; n = 5); 2.8–3.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its very elongate body and pronotum (type 7) when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 5; and declivital surface shagreened, dull.
India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Sri Lanka.
Recorded from two species of
3.0 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 5); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivital interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; declivital interstriae 1 moderately covered with semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; and circumdeclivital carina margin setose, setae short, erect, hair-like.
G.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
3.5–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.53 mm; n = 3); 2.33–2.41× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface glabrous, smooth, strongly shiny; moderate size; declivital face convex, interstriae 1 and 2 moderately inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; declivital striae 1–3 approximately equidistant.
L.
Thailand.
Unknown.
3.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface smooth, shiny; large size; declivity glabrous; declivital interstriae 1 strongly tumescent and granulate; declivital striae 1 strongly laterally displaced, nearly touching striae 2, striae 3 displaced to near circumdeclivital carina margin; and declivital striae 2 not appearing equidistant between striae 1 and 3.
The species is named for Mr. Ching-Shan Lin, the collector, for his contributions to our knowledge of bark and ambrosia beetles. Noun in genitive.
Taiwan.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
4.5–4.8 mm long (4.7 mm long; n = 3); 2.4–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; pronotum rounded, robust from lateral view (type 5); declivital interstriae 1 unarmed (lacking granules) and flat; declivital strial punctures very large, irregularly spaced; and declivital surface appearing smooth and opalescent.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded only from species of
China: Hainan, Wu-zhi-shan Town,
2.85–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.94 mm; n = 4); 2.29–2.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivity glabrous; declivital interstriae 1–3 multiseriate granulate, granules strongly confused; and declivital interstriae 2–4 flat.
China (Hainan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Recorded by
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.9–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.21 mm; n = 10); 2.23–2.54× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened to opalescent, dull, opaque; declivity glabrous; and declivital interstriae 1 granulate (typically near apex), interstriae 2 and 3 unarmed.
China* (Hong Kong, Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Apparently polyphagous (
This species had previously been considered to be extremely morphologically variable (
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.65 mm; n = 2); 2.5–2.54× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface glabrous, smooth, strongly shiny; small size; declivital face flattened; and interstriae 1 carinate, weakly inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; declivital striae 1–3 approximately equidistant.
G.
Japan, Vietnam.
This species has been recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Kalutara Dist., Kanneliya, 250 m, 23.v.1973, S.L. Wood, ex limbs (
2.5–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.57 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.43× as long as wide. The species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivital interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; declivity setose, interstriae moderately covered with semi-recumbent hair-like setae, approximately as long as the width of an interstria; and circumdeclivital carina margin setose, setae long, erect, bristle-like.
Federated States of Micronesia, India (‘Bengal’), Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka*, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
2.9–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.93 mm; n = 3); 2.42–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface smooth, moderately shiny; small size; declivital interstriae setose, setae recumbent; declivital face flattened; and interstriae 1 weakly inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; and declivital striae 2 medially displaced, not appearing equidistant between striae 1 and 3.
Named after the collector Dr. You Li for his generous contributions to this project. Noun in genitive, invariable.
China (Fujian).
Unknown but potentially collected from
2.5–4.8 mm, 1.7–2.8× as long as wide, body usually stout and darkly colored.
Temperate and tropical regions of the world.
This consists of a radial entrance tunnel leading to branched tunnels. These usually lie predominantly in one horizontal plane but may extend into three dimensions. They lack enlarged brood chambers. Many gallery systems are often started in a small area of the tree. Unlike many xyleborines, the galleries of different individuals often interconnect so that beetles can move between galleries (
Recent studies suggest that all
1 | Declivity granulate (Fig. |
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– | Declivity tuberculate or denticulate, never granulate (Fig. |
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2 | Declivital interstriae with uniformly sized and spaced granules from base to apex; declivital interstriae bearing erect hair-like setae |
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– | Declivity with uniformly sized and spaced granules on declivital interstriae from base to declivity midpoint, apical 1/2 of interstriae with granules irregularly spaced; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing erect thick setae |
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3 | Larger, 3.2–3.4 mm; apical 1/2 of declivital interstriae 1 with five or six granules |
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– | Smaller, 2.9–3.1 mm; apical 1/2 of declivital interstriae 1 with three or four granules |
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4 | Declivital interstriae tuberculate, except interstriae 1 unarmed (rarely a few granules in some individuals); smaller, 2.5–2.8 mm |
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– | All declivital interstriae tuberculate; larger, 3.4–4.8 mm |
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5 | Tubercles of declivital interstriae 2 distinctly larger than those of other interstriae (Fig. |
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– | Tubercles of declivital interstriae 2 similarly sized to those of other interstriae (Fig. |
|
China: Guangxi, Shiwandashan, 25.iii.2018, Y. Li, ex
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 5); 2.4–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 2 bearing a row of 3–5 denticles that are larger than those on other interstriae, and declivital interstriae 1 distinctly impressed.
Australia, Brunei, China (Guizhou, Guangxi*, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Xizang), India (Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Japan (Ryukyu Is), West Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
This species has a very similar appearance and size to several
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.2–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.38 mm; n = 5); 2.43–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae with uniformly sized and spaced granules from base to declivital midpoint, apical 1/2 of interstriae with granules irregularly spaced; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing thick, erect setae, setae located ventrad of granules; declivital surface strongly shagreened; and dark brown color.
This species is very closely related to
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
2.9–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.01 mm; n = 5); 2.48–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivity with uniformly sized and spaced granules on declivital interstriae from base to declivity midpoint, apical 1/2 of interstriae with granules irregularly spaced; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing thick, erect setae, setae located ventrad of granules; declivital surface strongly shagreened; and dark brown color.
This species is very closely related to
East Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded only from rattan (Arecacae) (
China: Hong Kong, Sheung Shui, 22.vi.1964, ex soaked in oil (
3.4–4.8 mm long (mean = 4.26 mm; n = 5); 1.7–2.53× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by each declivital interstriae variously tuberculate, never granulate; and red-brown color.
This species strongly resembles
China (Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Japan, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Established in USA (
The species is polyphagous but may show some preference for
China: Chongqing, NanShan, 15.viii.2015, J-G Wang, Lv-Jia, Tian-Shang (
3.5–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.74 mm; n = 5); 2.19–2.53× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by each declivital interstriae variously tuberculate, never granulate; and red-brown color.
This species strongly resembles
Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Assam, Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos*, East Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Established in the USA (
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Chongqing, Simian mtn, 7.v.2015, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.7 mm; n = 7); 2.45–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae with uniformly sized and spaced granules from base to apex; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing erect hair-like setae, setae located ventrad of each granule; declivital surface shiny, and light red-brown color.
China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, South & North Korea, Laos*, West Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Australia (
A polyphagous species (
1.95–4.5 mm, stout to elongate (2.27–2.92× as long as wide) with elytral apex rounded and entire.
Found in temperate and tropical Asia, two species are established in the United States (
Similar to
1 | Interstriae 1 armed with at least minute granules, other interstriae variously granulate or tuberculate (Fig. |
|
– | Interstriae 1 unarmed, lacking even minute granules, other interstriae variously granulate or tuberculate (Fig. |
|
2 | Declivital interstriae 1–3 each armed by one major tubercle surrounding declivital sulcus; anterior margin of pronotum apically produced with a row of six serrations |
|
– | Declivital interstriae granulate, never armed by major tubercles; pronotum rounded and lacking serrations |
|
3 | Declivital interstriae granulate only on upper 1/2 of declivity; declivital face flattened, opalescent (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; declivital face rounded, shiny (Fig. |
|
4 | Smaller, 1.95–2.05 mm, more elongate, 2.6–2.7× as long as wide |
|
– | Larger, 2.5–2.75 mm, less elongate, 2.5–2.6× as long as wide |
|
5 | Pronotum from lateral view long (type 8) with summit displaced towards anterior margin (Fig. |
|
– | Pronotum from lateral view basic (type 2) with median summit (Fig. |
|
6 | Declivital striae 1 weakly impressed; declivital interstriae moderately and uniformly granulate, granules spaced by a distance of four diameters of a granule |
|
– | Declivity weakly to strongly sulcate between striae 1 and interstriae 3; interstriae densely and uniformly granulate, granules on interstriae 3 spaced by a distance of less than the diameter of a granule |
|
7 | Declivity strongly sulcate, lateral margins of sulcus rounded, armed with three large spines, one at the base of interstriae 2, one at the declivital midpoint of interstriae 3 and one on the apical 1/3 of interstriae 3 |
|
– | Declivity never strongly sulcate or armed with spines as described above |
|
8 | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 distinctly larger than those on interstriae 2 (Fig. |
|
– | Tubercles of declivital interstriae 3 as large as or smaller than those of interstriae 2 (Fig. |
|
9 | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 very large, distinctly larger than those of other interstriae; tubercles present on interstriae 2 at declivital summit and often on declivital face; declivital surface coarsely sculptured |
|
– | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 small, but somewhat larger than those of other interstriae; tubercles on interstriae 2 only present at declivital summit; declivital surface finely sculptured, smooth |
|
10 | Declivital interstriae 3 bearing three small denticles; pronotal discal punctures small, fine, moderately spaced by 1–3 diameters of a puncture; pronotal disc shagreened |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 3 bearing two large tubercles; pronotal discal punctures minute, very fine, widely spaced by 2–6 diameters of a puncture, pronotal disc shiny |
|
11 | Declivital interstriae 2 armed by a single tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 variously armed along its length (Fig. |
|
12 | Pronotum from dorsal view conical and elongate (type 5) (Fig. |
|
– | Pronotum from dorsal view basic or subquadrate (types 2 or 3) (Fig. |
|
13 | Tubercles of interstriae 2 larger than those of interstriae 3 |
|
– | Tubercles of interstriae 2 and 3 equally sized |
|
The
China: Chongqing, Nanshan, 20.viii.2015, Wang, J-G., Lv-Jia, Tian-Shang (
3.3–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.46 mm; n = 5); 2.75–2.92× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; pronotum from lateral view long (type 8); declivital striae 1 and 2 moderately to strongly impressed; declivital interstriae moderately and uniformly granulate, granules on interstriae 3 spaced by a distance of 2–3 diameters of a granule; interstrial setae long, hair-like; and large size.
China (Chongqing*, Fujian, Shanxi), Japan, South & North Korea, Taiwan. Introduced to Europe and North America (
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.9–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 2); 2.42–2.58× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); declivital striae 1 weakly impressed; declivital interstriae moderately and uniformly granulate, granules spaced by a distance of four diameters of a granule; interstrial setae long, hair-like; and moderate size.
L.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
India: Bengal [West Bengal], Samsing, xi.1933, B. Singh, ex
2.6–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.06 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed or with a few granules, interstriae 3 with two or three large denticles; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2, interstriae 3 moderately and distinctly convex; pronotal disc surface shiny, punctures small, fine, widely spaced by 2–4 diameters of a puncture; and declivital surface coarsely sculptured, shiny; and large size.
India (Tamil Nadu, West Bengal*), East Malaysia.
This species has only been recorded from
The species has the generic characters of
2.1–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.21 mm; n = 4); 2.3–2.39× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with three small denticles; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2, interstriae 3 weakly convex; pronotal surface shagreened, discal punctures small, fine, moderately spaced by 1–3 diameters of a puncture; declivital surface smooth, shiny; and small size.
China (Fujian), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Unknown.
2.4 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 3); 2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with three minute tubercles equally spaced from base to apex; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2, interstriae 3 feebly convex; pronotal surface shagreened, discal punctures minute, very fine, widely spaced by four diameters of a puncture; declivital surface shagreened; and small size.
L.
India (West Bengal).
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.95–2.05 mm long (mean = 2.01 mm; n = 5); 2.67–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate on upper 1/2 of declivity; pronotum from dorsal view conical and elongate (type 5), from lateral view type 7; pronotal disc shiny, punctures moderately fine and separated by several times their diameter; posterolateral margins of elytra rounded; lower part of declivity flattened; and declivital striae not impressed, interstriae finely, sparsely granulate on upper part of declivity only.
The specific name refers to the old Northern Thai kingdom ‘Lan Na’. Latinized adjective.
Thailand.
This species is evidently polyphagous and is here reported from
3.9–4.2 mm long (mean = 4.05 mm; n = 2); 2.52–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1–3 each armed by one major tubercle surrounding declivital sulcus; pronotum from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6); pronotal anterior slope steep, flat; anterior margin with a row of six serrations; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); pronotal surface reticulate, discal punctures coarse, dense, spaced less than the diameter of a puncture; declivity moderately sulcate to interstriae 3, margins of sulcus armed with three equally sized tubercles: one at the base of interstriae 1, one on interstriae 2 just ventrad to the first, and one at the midpoint of interstriae 3.
Indonesia (Java), Thailand.
Unknown.
China: Anhui, Chuxian,
2.3–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 7); 2.3–2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, 2 armed by 3–5 pointed tubercles along its length, major declivital tubercles on interstriae 2; weakly to moderately sulcate to striae 1, interstriae 2 convex, bearing 3–5 pointed tubercles and several small granules (near apical and basal margins) along its length; pronotum from dorsal view basic or subquadrate (type 2 or 3); and pronotum from lateral view basic (type 0).
China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Sichuan*, Yunnan), Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam. Imported and established in USA (
This species is likely polyphagous and has been recorded from numerous host families including
The morphology of
The identification of
2.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by four or five moderately sized and variably spaced denticles along its length, interstriae 3 armed by five larger denticles; declivital striae 1 and 2 moderately impressed; and pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 2), lateral view basic (type 0).
L.
China (Guizhou), Vietnam.
Recorded only from
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, 1400 m, EtOH trap, 16–20.v.2005, W. Puranasakul (
2.5–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.67 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate on upper 1/2 of declivity; pronotum from lateral view basic (type 0); declivity rounded, face flattened; declivital interstriae sparsely and uniformly granulate, granules spaced by a distance of at least four diameters of a granule; interstrial setae short, bristle-like; and small size.
Bhutan, Taiwan, Thailand*.
Recorded from a ‘camphor log’ (probably
2.7–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.7–2.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 2 (1 spine), interstriae 3 (2 spines) surrounding declivital sulcus; pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 2); pronotal anterior slope rounded, convex; pronotum anterior margin lacking serrations; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); pronotal discal punctures small, fine spaced by at least two diameters of a puncture, surface shiny; declivity strongly sulcate to interstriae 3, lateral margins of sulcus rounded, margin armed with three large spines, one at the base of interstriae 2, one at the declivital midpoint of interstriae 3 and one on the apical 1/3 of interstriae 3.
Indonesia (Java), New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from
A mycocleptic associate of
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 31.iv.2015, Y. Li, ex in flight (
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 7); 2.27–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with two large tubercles; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2; interstriae 3 weakly convex; pronotal surface shiny, discal punctures minute, very fine, widely spaced by 2–6 diameters of a puncture; and declivital surface smooth, shiny; and moderate size.
China* (Guizhou, Hong Kong*), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan.
The only recorded host is
China: Jiangxi, Wu-Yi Mt., 19.vii.2017, Lai, S-C, Tian Shang et al. (
3.4–4.5 mm long (mean = 3.94 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.87× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 2); pronotal anterior slope rounded; pronotal anterior margin without a row of serrations; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); declivity weakly to strongly bisulcate between striae 1 and interstriae 3; interstriae densely and uniformly granulate, granules on interstriae 3 spaced by a distance of less than the diameter of a granule; interstrial setae long, hair-like, and of large size.
China (Fujian, Jiangxi*), India (Assam, West Bengal*), Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan*, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from
The type specimens of
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.0–2.1 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 4); 2.63–2.77× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, 2 armed by four or five coarse granules along its length, interstriae 3 with four or five slightly smaller granules; declivital striae 1 and 2 very weakly impressed; and pronotum from dorsal view conical (type 0) to subelongate (type 7), lateral view long (type 7).
The species is named for Ms. Wantanee Puranasakul (then at Chiang Mai University, Thailand) who collected several new species of
Thailand.
Unknown.
1.9–5.4 mm long, 2.08–2.73× as long as wide.
Distributed in temperate and tropical Asia and Melanesia.
This consists of branched tunnels without brood chambers (
1 | Declivity weakly sulcate between interstriae 3 in middle of declivity; sutural interstriae weakly raised and striae 1 impressed in apical third; larger, 4.9–5.4 mm |
|
– | Declivity not sulcate between interstriae 3 in middle of declivity; sutural interstriae not raised and striae 1 not impressed in apical third; smaller, 3.0–3.6 mm |
|
Moderately sized, 3.0–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.2 mm; n = 5); 2.14–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size, declivity not sulcate between interstriae 3 in middle of declivity; sutural interstriae not raised and striae 1 not impressed in apical third; and declivital striae and interstriae both bearing long hair-like setae that are erect on the interstriae and semi-recumbent on the striae.
Indonesia (Ceram, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded only from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
The largest
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from four different families of angiosperm trees, and from
2.1–5.9 mm, 1.88–2.78× as long as wide, body usually stout and dark.
Uncommon genus with species occurring in forests of the Holarctic and Paleotropical regions.
The species usually attack stems of small diameter, and the gallery system consists of a radial or circumferential gallery with several longitudinal branches without brood chambers. SMS collected several species (
This genus is remarkably diverse in montane habitats across Asia but most species are poorly known. It is very likely that many additional new species await description.
1 | Pronotal mycangial tuft moderate to densely setose, very broad, extending laterally from the scutellum to striae 3 (Fig. |
|
– | Pronotal mycangial tuft absent (Fig. |
|
2 | Posterolateral margin of elytra rounded (Fig. |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of elytra costate or carinate to interstriae 5 (Fig. |
|
3 | Elytral disc flat; declivital face moderately steep and convex; declivital summit with interstriae 1 unarmed, a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 3; declivity shiny |
|
– | Elytral disc with a broad and weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital face steep, flattened; declivital summit with a minute denticle on interstriae 1, a small denticle on interstriae 2, and interstriae 3 unarmed; declivity opalescent |
|
4 | At least punctures of declivital striae 2 strongly confused, minute; pronotal asperities large, widely spaced; elytral disc with a profound transverse saddle-like depression; declivity broadly sulcate to interstriae 5 |
|
– | Declivital strial punctures all uniseriate, large; pronotal asperities small, densely spaced; elytral disc with a weak to deep transverse saddle-like depression; declivity sulcate to interstriae 3 |
|
5 | Elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral disc with a deep transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
|
6 | Declivital interstriae impunctate, setose, setae semi-erect, short and thick; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 3 with six additional unequally sized incurved spines on basal 1/2 of declivity; larger, 5.4–5.6 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstriae minutely biseriately punctate, setose, setae bristle-like, erect; declivital summit with a large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 unarmed; smaller, 4.0–4.15 mm |
|
7 | Mesonotal mycangial tuft absent (Fig. |
|
– | Mesonotal mycangial tuft just anteriad and roughly equal in width to scutellum, lightly to moderately setose (Fig. |
|
8 | Antennal club wider than longer, type 2, one suture visible on posterior face (Fig. |
|
– | Antennal club longer than wide, type 1, no sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
|
9 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed by 4–5 unequally sized tubercles; declivital striae strongly impressed; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; pronotal disc coarsely punctate; larger, 4.5 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate on basal 1/2, granules equally sized; striae clearly impressed; elytral disc convex; pronotal disc finely punctate; smaller, 2.8 mm |
|
10 | Interstriae 2 and 3 of equal width at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
|
– | Interstriae 2 and 3 not equal in width at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
|
11 | Interstriae 2 narrower than interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
|
– | Interstriae 3 narrower than interstriae 2 at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
|
12 | Declivity rounded, posterolateral margin rounded |
|
– | Declivity obliquely truncate, posterolateral margin costate |
|
13 | Elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital interstriae 2 armed with a blunt tubercle at summit, interstriae 3 armed by one or two denticles near declivital summit ventrad to tubercle on interstriae 2 |
|
– | Elytral disc convex; declivity unarmed |
|
14 | Declivity weakly bisulcate, margins ornamented by large sharp spines on interstriae 2–7, spine on interstriae 3 the largest; declivital interstriae impunctate; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5. |
|
– | Declivity steeply rounded and flat, declivital summit armed by a minute denticle on interstriae 2 and 3; granules present on basal 1/2 of interstriae 2–4; declivital interstriae clearly punctate, posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7 |
|
15 | Declivity steeply rounded and flat; elytral apex sharply angulate, nearly subquadrate; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; pronotum rounded, type 1, in dorsal view |
|
– | Declivity gradual and convex, elytral apex broadly rounded; posterolateral margin rounded; pronotum conical, type 0, in dorsal view |
|
16 | Declivity strongly shagreened or opalescent; striae weakly impressed; smaller, 2.1–2.4 mm |
|
– | Declivity strongly shiny, striae deeply impressed; larger, 2.6–3.3 mm |
|
17 | Declivital interstriae 2 punctate, punctures either uniseriate or confused |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 impunctate, punctures may be replaced by granules |
|
18 | Declivital interstriae 2 punctures multiseriate and confused; body densely covered by erect dark brown pubescence |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 punctures uniseriate; body nearly glabrous or at most moderately setose |
|
19 | Declivity rounded and convex; posterolateral margin rounded |
|
– | Declivity steep and face variably impressed; posterolateral margin costate or carinate |
|
20 | Declivital summit unarmed; declivital face flat and weakly depressed below lateral margins |
|
– | Declivital summit ornamented by two small sharp incurved spines at the base of interstriae 2 and 3; declivital face flat and moderately bisulcate or concave |
|
21 | Declivity moderately bisulcate; declivital interstriae bearing erect fine hair-like setae |
|
– | Declivital face concave; declivital interstriae bearing erect pointed bristle-like setae |
|
22 | Posterolateral margins of elytra rounded; larger, 5.8–5.9 mm |
|
– | Posterolateral margins of elytra costate or carinate; smaller, 2.2–3.7 mm |
|
23 | Declivital summit without a sharp hooked spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 2 face densely granulate or denticulate; elytral disc typically without a weak transverse saddle-like depression |
|
– | Declivital summit with a sharp hooked spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 2 face sparsely granulate; elytral disc flat, with a weak transverse saddle-like depression (rarely flat in some |
|
24 | Declivital interstriae denticulate; elytral discal interstriae punctures uniseriate; declivity appearing bisulcate with declivity impressed from striae 1 to interstriae 2, interstriae 3 distinctly raised; smaller, 2.2–2.5 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstriae granulate; elytral discal interstriae with 2–3 confused rows of punctures; declivital interstriae 1 slightly raised, interstriae 2 and 3 flush; larger, 3.1–3.5 mm |
|
25 | Spine at declivital summit of interstriae 2 backwardly pointed; smaller, 2.6–2.8 mm |
|
– | Spine at declivital summit of interstriae 2 incurved; larger, 3.05–3.7 mm |
|
26 | Spines interstriae 3 not backwardly hooked, much smaller than spine at the summit of interstriae 2; smaller, 3.05–3.4 mm; declivity weakly sulcate |
|
– | Spines interstriae 3 backwardly hooked, subequal to the spine at the summit of interstriae 2; larger, 3.35–3.7 mm; declivity moderately sulcate |
|
3.5 mm long (mean = 3.5 mm; n = 2); 2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; antennal club type 2, one suture on posterior face; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression near declivital summit; declivity unarmed by spines; declivital striae strongly impressed, interstriae granulate; and anterior margin of pronotum without serrations.
G.
China (Yunnan).
Recorded from
Locality labels on the holotype and paratype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on each specimen below the original locality labels.
China: Jiangxi, Wu-Yi Mt., 17.vii.2017, Lai, S-C, Tian, S et al. (
3.05–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.17 mm; n = 5); 2.33–2.43× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with or without a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing bisulcate, weakly impressed from striae 1 and 2, interstriae 3 feebly inflated and tuberculate from base to apical 1/2 then becoming flattened and unarmed to apex; and moderately sized sharp incurved spine at base of declivity on interstriae 2.
This species strongly resembles
China (Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi*, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal), Japan, South & North Korea, Kuril Islands, Nepal, Thailand.
A polyphagous species usually attacking angiosperms, but also recorded from
Published records from India, Nepal, Thailand, and some Chinese provinces may refer to
2.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.23× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae clearly punctate; declivity gradual and convex, posterolateral margins rounded; pronotum rounded when viewed dorsally (type 1); and pronotum armed by four uniformly sized coarse serrations on anterior margin.
Vietnamese mythology, Âu Cơ – mountain fairy that gave birth to the ancestors of the Vietnamese people. Pronunciation –
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.15× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderately dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin rounded; elytral disc flat; declivital face moderately steep, convex; declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; declivital summit with a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 3; interstriae 3 with three denticles on basal 1/2; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures small, shallow and seriate; interstriae convex, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae erect hair-like; body shiny, abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; elytral disc finely punctate; and pronotal asperities large, coarse, moderately spaced.
L.
China (Fujian).
Unknown.
4.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; antennal club type 1 with segment 1 encircling anterior face; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed by four or five unequally sized tubercles; and a row of serrations on anterior margin of pronotum.
Myanmar.
Unknown.
The species has the generic characters of
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.6–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.7 mm; n = 2); 2.16–2.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with a weak to moderate transverse saddle-like depression; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing bisulcate, moderately impressed from striae 1 and 2, interstriae 3 strongly inflated, tuberculate from summit to apical 1/4 then becoming flattened and unarmed to apex; and moderate sharp backwardly pointed spine at base of declivital interstriae 2.
This species strongly resembles
L.
Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown.
China: Yunnan, Gaoligong Mts,
3.35–3.7 mm long (mean = 3.55 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.47× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with or without a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing bisulcate, moderately impressed from striae 1 and 2, interstriae 3 moderately inflated, tuberculate from base to apical 1/4 then becoming flattened and unarmed to apex; and large sized sharp incurved spine on interstriae 2 at base of declivity.
This species strongly resembles
Bhutan*, China* (Yunnan), India (Meghalaya, ‘Naga Hills’, Sikkim, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar*, Nepal*, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
This species has been recorded from
2.1–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.26 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity gradual and convex, with rounded posterolateral margins; pronotum conical frontally when viewed dorsally (type 0); pronotum armed by four coarse serrations on anterior margin (median pair larger than lateral pair); elytra strongly shagreened or opalescent; and declivital striae weakly impressed.
Resembling
Vietnam.
Unknown.
3.1–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.4 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft sparse, the length of the scutellum; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate; discal interstriae with two or three confused rows of punctures; declivital interstriae 1 slightly raised, interstriae 2 and 3 even; declivital face smooth, shiny; and declivital interstrial setae erect, 1.5× the width of an interstria.
Europe and North Africa, through Russia and Central Asia to China (Heilongjiang, Shaanxi), North Korea, and Japan. Introduced to Canada and USA (
Polyphagous attacking both angiosperms and conifers (
The biology of the species is described by
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Bhutan: km 87 von Phuntsholing, 22.v.1972, Nat.-Hist. Museum Basel – Bhutan Expedition (
3.1–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.12 mm; n = 5); 2.21–2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity appearing flat when viewed laterally; two or three small tubercles present on basal 1/2 of interstriae 2; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivital face strongly shagreened; and declivital interstriae clearly punctate.
Bhutan*, India (West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous, recorded from five genera in five different families (
2.9 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 2.23× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae punctate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; declivity moderately bisulcate; declivital margins ornamented by only two small sharp incurved spines at the base of interstriae 2 and 3; and declivital interstriae bearing fine erect hair-like setae.
Roman mythology, Feronia – goddess of wildlife, fertility, abundance. Noun in apposition.
China (Fujian).
Recorded from
Locality labels on the holotype and paratypes are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
The holotype was destroyed in the bombing of
India: Darjeeling, Rangirum, 6000 ft, J.C.M. Gardner, 3.ix.1929, ex misc. timber (
2.9–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.03 mm; n = 3); 2.31–2.37× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae punctate; and posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7; declivital face concave; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 each armed with a small sharp incurved spine at the summit; and declivital interstriae bearing erect pointed bristle-like setae.
India (West Bengal), Nepal.
Unknown.
3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.05× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin obliquely costate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 with two additional unequally sized denticles ventrad to large spine; declivity weakly sulcate to interstriae 3; declivital strial punctures large each bearing a recumbent seta, interstriae minutely punctate, punctures uniseriate, setose, setae erect, hair-like; body moderately sized and abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; declivity shiny; and pronotal asperities small, coarse, densely spaced.
Greek mythology, Hera – goddess of women, marriage, family, and childbirth. Noun in apposition.
China (Sichuan).
Recorded from
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Guangxi A. R., Longsheng hot spring,
3.4–4.5 mm long (mean = 3.92 mm; n = 5); 1.95–2.53× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity rounded, posterolateral margins rounded; declivity unarmed, surface opalescent to shagreened; declivital striae clearly impressed; and body densely covered by erect dark brown pubescence.
Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangxi*, Jiangxi*, Sichuan*, Xizang*, Yunnan*), India (Meghalaya, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous, recorded from five genera in five different families (
The
3.3–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.4 mm; n = 2); 2.43–2.54× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity appearing flat when viewed laterally; declivital striae clearly impressed; declivital summit armed by a minute denticle on each interstriae 2 and 3; granules present on basal 1/2 of interstriae 2–4; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7; declivital face strongly shiny; and declivital interstriae clearly punctate.
China (Xizang), India (Assam, West Bengal).
Recorded from
China: Fujian, Shaowu, Tachulan, 2.vi.1943, T. Maa (
5.4–5.6 mm long (mean = 5.53 mm; n = 4); 2.12–2.24× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a deep transverse saddle-like depression; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 3 with six additional unequally sized incurved spines on basal 1/2; declivity strongly sulcate to interstriae 3; strial punctures large, seriate; interstriae impunctate, setose, setae semi-erect, short and thick; declivity shagreened, abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; and pronotal asperities small, coarse, densely spaced.
China (Fujian).
This species has only been reported from
This species is transferred to
China: Sichuan, Leibo, 19.iv.1964, ex either
2.6–3.3 mm long (mean = 2.96 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity gradual and convex, with rounded posterolateral margins; pronotum conical frontally when viewed dorsally (type 0); pronotum armed by four coarse serrations on anterior margin (median pair larger than lateral pair); elytra smooth, strongly shiny; and declivital striae deeply impressed.
China* (Sichuan), India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Nepal, Vietnam*.
Recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Vietnam: Lao Cai, Hoang Lien N.P.,
3.0–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.1 mm; n = 2); 2.5–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; convex elytral disc; declivity weakly bisulcate, margins ornamented by large sharp spines on interstriae 2–7, spine on interstriae 3 the largest; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; and declivital interstriae impunctate.
India (Meghalaya), Vietnam*.
Unknown.
China: Shanghai, Dongchuan, vii–viii.2017, Lei Gao, ex trap w/ querciverol (
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 5); 2.3–2.78× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; declivital interstriae 1–4 uniseriate denticulate; discal interstriae punctures uniseriate; declivity appearing bisulcate with impressed from striae 1 to interstriae 2, interstriae 3 distinctly raised; declivital punctures small, uniseriate; shiny appearance; and small body size.
China (Heilongjiang, Shanghai*), Japan*, South & North Korea, Russia (European (introduced), Far East), Ukraine. Introduced to USA (
Polyphagous, recorded from eight families of trees (
Preliminary phylogenies suggest that
3.0–3.25 mm long (mean = 3.1 mm; n = 5); 2.3–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae clearly punctate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing flat when viewed laterally, weakly depressed below lateral margins; and basal 1/2 of declivital interstriae 2 with two or three small tubercles.
India (Uttarakhand), Nepal.
Recorded only from
Laos: NE, Houa Phan, Ban Saluei, Phou Pan Mt, 20°12–13.5'N, 103°59.5–104°01'E, 1340–1780 m, 15.iv.–15.v.2008, Lao collectors (
5.8–5.9 mm long (mean = 5.87 mm; n = 3); 2.0–2.19× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size, mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivital interstriae impunctate; elytral surface smooth, shiny to weakly shagreened; declivital face flattened when viewed laterally; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; declivital interstriae 2 weakly impressed, declivital interstriae 1 and 3 tuberculate to apex, interstriae 2 with a tubercle at summit and three or four irregularly spaced granules along its length; and declivital posterolateral margin rounded.
Laos*, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam*.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate on basal 1/2; declivital face opalescent; declivital interstrial setae erect, 3× width of an interstria; and a row of serrations on anterior margin of pronotum.
G.
China (Xizang).
Recorded only from
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
China: Sichuan, E’bian, 1900 m, 2.vi.1960, Huifen Yin, ex
5.5 mm long (mean = 5.5 mm; n = 3); 2.12–2.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a profound transverse saddle-like depression; declivital base with very large incurved spine on interstriae 3, interstriae 3 with four additional equally sized and spaced denticles; declivity broadly sulcate to interstriae 5; elytral disc sulcate anteriad to spine on interstriae 3; large body size; body shiny, appearing polished, largely glabrous, minutely punctate; declivital punctures confused; and pronotal asperities very broad, fine, widely spaced.
China (Sichuan, Yunnan), Myanmar.
Recorded from
This species is transferred to
3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivity posterolateral margins rounded; elytral surface opalescent; declivital interstriae 2 armed with a blunt tubercle at summit, interstriae 3 armed by one or two denticles near declivital summit ventrad to tubercle on interstriae 2; declivital face convex, evenly rounded toward apex; and pronotal disc feebly asperate.
Hindu mythology, Sinivali – goddess of fecundity. Pronunciation –
India (West Bengal).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted obscuring ventral characters, including mesotibial denticles.
China: Guangdong, W of Qixing, Heishiding nature reserve,
4.3–4.9 mm long (mean = 4.5 mm; n = 5); 1.88–1.96× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity obliquely truncate with lateral margins obliquely costate; declivity opalescent and unarmed; declivital striae not impressed; body stout and densely covered by erect dark brown pubescence.
Similar to
China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Jiangxi*), India (Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Bali, Batoe Is, Java, Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vietnam.
The species is polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.1 mm long (mean = 3.1 mm; n = 4); 2.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin rounded; elytral disc with a broad, weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital summit with a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 1, interstriae 3 unarmed; declivital strial punctures large, seriate, each bearing a recumbent seta, interstriae flat, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae hair-like, erect; declivity opalescent; elytral disc shiny and finely punctate; body abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; and pronotal asperities large, coarse, moderately spaced.
L.
Taiwan.
Unknown.
4.0–4.15 mm long (mean = 4.08 mm; n = 3); 2.0–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a deep transverse saddle-like depression, depressed area sulcate; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 unarmed; declivity moderately sulcate to interstriae 4; declivital strial punctures large, seriate, interstriae minutely biseriately punctate, setose, setae short erect bristle-like; moderate body size; declivity shagreened; elytral disc rugose; body abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; and pronotal asperities small, coarse, densely spaced.
Chinese mythology, Xuannü “mysterious lady”- the goddess of fertility. Noun in apposition.
China (Chongqing, Sichuan).
Recorded from
The holotype is point mounted with an excessive amount of opaque glue which obscures the examination of ventral characters. Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
1.35–5.2 mm, 2.0–3.5× as long as wide.
Distributed throughout tropical Asia and Oceania.
An unbranched radial or curved entrance tunnel, sometimes with a few branches. As the larvae develop, their feeding activity extends part of the main gallery into a single longitudinal brood chamber usually approximately rectangular in shape, and the width of the main gallery (
1 | Posterior face of protibiae inflated and granulate; scutellum flush with elytra and flat; lateral margin of pronotum costate or carinate |
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– | Posterior face of protibiae flat and unarmed; scutellum flush with elytra and medially impressed or depressed below level of elytra; lateral margin of pronotum oblique |
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2 | Declivital posterolateral carina forming a circumdeclivital ring; lateral profile of declivity appearing truncate; pronotum from dorsal view type 8, with disc very long compared to anterior slope |
|
– | Declivital posterolateral costa extending to interstriae 7; lateral profile of declivity appearing rounded or obliquely truncate; pronotum from dorsal view type 7, with disc as long or slightly longer than anterior slope |
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3 | Anterior margin of pronotum viewed from above slightly angularly projecting, the asperities on the margin distinctly larger than those on the anterior slope, and separated from them by the height of a serration or more (Fig. |
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– | Anterior margin of pronotum viewed from above evenly rounded, the asperities on the anterior margin not distinctly larger than those on the anterior slope, and separated from them by the less than the height of a serration (Fig. |
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4 | Smaller, 1.35–1.5 mm; dorsal profile of elytral apex rounded; elytral posterolateral costa denticulate |
|
– | Larger, 1.9–3.5 mm; dorsal profile of elytral apex angulate; elytral posterolateral costa carinate and unarmed |
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5 | Larger, 3.2–3.5 mm; pronotal disc rugose; lateral margin of pronotum carinate |
|
– | Smaller, 1.9–2.2 mm; pronotal disc punctate; lateral margin of pronotum costate |
|
6 | Declivital face without strial furrows and interstrial ridges below |
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– | Declivital face with strial furrows and interstrial ridges at least to midpoint |
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7 | Declivital strial furrows at least 1.5× the width of interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges denticulate, setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, as long as striae 2 with at declivital base; striae strongly impressed; declivity weakly shagreened, interstrial ridges almost appear shiny (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital strial furrows equal in width to interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges finely tuberculate, glabrous or with minute setae no longer than 1/2 width of a strial furrow; striae moderately impressed; declivity strongly shagreened (Fig. |
|
8 | Posterolateral declivital costa carinate and unarmed |
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– | Posterolateral declivital costa acute or not, armed with granules or denticles |
|
9 | Declivity with odd interstriae more strongly elevated than even interstriae; declivital interstriae minutely and equally denticulate |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 strongly elevated on apical 1/2, other interstriae similarly elevated; declivital interstriae 1 denticulate, denticles very large, denticles on remaining interstriae greatly reduced and less abundant |
|
10 | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges of striae and interstriae 1–3 anteriorly extending no further than apical 1/3 of disc (Fig. |
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– | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges of striae and interstriae 1–3 anteriorly extending at least to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
|
11 | More elongate form, 2.9–3.3× as long as wide; more elongate pronotum (1.3 × longer than wide; declivity with short coarse setae |
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– | Less elongate form, 2.6–2.7× as long as wide; less elongate pronotum (1.1–1.2× longer than wide; declivity with fine hair-like setae |
|
12 | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending to apical 1/4 of disc; interstriae densely setose with long hair-like setae and bristles |
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– | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending just beyond the midpoint of disc; interstriae lightly setose, nearly glabrous |
|
13 | Declivity interstriae 1–3 strongly and uniformly convex from base to apex |
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– | Declivity interstriae 1–3 feebly convex, convexity variably decreasing from base to apex |
|
14 | Antennal club as wide as long; larger 2.2 mm; elytra 1.35× longer than pronotum |
|
– | Antennal club wider than long; smaller, 2.0 mm; elytra 1.24× longer than pronotum |
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15 | Elytral disc with a transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
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– | Elytral disc flat, without a transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
|
16 | Larger, 5.2 mm; scutellum depressed below level of elytra and flat |
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– | Smaller, 2.8–3.0 mm; scutellum flush with elytra and medially impressed |
|
17 | Striae and interstriae on disc never forming strial furrows (Fig. |
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– | Striae and interstriae on disc forming deep strial furrows and interstrial ridges (Fig. |
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18 | Declivital interstrial granules large, widely spaced and uniseriate |
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– | Declivital interstriae granules small, densely spaced and confused |
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19 | Elytral interstriae bearing two rows of long thick semi-erect hair-like setae; shallow strial furrows on declivity |
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– | Elytral interstriae bearing one row of short erect black bristles and longer semi-erect hair-like setae; strial furrows never present on declivity |
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20 | Discal interstriae with tubercles larger than those on the declivity |
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– | Discal and declivital interstriae with multiple rows of confused tubercles of equal size |
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21 | Discal striae deeply impressed; elytral interstriae with at least two rows of tubercles and long erect, fine hair-like setae, setae 2× the width of an interstria |
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– | Discal striae weakly impressed; elytral interstriae with two rows of granules and long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae, setae 1–1.5× the width of an interstria |
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22 | Elytral vestiture comprised of only hair-like setae on both disc and declivity, setae long, fine, and semi-recumbent |
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– | Elytral vestiture comprised of hair-like setae and golden scales, long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae on disc; declivital interstriae densely covered by two or three rows of dense, confused golden scales |
|
2.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, granulate.
It can be further distinguished from the closely related
L.
India (Arunachal Pradesh).
The species has only been recorded from
The holotype is card mounted. Characters on the ventral surface including the submentum, prosternal posterocoxal piece, and denticles on the outer margins of the tibia were unable to be viewed. Socketed denticles are present on all tibiae.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.2–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.43 mm; n = 4); 2.13–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral costa carinate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with row of serrations; large size; strial furrows 3× the width of interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, as long as striae 2 width at declivital base; interstrial ridges denticulate; striae moderately impressed; and declivity weakly shagreened, interstrial ridges almost appear shiny.
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand.
Recorded from
Syntype(s) in
China: Yunnan, Banna, 24.i.2018, Shengchang Lai, ex
2.8–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.94 mm; n = 5); 2.23–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc with weak transverse saddle-like depression; and moderate size.
Borneo, China* (Yunnan), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand.
Polyphagous. The frequent records from
The supposed syntype in
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.98 mm; n = 5); 2.11–2.44× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; striae not impressed; declivital interstriae bearing a row of short erect bristles and longer semi-erect hair-like setae, setae as long as an interstrial width.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Mentawai Is, Sulawesi, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Polyphagous.
2.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.27× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral weakly convex, without a transverse depression; striae not impressed; declivital striae and interstriae covered with small equally sized granules; and elytra densely covered with setae, setae increasing in density towards apex.
Philippines, Thailand. Imported to Japan from ‘Borneo’ and Indonesia (Maluku) (
Recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.94 mm; n = 5); 2.38–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate to interstriae 7; elytra obliquely truncate, boundary between elytral disc and declivity distinct, declivital face without strial furrows and interstrial ridges; declivital interstriae setose, setae long, hair-like, recumbent, as long as 1.5 strial widths.
Brunei, West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
China: S -Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 37 km NW Jinghong, vic. Guo Men Shan,
2.1 mm long (mean = 2.1 mm; n = 5); 2.63× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with a row of serrations; strial furrows 3× width of interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, as long as striae 2 width at declivital base; interstrial ridges denticulate; striae strongly impressed; declivity weakly shagreened, interstrial ridges almost appear shiny; and moderate size.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), West Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The gallery system is typical of the genus. One gallery excavated by
Laos: 10 km N Luang-Prabang, Mekhong river, 240 km N Vientiane, hills c. 250 m, poor settlem[ent], prim[ary] veget[ation], lux, iii.1993, Insomsay Somsy (
1.9–2.1 mm long (mean = 1.98 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, granulate.
It can be further distinguished from the closely related
‘Borneo’, Cambodia, India (Andaman Is, Assam), Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
Not examined. Potentially housed in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Cibinong, Java, Indonesia (
1.2–1.4 mm long (mean = 1.28 mm; n = 5); 3.0–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club as broad as tall; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, carinate; and odd interstriae more strongly elevated than even interstriae.
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Bhutan: W. distr. Thimpu, E Dochu La Menshunang, 2400 m, 7.vii.1988, C. Holzschuh (
2.5–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae weakly impressed; elytral interstriae with two rows of granules and long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae, setae 1–1.5× width of an interstria.
Bhutan*, India (Meghalaya, West Bengal), Laos*, Nepal.
Recorded only from
1.5–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.56 mm; n = 5); 2.5–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, denticulate; strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending no further than midpoint of disc; and interstriae sparsely setose with minute bristles, almost appearing glabrous.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
2.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; protibiae slender, slightly broadened distally, posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club as broad as tall; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, granulate.
In reference to the type locality, Phia Oac Nature Reserve. Latinized adjective.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
2.6–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.66 mm; n = 5); 2.48–2.64× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae deeply impressed on disc; elytral interstriae with at least two rows of tubercles and long erect fine hair-like setae, setae 2× width of an interstria.
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from three genera of
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.72× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; elytra truncate, surrounded by a circumdeclivital carina; boundary between elytral disc and declivity distinct, elytral disc without strial furrows and interstrial ridges; circumdeclivital carina emarginated at each striae (striae 5 and 6 may be weakly indicated); and declivital striae setose, setae minute, recumbent, as long as a strial puncture.
India (Andaman Is, Assam).
Recorded from two species of
This species is transferred to
Laos: Vientiane, Nan Van Eue, 15.xii.1966, native collector, ex light trap (
1.7–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.84 mm; n = 5); 2.83–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, denticulate; strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending to basal 1/4 of elytral disc; and interstriae densely setose with long hair-like setae and bristles.
India (Andaman Is), Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous.
Vietnam: Thua Thien-Hue, Bach Ma N.P.,
2.5–2.55 mm long (mean = 2.51 mm; n = 4); 2.27–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae weakly impressed; elytral interstriae with one row of dominant tubercles.
Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
2.5 mm long (n = 2); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae moderately impressed on disc; elytral interstriae with two rows of granules and long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae on disc, setae 1–1.5× width of an interstria; and declivital interstriae densely covered by two or three rows of dense confused golden scales.
L.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.65–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.72, n = 5); 2.6–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its elongate form and steeply sloping declivity; posterolateral margin with a series of granules; pronotal summit distinctly anterior to middle; elytral disc with striae impressed on posterior part; and interstriae 1–3 extending to apex of declivity, armed with uniseriate granules.
L.
China (Guangxi, Hainan), Thailand.
This species is only recorded from
2.3 mm long (n = 1); 2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; striae not impressed on disc, feebly impressed on declivity; declivital interstriae bearing two rows of long thick semi-erect hair-like setae, setae as long as 1.5 interstrial widths.
Named for Dr. Wisut Sittichaya in recognition of his contributions to the study of bark and ambrosia beetles. Noun in genitive.
Thailand.
Unknown.
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P.,
1.5–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.6 mm; n = 5); 2.5–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, carinate; and declivital interstriae 1 strongly elevated on apical 1/2, denticulate, denticles large.
Indonesia (Java, Maluku), East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
5.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc with deep transverse saddle-like depression; and large size.
L.
China (Yunnan).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted with a large amount of glue. Characters on the ventral surface including the submentum, prosternal posterocoxal piece, and denticles on the outer margins of the tibia were unable to be viewed. Socketed denticles are present on all tibiae. Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.35–1.5 mm long (mean = 1.42 mm; n = 2); 2.5–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with a row of serrations; declivital interstriae except interstriae 1 denticulate; and minute size.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Thailand.
Recorded from
China: Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex
2.0–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.08 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with a row of serrations; strial furrows equal in width to interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges glabrous or with minute setae no longer than 1/2 width of a strial furrow; interstrial ridges finely tuberculate; striae moderately impressed; declivity strongly shagreened; and moderate size.
China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India* (Bihar, West Bengal), Japan, Laos*, Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from
The record of
Large and robust species, 4.1–5.6 mm long, 2.2–2.55× as long as wide.
Distributed throughout mostly tropical regions of Asia, Australasia, and Oceania.
This appears to have been described only in
1 | Elytral disc convex; posterolateral margin of declivity costate; smaller, 4.1–4.5 mm |
|
– | Elytral disc flat to concave with a transverse saddle-like depression; posterolateral margin of declivity carinate; larger, 5.0–6.0 mm |
|
2 | Declivity densely covered with long golden setae; elytral disc flat with a weak transverse impression; larger, 6.0 mm |
|
– | Declivity sparsely covered with long golden setae; elytral disc concave with a distinct transverse saddle-like depression; smaller, 5.0–5.6 mm |
|
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien National Park, E of Crocodile Lake,
4.1–4.5 mm long (mean = 4.26 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.28× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; elytral disc convex, without a transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margins costate, never carinate; and boundary between elytral disc and declivity smoothly rounded.
India (Karnataka, Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from six genera in five families in India (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
6.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.2× as long as wide (
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
China: Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, 9.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex
5.0–5.6 mm long (mean = 5.2 mm; n = 10); 2.21–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderate size; elytral disc concave with a transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margins carinate; and boundary between elytral disc and declivity smoothly abrupt.
China (Chongqing*, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous. Recorded from
Distributed throughout Asia, Oceania and South America (
The species, as far as is known, are twig and shoot-borers, and the gallery system is typical of such species with a short radial or circumferential gallery running to the middle of the stem, and longitudinal branches up and down the stem in which the brood develops.
1 | Mycangial tuft absent on pronotal base (Fig. |
|
– | Mycangial tuft present on pronotal base (Fig. |
|
2 | Declivity convex and unarmed; anterior margin of pronotum strongly produced, extending into a process with numerous serrations; epistoma emarginate, mandibles enlarged (in lateral view protruding forward at 90° to the plane of the frons, dorsoventrally deeper than normal; in anterior view, with an upwardly directed, smooth, rounded process on the dorsal side) |
|
– | Declivity sulcate, its margins armed with denticles or spines; anterior margin of pronotum with two large serrations; epistoma transverse; mandibles normal, not as described above |
|
3 | Smaller, 2.8–3.2 mm; pronotal base punctures fine, sparse; pronotal surface smooth, shiny; pronotum appearing narrow, sides parallel for approximately 2/3 of total length. |
|
– | Larger, 3.3–5.4 mm; pronotal base punctures coarse, dense; pronotal surface dull; pronotum appearing wide, sides parallel for approximately 1/2 of total length |
|
4 | Elytra bicolored, disc light brown, declivity and pronotum |
|
– | Elytra uniformly piceous; declivital interstriae 2–5 sparsely denticulate without large spines; antennal club type 2 with two sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
|
5 | Elytral disc very short, less than 1/2 of elytral length, declivity obliquely truncate (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral disc longer, more than 1/2 of elytral length, evenly curving into convex declivity (Fig. |
|
6 | Declivity bicolored with the basal 1/2 black and the apical 1/2 with a pale translucent area; declivital interstriae unarmed |
|
– | Declivity unicolored; declivital interstriae granulate |
|
7 | Pronotal disc sparsely and finely punctured (Fig. |
|
– | Pronotal disc densely and coarsely punctured (Fig. |
|
8 | Scutellum very large (Fig. |
|
– | Scutellum of normal size (Fig. |
|
9 | Striae distinct on declivity, declivital striae 1 and 2 impressed; smaller, 3.6–3.8 mm |
|
– | Striae indistinct on declivity, only declivital striae 1 impressed; larger, 4.2–4.4 mm |
|
10 | Declivital striae with much coarser, deeper punctures than on disc; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly narrowed toward apex; declivital striae 1–3 impressed. |
|
– | Declivital striae with punctures similar to those on disc; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 not narrowed toward apex; at most declivital striae 1 and 2 impressed |
|
3.9–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 4); 1.63–1.70× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc 4–5× scutellum length; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin weakly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae weakly granulate, setose with five or six rows of recumbent hair-like setae on interstriae 2 and 3; striae indistinct on declivity, striae 1 and 2 impressed; discal punctures dense, confused, surface distinctly reticulate between punctures; and body black with basal part of pronotal disc sometimes orange or brown.
‘Borneo’, China (Fujian), Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Fujian, Quanzhou, 23.xi.2015, Y. Li, ex mango (
1.8–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.34 mm; n = 5); 2.09–2.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; declivity rounded; elytra typically with a transparent area (may also be solid black); pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 1); antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; antennal funicle 3-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; declivital striae with punctures similar to those of disc; and declivital interstriae 2 and 3 not narrowed toward apex, at most striae 1 and 2 impressed.
This species strongly resembles
China (Chongqing*, Fujian*, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan*), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Japan, Laos*, West Malaysia, New Guinea, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
China: Tibet [Xizang], Chayu, Shama, 2020 m, 21.vii.1973, ex
3.3–3.7 mm long (mean = 3.42 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the absence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elongate body; declivity excavated; pronotum from dorsal view type 6; pronotum apex strongly produced, extending to a process with two serrations; mandibles normal; epistoma entire; elytral punctures distinct, clearly uniseriate; declivital interstriae bearing sparse erect hair-like setae; declivital interstriae 2–5 sparsely denticulate; protibiae very slender with three large narrow denticles; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on the posterior face; and 3-segmented antennal funicle.
China* (Xizang, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, West Bengal), West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand*.
Recorded from
The entries in
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity,
5.0–5.5 mm long (mean = 5.34 mm; n = 5); 1.83–2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc short; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin strongly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae granulate with a median row of long erect hair-like setae, clearly distinct from the ground vestiture; pronotal disc glabrous, shiny, sparsely punctate; and typically bicolored pronotum with apical 1/2 black and basal 1/2 orange.
Bangladesh, China (Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
2.7–3.3 mm long (mean = 3.04 mm; n = 5); 1.67–1.74× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc very short; procoxae widely separated; declivity bicolored, with the basal 1/2 black and the apical 1/2 with a pale translucent area; declivity flat; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; declivital posterolateral margin moderately carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae punctate, setose, and ground vestiture absent.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
Reported by
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton, ex
3.6–3.8 mm long (mean = 3.76 mm; n = 5); 1.58–1.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc very short, 2× scutellum length; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin weakly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae granulate, with recumbent hair-like setae, often a median row of long erect hair-like setae on upper part of declivity (varies geographically); interstriae 2 and 3 with three or four rows of setae; declivital striae 1 and 2 impressed; discal punctures dense, confused, surface between punctures with only traces of reticulation; and uniformly black body.
Throughout the Oriental region from India to Indonesia and New Guinea, and extending northwards to Japan, Korea, and Russia (Far East). Introduced and established in the United States (
Polyphagous (
The biology of the species has been studied in Japan by
China: Hainan, Jianfengling Mt., 600 m, 26.iii.1984, Shimei Song (
2.8–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 4); 2.14–2.28× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the uniquely emarginate epistomal margin; enlarged mandibles (in lateral view protruding forward at 90° to the plane of the frons, dorsoventrally deeper than normal; in anterior view, with an upwardly directed, smooth, rounded process on the dorsal side); absence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; pronotum from dorsal view type 6; pronotum apex strongly produced, extending to a process with numerous serrations; body glabrous, strongly shiny; declivity strongly rounded; protibiae very slender with three large, narrow denticles on outer margin; antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; and 3-segmented antennal funicle.
This species is very similar to
China* (Fujian, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Sikkim), Indonesia (Java), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Likely polyphagous. Recorded from
Both
China: Fujian, Chong’an, Guidun, 950 m, 25.vi.1979, Fusheng Huang, ex
3.3–5.4 mm long (mean = 4.35 mm; n = 4); 2.0–2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the uniquely emarginate epistomal margin; enlarged mandibles (in lateral view protruding forward at 90° to the plane of the frons, dorsoventrally deeper than normal; in anterior view, with an upwardly directed, smooth, rounded process on the dorsal side); absence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; pronotum from dorsal view type 6; pronotum apex strongly produced, extending to a process with numerous serrations; body glabrous, strongly shiny; declivity strongly rounded; protibiae very slender with three large, narrow denticles on outer margin; antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; and 3-segmented antennal funicle.
This species is very similar to
China* (Yunnan*), India (Assam), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, Vietnam.
This species has only been recorded from
Images of the
Both
3.45–4.5 mm long (mean = 4.1 mm; n = 4); 2.2–2.56× as long as wide (
Brunei, East Malaysia, Thailand.
Unknown but has been collected from dipterocarp forests (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 8.iv.2015, Y. Li, ex in flight (
2.8 mm long (mean = 2.8 mm; n = 2); 2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; declivity rounded; elytra often with a transparent area; pronotum from dorsal view type 1; antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; antennal funicle 3-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; declivital striae with punctures much coarser, deeper than those of disc; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly narrowed toward apex; and striae 1–3 impressed.
This species strongly resembles
China* (Guizhou, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Meghalaya), Indonesia (Java), Vietnam.
Recorded from
4.2–4.4 mm long (mean = 4.31 mm; n = 5); 1.54–1.62× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc short, 3× scutellum length; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin weakly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae granulate, setose with recumbent ground vestiture and a median row of long erect hair-like setae; declivital striae 1 impressed; discal punctures dense, confused; and uniformly pitch black or piceous colored body with brown legs and antennae.
China (Yunnan), Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown.
1.8–4.0 mm, 1.88–2.71× as long as wide.
Species are distributed in tropical Asia and are rare in Melanesia.
The gallery system in this genus appears to be rather variable (
1 | Posterolateral margin of elytra rounded |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of elytra carinate or costate |
|
2 | Pronotum with a pair of pit mycangia opening on the anterior slope of the elytra; elytra broadly rounded; protibiae with an evenly rounded outer margin; smaller, 1.8–2.2 mm, and stout, 2.0–2.25× as long as wide |
|
– | Pronotum without a pair of pit mycangia; elytra acuminate, declivity gradual; protibiae distinctly triangular; larger, 2.3–2.4 mm, and elongate, 2.4–2.67× as long as wide |
|
3 | Posterolateral margins of elytra costate; declivity obliquely truncate in lateral view; antennal club wider than long; larger, 3.75–4.0 mm |
|
– | Posterolateral margins of elytra carinate; declivity variously rounded in lateral view; antennal club circular or longer than wide; smaller, 1.9–3.2 mm |
|
4 | Declivital summit bearing four sharp spines that extend over the declivity |
|
– | Declivital summit without spines |
|
5 | Elytral bases without a setal tuft; protibiae distinctly triangular; antennal club longer than wide |
|
– | Elytral bases with a dense tuft of setae extending at least to striae 3; protibiae obliquely triangular; antennal club circular |
|
6 | Elytral interstriae acutely carinate or costate; declivital face sulcate or bisulcate |
|
– | Elytral interstriae never carinate, flat or feebly tumescent; declivital face subconvex |
|
7 | Basal 1/2 of declivity strongly sulcate, sulcate area v-shaped, margined by costate interstriae 3, 5, 6, interstriae 4 sharply carinate; larger, 2.7 mm |
|
– | Declivity weakly to moderately bisulcate, interstriae 2 to striae 3 weakly to moderately depressed, interstriae 4–7 carinate; smaller, 2.1–2.4 mm |
|
8 | Declivital interstriae 4 moderately tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/2 (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 4 strongly tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/4 (Fig. |
|
9 | Elytral discal striae punctate, interstriae impunctate; elytral disc shagreened; declivital interstriae 1–4 costate, 5 and 6 subcarinate; elongate, 2.71× as long as wide |
|
– | Elytral discal striae and interstriae punctate; elytral disc strongly shiny; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 depressed, remaining interstriae slightly tumescent; stout, 2.2–2.22× as long as wide |
|
1.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 4; discal striae punctate, interstriae impunctate; elytral disc and declivity shagreened; declivital face subconvex; declivital interstriae 1–4 costate, 5 and 6 subcarinate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed laterally, basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally; and anterior margin of the pronotum without a distinct row of serrations.
G.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Philippines: Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon Munc., Mount Palali basecamp,
3.75–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.95 mm; n = 5); 1.88–2.05× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; pronotum anterior margin with a pair of conspicuous serrations; densely setose body; declivity obliquely truncate; elytral strial and interstrial punctures confused; declivital interstriae granulate; and pronotum type 5 when laterally viewed.
Indonesia (Maluku), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines*, Thailand.
Recorded from
2.7 mm long (n = 1); 2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 8; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate; elytral disc strongly shiny, declivity shagreened; basal 1/2 of declivity strongly sulcate, sulcate area v-shaped, margined by costate interstriae 3, 5, 6, and sharply carinate interstriae 4; apical 1/2 of declivity subconvex, interstriae costate, denticulate to apex; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; protibiae obliquely triangular; pronotum rounded, robust (type 5) when viewed laterally, and basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally.
L.
China (Yunnan).
This species is known from
The holotype is missing the antennal funicles and club and metatibiae. Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.3 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 4); 2.09–2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 4; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate, elytral disc strongly shiny; declivity shagreened; declivity bisulcate, interstriae 2 and 3 moderately depressed, interstriae 4–7 carinate, interstriae 4 strongly tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/4; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; protibiae distinctly triangular; pronotum rounded, robust (type 5) when viewed laterally and rounded (type 1) when viewed dorsally.
China* (Hong Kong), India (West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Myanmar, Thailand.
Recorded from
Records of
1.8–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.18 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.25× as long as wide. This species can be identified from all other species in the region by its unique mycangia that include both typical elytral mycangia with conspicuous medial tufts of setae and a pair of pit mycangia located near the pronotal base. In addition, the protibiae have evenly rounded outer margins; elytral strial and interstrial punctures confused; interstriae tuberculate; elytra setose; pronotum tall (type 2) when laterally viewed; and pronotum anterior margin unarmed by a row of serrations.
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Apparently highly host-selective and recorded only from trees of the family
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: 28.iv.1938,
2.1–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.29 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 8; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate; elytral disc strongly shiny, declivity shagreened; declivity bisulcate, interstriae 2 to striae 3 weakly to moderately depressed, interstriae 4–7 carinate, interstriae 4 moderately tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/2; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; protibiae obliquely triangular; pronotum rounded, robust (type 5) when viewed laterally, and rounded (type 1) when viewed dorsally.
China* (no specified province), India (Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Vietnam.
Recorded from three different families of trees and probably polyphagous (
Records of this species in
3.1–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.14 mm; n = 5); 2.38–2.46× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the lack of a tuft of setae along the elytral base; declivity rounded; elytra shiny; striae and interstriae distinct; interstrial punctures confused; body lightly setose; antennal club as broad as tall; protibiae distinctly triangular; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed laterally, basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally; and anterior margin of the pronotum without a row of serrations.
This species strongly resembles
L.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
China: Guizhou, Pingtang, 7.vi.1978, Luyi Luo, ex
2.3–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 5); 2.4–2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its elongate form with acuminate elytral apex and gradual declivity; elytra shagreened; striae and interstriae distinct, interstrial punctures confused; body moderately setose; antennal club as long as wide; protibiae distinctly triangular; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed laterally, basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally; and pronotum anterior margin with a row of six equally sized serrations.
Bangladesh, China* (Guizhou), India (Sikkim, West Bengal), Vietnam*.
Recorded from
2.0–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.1 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.22× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 6; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate; elytral disc strongly shiny; declivity shagreened; declivital face subconvex, interstriae 2 and 3 depressed, remaining interstriae slightly tumescent; pronotum rounded and robust, type 5, when viewed laterally, rounded, type 1, when viewed dorsally; and anterior margin of the pronotum without a distinct row of serrations.
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.0× as long as wide (
None.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
1.75–4.4 mm, and elongate, 3.0–4.17× as long as wide, with elytral apex attenuate or acuminate.
Occurring in tropical Asia and New Guinea, possibly introduced to Australia.
This consists of an unbranched entrance tunnel leading to a single terminal brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
All species of
1 | Elytra without mycangial pits (Fig. |
|
– | Elytra with mycangial pits on basal slope or near scutellum on dorsal surface (Fig. |
|
2 | Larger, 2.0 mm and elongate, 3.3× as long as wide; elytral interstriae reticulate–punctate, punctures confused and very dense at the base of the disc |
|
– | Smaller, 1.4 mm and stout, 2.55× as long as wide; elytral interstriae distinctly seriate punctate, punctures not densely placed at the base |
|
3 | Pit mycangia present on dorsal elytral surface near scutellum (Fig. |
|
– | Pit mycangia present on basal slope of elytra (Fig. |
|
4 | Mycangial pits subtriangular; elytral apex truncate when viewed from behind, forming a small approximately oval, impunctate, flattened facet |
|
– | Mycangial pits subcircular; elytral apex attenuate, lacking a flattened, apical facet |
|
5 | Elytral disc with a transverse, saddle-like depression in basal 1/2; interstriae bearing strongly hooked tubercles from basal 1/3 (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral disc without a transverse, saddle-like depression; interstriae bearing weakly hooked tubercles from at or behind elytral midpoint (Fig. |
|
6 | Mycangial openings in elytra base comprised of four round pits |
|
– | Mycangial openings in elytra base comprised of two transverse slits |
|
7 | Smaller, 2.35–2.6 mm; elytral vestiture uniseriate on all discal interstriae (except at base) |
|
– | Larger, 3.2–3.3 mm; elytral vestiture irregularly biseriate on discal interstriae 2–4 |
|
2.15–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.35 mm; n = 4); 3.31–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pair of subtriangular mycangial pits close to the scutellum on the dorsal elytral surface; antennal funicle 4-segmented; and elytral apex truncate when viewed from behind, forming a small approximately oval, impunctate, flattened facet.
Brunei, Vietnam.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.0 mm long (n = 1); 3.3× as long as wide (
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Only recorded from
Laos: Kham Mouan, Ban Khoun Ngeun,
3.5–4.4 mm long (mean = 3.85 mm; n = 4); 3.14–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; large and broad mycangial pits on the basal slope of elytra; elytral disc with a transverse saddle-like depression; declivital interstriae bearing strongly hooked tubercles from basal 1/3; antennal funicle 4-segmented.
Brunei, Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam.
Recorded from
A lectotype for the species was designated by
1.4 mm long (n = 1); 2.55× as long as wide (
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, Thailand.
No host records are known but hosts are presumably similar to other
One gallery system investigated consisted of an unbranched entrance tunnel leading to a single terminal brood chamber enlarged in the longitudinal plane, with multiple tunnels extending further into the wood (
Thailand: Chiang Mai, Fang, 12–19.iv.1958, T.C. Maa (
3.2–3.3 mm long (n = 2); 3.2–3.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the two distinctive pairs of round mycangial pits along the basal slope of elytra; and antennal funicle 4-segmented.
Thailand.
Unknown.
Only two specimens of this species are known, both from Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Laos: Sekong, ~ 12 km S Sekong, Taofaek waterfall,
2.35–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 4); 3.0–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex acuminate; two mycangial pits broad and narrow on basal slope of elytra; declivital interstriae denticulate; and antennal funicle 4-segmented.
This species most closely resembles
Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos*, Thailand.
Unknown.
Laos: Vientiane, Gi Sion vill. De Tha Ngone, 28.ii.1965, J.L. Gressitt, light trap (
2.2–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 5); 3.29–4.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pair of subcircular mycangial pits close to the scutellum on the dorsal elytral surface; antennal funicle 4-segmented; and attenuate elytral apex.
Australia, ‘Borneo’, Brunei, India (Kerala), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from
3.2–3.3 mm long (mean = 3.26 mm; n = 4); 3.2–3.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex acuminate; two mycangial pits broad and narrow on basal slope of elytra; declivital interstriae denticulate; and antennal funicle 4-segmented.
This species most closely resembles
India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded from
1.7–5.0 mm, very stout to very elongate (2.19–3.67× as long as wide) with elytral apex entire and variable declivital forms.
Occurring in temperate and tropical forests worldwide with the exception of South America. Three species have been introduced to the United States. (
Usually consists of an unbranched entrance tunnel leading to a single narrow brood chamber, which may be quite large, in the longitudinal plane (
Some species of
1 | Elytral disc with a median shallow saddle-like impression (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral disc without a median shallow saddle-like impression (Fig. |
|
2 | Elytral apex armed by two or three pairs of large sharp spines, their length longer than basal width; declivital face steep, flat, unarmed by tubercles, one or two small granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 near upper margin |
|
– | Elytral apex armed by two pairs moderate teeth, their apices blunt, and their length no longer than basal width; declivital face steeply convex, tuberculate and granulate |
|
3 | Declivity moderately to strongly sulcate between suture and interstriae 3 (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity convex or flattened; interstriae 1 armed by granules, denticles or tubercles (Fig. |
|
4 | Declivity sulcate to interstriae 3; interstriae 3 bearing five tubercles along its length; smaller, 2.1–2.3 mm |
|
– | Declivity sulcate to interstriae 4; interstriae 3 only armed by two granules near base; larger, 2.5 mm |
|
5 | Anterior margin of pronotum with a row of serrations (Fig. |
|
– | Anterior margin of pronotum without a row of serrations (Fig. |
|
6 | Antennal club circular, type 5, lacking sutures on anterior and posterior faces (Fig. |
|
– | Antennal club wider than long, type 3, with three sutures visible on anterior face and 2–3 sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
|
7 | Anterior margin of pronotum serrate with serrations on a short continuously elevated recurved carina; posterolateral margin of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; larger, 5.5 mm |
|
– | Anterior margin of pronotum serrate and without a carina; posterolateral margin of elytra rounded; smaller, 3.5–4.1 mm |
|
8 | Eyes almost entire; declivity with scale-like setae |
|
– | Eyes moderately to deeply emarginate; declivity with hair-like setae |
|
9 | Declivital interstriae 2 armed, bearing granules, denticles or tubercles |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed by granules, denticles or tubercles (excluding apical margin) |
|
10 | Declivity obliquely truncate or truncate, separation between disc and declivity abrupt (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity variably rounded (gradually, evenly or steeply), separation between disc and declivity gradual (Fig. |
|
11 | Declivity truncate, declivital margins forming a costate and tuberculate circumdeclivital ring (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity obliquely truncate, declivital margins costate and granulate or tuberculate to interstriae 7, never forming a circumdeclivital ring (Fig. |
|
12 | Declivital face rugose and coarsely sculptured, distinctly sulcate on basal 1/2, striae 1 more deeply impressed than striae 2 or 3; interstriae 1 inflated on apical 1/3 and interstriae 2 and 3 flat |
|
– | Declivital face smooth, feebly sulcate on basal 1/4; striae clearly, uniformly impressed; and interstriae inflated |
|
13 | Declivity strongly shiny; pronotum wider than long; more elongate, 3.13× as long as wide |
|
– | Declivity shagreened and dull; pronotum longer than wide; stouter, 2.54–2.83× as long as wide |
|
14 | Pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles. |
|
– | Pronotum basic from dorsal view (type 2) with rounded anterior margin; declivital interstriae densely covered in multiseriate rows of tubercles |
|
15 | Base of elytral disc with seriate striae and confused interstriae; strial punctures larger than interstrial punctures (Fig. |
|
– | Base of elytral disc with confused striae and interstriae; strial punctures as large as interstrial punctures (Fig. |
|
16 | Declivity sulcate between suture and striae 1; tubercles on interstriae 2 larger than those of interstriae 1 and 3; pronotal disc coarsely punctate; larger size, 4.1–4.2 mm |
|
– | Declivity convex; tubercles on interstriae 1 larger than those of interstriae 2 and 3; pronotal disc finely punctate; smaller size, 2.5–3.1 mm |
|
17 | Declivity very steeply rounded; granules present on no more than apical 1/3 of declivity |
|
– | Declivity gradually rounded; granules present along entire length of interstriae 2 |
|
18 | Elytral apex and posterolateral margin armed with alternating spines and denticles, a single spine on each interstria and a smaller denticle on each stria from suture to interstriae 7; elytral interstriae tuberculate with three large equally spaced tubercles along interstriae 1 and 3, those of interstriae 3 smaller |
|
– | Elytral apex and posterolateral margin granulate; declivital interstriae armed with a row of moderately spaced uniseriate granules |
|
19 | Declivital slope strongly and evenly rounded (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital slope gentle, gradual (Fig. |
|
20 | Posterolateral margin of elytra granulate; declivital striae weakly impressed; granules on interstriae 1–3 approximately equal in size; larger, 3.9–4.1 mm |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of elytra costate and granulate; declivital striae not impressed, punctures small, indistinct; granules on interstriae 1 larger than those of 2 or 3; smaller, 3.25 mm |
|
21 | Declivity truncate, surrounded by circumdeclivital carina; interstriae 3 unarmed; anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate; larger, 4.2 mm |
|
– | Declivity rounded or obliquely truncate; interstriae 3 armed by granules, denticles or tubercles; anterior margin of pronotum rounded; smaller, 1.65–4.1 mm |
|
22 | Declivity at least 1/3 of total elytral length evenly or gradually rounded (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity approximately 1/4 of total elytral length, very steep (Fig. |
|
23 | Declivity evenly rounded and convex; posterolateral margin of elytra rounded and granulate; declivital interstriae 1 with two large tubercles in median area; submentum deeply depressed below genae; smaller, 2.1 mm |
|
– | Declivity gradually rounded; posterolateral margin of elytra carinate and granulate to interstriae 7; declivital interstriae 1 armed by a large denticle near the base and a small spine near the apex with the area in between appearing concave; submentum not depressed, flat, flush with genae; larger, 2.7–3.5 mm |
|
24 | Declivital interstriae 1 with one row of seriate setae |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 with two or three rows of confused setae |
|
25 | Declivity obliquely truncate and flattened; pronotal anterior slope short, pronotal summit approximately at apical 25%; smaller, 1.65–1.8 mm |
|
– | Declivity steeply rounded and weakly convex or concave (atypical and rare individuals); pronotal anterior slope moderate, pronotal summit approximately at apical 35–45%; larger, larger, 1.9–2.2 mm |
|
26 | Declivital interstriae 2 setae uniseriate, in one row on apical 1/2 |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 setae biseriate, confused on apical 1/2 |
|
27 | Declivital interstriae 1 with three rows of confused setae; larger, 3.2–3.5 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 with two rows of confused setae; smaller, 2.75–3.0 mm |
|
28 | Declivital interstriae 1 with three rows of confused setae |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 with two rows of confused setae |
|
4.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; declivity truncate; pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital face with three striae; declivity strongly tumescent from apex to basal 1/4 and laterally from sutural margin to striae 2; declivital interstriae 1 coarsely granulate, interstriae 2–4 minutely punctate, and surface shiny.
In reference to the likeness to
India (Arunachal Pradesh).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined. This species exhibits strong morphological convergence with
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
5.0 mm long (n = 1); 3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; obliquely truncate declivity with rounded margins; pronotum wider than long and subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstriae punctures replaced by sparse, small, confused tubercles; declivital strial punctures large, distinct; declivital face appearing convex and strongly shiny; declivital striae clearly, uniformly impressed and interstriae inflated on apical 1/2.
L.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
China: Jiangxi, Longnan County, Jiulianshan,
2.6–3.3 mm long (mean = 2.89 mm; n = 9); 2.5–2.71× as long as wide.
This species is distinguished by the elytral disc with a median shallow saddle-like impression; declivital interstriae 2 granulate; declivity very steep, posterolateral margin feebly costate; elytral apex bearing four denticles, one on each interstriae 1 and 2; declivital face bearing four equally sized and spaced tubercles along interstriae 1; and striae slightly impressed.
China (Fujian, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan), Thailand*, Taiwan*, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from an unknown genus of
The holotype of was examined and is here transferred to
China: Fujian, Chong’an, Guidun, 1200 m, 7.v.1978, host:
1.7–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 4); 2.76–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 and 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of
China (Fujian*, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong*, Guizhou*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*), Japan, Laos, South & North Korea, Russia (Far East), Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam*. Introduced to Europe, USA (Wood 1975;
Like a number of other species of
The holotype of
Diagnostic characters for
Species | Declivital interstriae 1 setae | Declivital interstriae 2 setae | Lateral profile of declivity | Declivital interstriae 2 granulate | Total length (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
uniseriate | uniseriate | obliquely truncate | unarmed | 1.65–1.8 |
|
uniseriate | uniseriate | steeply rounded | unarmed | 1.7–2.2 |
|
2 rows, confused | uniseriate | steeply rounded | unarmed | 2.8–3.0 |
|
2 rows, confused | 2 rows, confused | steeply rounded | often on apical third | 2.7–3.0 |
|
3 rows, confused | uniseriate | steeply rounded | unarmed | 3.2–3.5 |
|
3 rows, confused | 2 rows, confused | steeply rounded | unarmed | 2.5–3.1 |
3.3–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.43 mm; n = 5); 2.54–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; declivity obliquely truncate, strongly shagreened and dull; pronotum longer than wide and basic from dorsal view (type 2); declivital interstriae densely covered in multiseriate rows of tubercles.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
The species has a strong preference for
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.95–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.02 mm; n = 2); 2.81–3.1× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital slope gentle, gradual; separation between the smooth, shiny elytral disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures large, distinct; declivital interstriae tuberculate with three large equally spaced tubercles along interstriae 1 and 3, those of interstriae 3 smaller; interstriae 2 granulate near base, interstriae 4 granulate along its length; and elytral apex and posterolateral margin armed with alternating spines and denticles, a single spine on each interstriae and a smaller denticle on each striae from suture to interstriae 7.
L.
China (Jiangxi), Vietnam.
Unknown.
China: Beijing, 15.iv.1980, Peiyu Yu (
2.5–3.11 mm long (mean = 2.78 mm; n = 15); 2.6–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 setae in three confused rows and interstriae 2 setae in two confused rows (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of
China (Beijing*, Fujian, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*), India (Uttarakhand), Japan, Nepal, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*. Recently established in the United States (
Recorded from
Images of the
The declivity of
1.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; eyes that are nearly as large as the head and very weakly emarginated; and declivity bearing scale-like setae.
None.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
This tiny species is only known from the lectotype specimen which is point mounted with an excessive amount of glue. This mounting prevented the examination of most antennal and ventral characters, including the legs. It is likely that this species belongs in a different genus, potentially
Bhutan: Thimpu, km 125 Phuntsholing, 2300 m, 24.v.1972, Nat.-Hist. Mus Basel, Bhutan Expedition (
2.8–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 2.8–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 setae in two confused rows, interstriae 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of
Bhutan*, China* (Yunnan), India (Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos*, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded from
The holotype of
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: [unspecificed province], northeastern China, DB07, A56, Wang (
2.1–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.2 mm; n = 4); 2.81–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; declivity obliquely truncate, moderately to strongly sulcate; pronotum elongate from dorsal view (type 9); declivity laterally sulcate to interstriae 3, interstriae 3 bearing five tubercles along its length.
China* (Yunnan), Japan, Russia (Far East), South Korea, Thailand*.
Recorded only from
China: Fukien [Fujian], Shaowu, Tachuland, 4.v.1943, T.C. Maa (
2.6–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.87 mm; n = 4); 2.5–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc with a shallow median saddle-like impression; declivity very steep; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; elytral apex bearing two single triangular spines at interstriae 1 and 3 that are at least the width of an interstria (additional smaller denticles may be present along posterolateral margin); and declivital face unarmed by tubercles.
China (Fujian, Guangxi*, Sichuan), Japan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from
4.0 mm long (n = 3); 2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; declivity obliquely truncate, strongly shagreened and dull; pronotum longer than wide subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); and declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles.
L.
India (Arunachal Pradesh).
Unknown.
The type series is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, 2004, W. Puranasakul (
2.5 mm long (n = 1); 3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; declivity obliquely truncate and moderately sulcate; pronotum elongate from dorsal view (type 9); declivity sulcate to interstriae 4; and declivity only armed by two granules near base of interstriae 3.
Thailand*, Vietnam.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.1 mm long (n = 1); 2.45× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc convex; declivity rounded; and elytral apex bearing a single, strong triangular spine at the end of interstriae 2.
L.
China (Yunnan).
Unknown.
Taiwan: Fushan, iii.2015, J. Hulcr, ex
4.1–4.2 mm long (mean = 4.15 mm; n = 2); 2.73–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; pronotal disc coarsely and densely punctured, strongly shagreened; elytra shiny; declivity impressed between suture and striae 1, interstriae 2 convex; and declivital interstriae 1 sparsely granulate, interstriae 2 and 3 each with a row of widely spaced large tubercles, those on interstriae 2 larger.
Taiwan.
Recorded only from
Taiwan: Ilan Co., Fushan, 2000 m, 27.vi.1995, A. Warneke, ex light trap (
3.2–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.3 mm; n = 5); 2.67–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 setae in three confused rows, interstriae 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of
China (Shanxi, Sichuan), Japan, South & North Korea, Russia (Far East), Taiwan*. Imported to USA (
Most records are from
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR),
2.5–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.74 mm; n = 5); 2.08–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its very stout body; pronotum rounded from dorsal view (type 1); and lack of serrations on pronotum anterior margin; and uniseriate row of sparse, large tubercles on the declivity.
‘Borneo’, China (Hainan, Yunnan*), India* (Arunachal Pradesh), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from
The gallery system has few branches, and small, rather irregular brood chambers in the longitudinal plane (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.9–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.02 mm; n = 5); 2.58–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by large size; declivital slope gentle, gradual; separation between the smooth, shiny elytral disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; declivital striae weakly impressed, strial punctures small, indistinct; declivital interstriae armed with a row of somewhat confused dense granules; and elytral apex and posterolateral margin armed with granules.
L.
Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
This species has only been recorded from
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR),
2.5–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.78–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by moderate size; declivital slope gentle, gradual; separation between the smooth, shiny elytral disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures small, indistinct; declivital interstriae armed with a row of moderately spaced uniseriate granules; and elytral apex and posterolateral margin granulate.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P.,
2.7–3.5 mm long (mean = 2.92 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its unique elytral sculpturing: declivital interstriae 1 armed by a large denticle near the base and a small spine near the apex with the area in between appearing concave.
None.
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Unknown.
3.5–4.1 mm long (mean = 3.9 mm; n = 5); 2.19–2.56× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its stout body; anterior pronotum margin with a row of 5–7 serrations; antennal club type 3; and elytral interstriae granulate.
Chagos Is, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Polyphagous, but with a distinct preference for trees of the family
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
India: N. Andaman, C.F.C. Beeson, 18.iii.193 [
3.3–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.61 mm; n = 8); 2.2–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the type 5 antennal club which lacks visible sutures on both the anterior and posterior faces; anterior margin of pronotum with a distinct row of five serrations; and declivital interstriae 2 granulate and stout form.
‘Borneo’, India (Andaman Is), Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia.
Recorded from
China: Yunnan, Lijiang, v.1975, Zhizhong Zhang, ex
2.7–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 4); 2.5–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 granulate on apical 1/3; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 and 2 setae in two confused rows (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of
China (Fujian, Yunnan*), India* (Assam), Vietnam*.
This species has only been recorded from
In his description Schedl lists the species as 2.3 mm long. The lectotype is 2.7 mm long.
4.0 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 3); 2.67–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; truncate declivity surrounded by a granulate circumdeclivital costa; pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles; declivital strial punctures large, distinct; declivital face with three striae, distinctly sulcate on basal 1/2, surface rugose, coarsely sculptured and appearing undulating; declivital striae impressed, striae 1 more deeply impressed; and interstriae 1 inflated on apical 1/3 and interstriae 2 and 3 flat.
In reference to the likeness to
Vietnam.
Recorded from
China: Fujian, Jianyang, 2.v.1978, Fusheng Huang, ex
3.8–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 4); 2.53–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; truncate declivity surrounded by a granulate circumdeclivital costa; pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles; declivital strial punctures large, distinct; declivital face with three striae, feebly sulcate on basal 1/4, surface smooth; and declivital striae clearly, uniformly impressed; and interstriae inflated.
China (Fujian).
This species is only known from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
5.5 mm long (mean = 5.5 mm; n = 5); 2.45–2.48× as long as wide (
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded only from
1.65–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.71 mm; n = 5); 3.09–3.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, obliquely truncate and flat declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3; interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; declivital interstriae 1 and 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of
L.
China (Yunnan), Thailand.
Known only from
Taiwan: Taichung Co., Dasyueshan Natl Forest, ex EtOH trap, 11.viii.2013, C-S. Lin (
3.25 mm long (n = 1); 2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc convex; declivity convex; posterolateral margin costate with a row of larger granules; elytral apex granulate; moderately large size; pronotal disc shiny, finely, densely punctured; declivital striae not impressed, both striae and interstriae punctures granulate, and of similar size, a row of slightly larger granules on interstriae 1 and 3, and a weaker row on interstriae 2; and declivital vestiture very fine and short.
Taiwan.
Unknown.
2.2–5.4 mm, 2.68–3.85× as long as wide.
Common in tropical forests throughout South Asia to the far reaches of the Pacific Ocean.
This usually has a transverse surface gallery between the bark and wood, part of which is expanded by the larvae into a brood chamber in which many of them develop. Further branching tunnels penetrate directly into the wood. These too develop brood chambers in the longitudinal plane. Brood development proceeds normally in the wood, if the tree is debarked. In some species (e.g.,
1 | Elytral apex never explanate; elytral apices not prolonged beyond abdominal apex (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral apex explanate; elytral apices produced beyond the abdominal apex with posterolateral extensions (Fig. |
|
2 | Elytral apex entire; declivital sulcus deep |
|
– | Elytral apex emarginate; declivital sulcus shallow |
|
3 | Declivity minutely, finely punctate; smaller, 2.5–3.2 mm and more elongate, 3.2–3.6× as long as wide |
|
– | Declivity densely, coarsely punctate; larger, 3.9–4.6 mm, and stouter, 2.7–2.9 × as long as wide. |
|
4 | Posterolateral extensions of elytra short, less than the width of apical emargination; declivity shallowly excavated (Fig. |
|
– | Posterolateral extensions of elytra long, at least as long as width of apical emargination; declivity deeply excavated (Fig. |
|
5 | Declivity impunctate except for a single row of punctures running from the upper margin to the inner margin of the second declivital spine and thence to the apical emargination |
|
– | Declivity clearly, confusedly punctate |
|
6 | Elytra distinctly tapering apically from 1/3 length from base, a slight lateral constriction just behind second declivital teeth; length 3.3–5.4 mm |
|
– | Elytra weakly tapering only in posterior 1/3 or less, lacking a lateral constriction; usually smaller, not more than 4.0 mm |
|
7 | Larger species, 3.7–3.9 mm; upper pair of spines on declivity short, conical, separated from lower pair by approximately the same distance as the second pair from the elytral apex |
|
– | Smaller species, 2.2–2.5 mm; upper pair of spines on declivity longer, more sharply pointed, usually separated from the lower pair by a shorter distance than between the lower pair and the elytral apex |
|
Laos: Vientiane, Ban Van Eue, 15.ii.1966, native collector, ex malaise trap (
2.2–2.7 mm (mean = 2.52 mm; n = 5); 3.57–3.85× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex entire, never explanate, appearing flat and broad; declivital sulcus deep; and small size.
Brunei, China (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR),
3.3–5.4 mm long (mean = 4.26 mm; n = 9); 3.23–3.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra long, as long as width of apical emargination; apex of posterolateral extensions with a denticle; declivity strongly excavated; and large size.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Mentawai Is, Sumatra, Sulawesi), Laos, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
3.7–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.8 mm; n = 2); 3.25–3.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra long, as long as width of apical emargination; apex of posterolateral extensions unarmed by a denticle; declivity strongly excavated; and moderate size.
West Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
3.9–4.6 mm long (mean = 4.22 mm; n = 5); 2.69–2.93× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex emarginate, never explanate, appearing flat and broad; declivital sulcus shallow; and large size.
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, Thailand.
Unknown.
China: N Guangxi reg., Miaoershan, S slope, 1300–2000 m, 25–28.vi.1997, Bolm (
3.3–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.48 mm; n = 4); 2.83–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra short, less than the width of apical emargination, and declivity shallowly excavated; declivity clearly, confusedly punctate.
This species is very similar to
From India and southern China through southeast Asia, the Philippines and Indonesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the East, northwards to Japan. Recorded in the study region from China (Fujian, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Nicobar Is), Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Strongly polyphagous (e.g.,
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: S Yunnan, 28 km NW Jinghong, vic. An Ma Xi Zhan (NNNR),
2.5–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.78 mm; n = 5); 3.25–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex emarginate, never explanate, appearing flat and broad; declivital sulcus shallow; and small size.
Australia, China (Xizang, Yunnan*), Fiji, India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), Laos, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous.
China: Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 3.67–3.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra long, as long as width of apical emargination; declivity deeply excavated; small size; and typically bicolored appearance, with light brown pronotum and dark brown elytra.
China* (Jiangxi, Yunnan), India (Assam), Indonesia (Enggano Is, Java, Maluku, Mentawai Is, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines*, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vietnam.
Strongly polyphagous (e.g.,
China: Sichuan, Leibo, 800 m, 20.iv.1964, Fusheng Huang, ex fir (
3.0–3.8 mm long (mean = 3.34 mm; n = 5); 2.92– 3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra short, less than the width of apical emargination and declivity shallowly excavated; and declivity impunctate except for a single row of punctures running from the upper margin to the inner margin of the second declivital spine and thence to the apical emargination.
This species is very similar to
China (Guangxi, Sichuan*), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Laos, East Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous, possibly with a preference for
Small to moderately sized (1.5–3.0 mm) stout species (1.33–2.78× as long as wide).
Found in tropical Asia and Oceania, rare in Africa.
The gallery systems in
1 | Elytral summit unarmed (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral summit armed by denticles (denticles may be present posterior to saddle-like impression) (Figs |
|
2 | Declivity densely covered by recumbent setae on both the striae and interstriae, setae short, as long as one interstrial width; declivital striae 1 moderately impressed; 1.65–1.95 mm |
|
– | Declivity nearly glabrous, interstriae 2 and 4 with a sparse row of very long semi-erect hair-like setae, setae longer than the width of two interstriae; declivital striae 1 shallowly impressed 1.5–1.7 mm |
|
3 | Elytral summit transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral summit convex, without a saddle-like depression (Fig. |
|
4 | Declivital interstrial setae thick, scale-like, in uniseriate rows; and striae glabrous |
|
– | Declivital interstrial setae finer, almost hair-like, in two or three confused rows on interstriae 2–4; and striae setose, setae similar to those of interstriae |
|
5 | Declivity with uniseriate rows of small denticles along the entire length of interstriae 3, 5, 6; elytra and pronotum bicolored, darker on the apical areas |
|
– | Declivity armed only at summit of interstriae 1 and 3; elytra and pronotum unicolored |
|
6 | Declivity flat; declivital summit armed by two pairs of minute sharp denticles |
|
– | Declivity appearing bisulcate; declivital summit armed by two pairs of large oblique denticles |
|
7 | Pronotum longer than wide; declivity appearing strongly bisulcate; interstriae 1 and 3–6 clearly convex giving the declivity a rugged appearance |
|
– | Pronotum as long as wide; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; interstriae 1 and 3–6 flat to weakly convex giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance |
|
8 | Smaller, 1.5 mm; pronotum conical frontally and angulate (type 6) in dorsal view; pronotal summit anterior to midpoint |
|
– | Larger, 1.9–2.8 mm; pronotum rounded (type 1) in dorsal view; pronotal summit at midpoint |
|
China: Chongqing, Pengshui, 11.viii.2016, Tian-Shang (
1.65–1.95 mm long (mean = 1.78 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.62× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the minute size; unarmed declivity; moderately impressed declivital striae 1; declivity densely covered by recumbent setae on the striae and interstriae; and lateral margin of the protibiae armed with four denticles.
China* (Chongqing, Guizhou), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Taiwan, Thailand.
Recorded from
This species had previously been considered a synonym of
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Hainan, Wu-zhi-shan Town,
1.6–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.66 mm; n = 5); 1.33–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc convex; declivital summit armed by three denticles along interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 3, 5, and 6 bearing a uniseriate row of denticles along its length; interstrial setae minute, strongly confused, recumbent, as long as length between setae; and bicolored elytra and pronotum that are darker at the apical areas.
China (Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya*, West Bengal), Laos, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
2.6 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; declivital base armed by two pairs of denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; bicolored elytra and pronotum that are darker on the apical areas; interstrial setae recumbent, finer, almost hair-like, in two or three confused rows on interstriae 2–4; and striae setose, setae similar to those of interstriae.
Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam.
Recorded from
China: Fujian, Fuan, Shuyang, 2.x.2018, A. Ernstsons, ex EtOH trap (
1.9–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.28 mm; n = 5); 2.11–2.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit armed by two pairs of large denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; pronotum approximately as long as wide, summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 punctate; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; and interstriae 1 and 3–6 flat to weakly convex giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance.
Bangladesh, China (Fujian*, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh*, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Japan (Ryukyu Is), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Imported to Africa (South Africa, Tanzania).
Polyphagous (
2.5–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 5); 2.08–2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; declivital base armed by two pairs of denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; bicolored elytra and pronotum that are darker on the apical areas; declivital interstrial setae recumbent, thick, scale-like, in uniseriate rows; and striae glabrous.
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Vietnam: Cao Bang,
1.5–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.65 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the minute size; unarmed declivity; declivital striae 1 shallowly impressed; nearly glabrous appearance; and lateral margin of the protibiae armed with four denticles.
Australia, China (Fujian), Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Vietnam*.
This species has only been recorded from
The synonymy of
1.5 mm long; 2.37× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; pronotum conical frontally and angulate (type 6) in dorsal view; pronotal summit at anterior 3/8, basal 5/8 punctate; elytral summit armed by two pairs of large denticles, one pair on interstriae 2, the other on interstriae 3; pronotum as long as wide; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; and interstriae 1 and 3–6 flat to weakly convex giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance.
India (West Bengal). The inclusion of Indonesia (‘Borneo’, Java) , Malaysia and Thailand in the distribution by
Recorded only from
The species was found associated with
The holotype was destroyed in the bombing of
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 25.x.2015, Y. Li, ex trap baited with ipsenol + EtOH (
2.0–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.26 mm; n = 5); 2.33–2.78× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit armed by two pairs of large denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; pronotum longer than wide; declivity appearing strongly bisulcate; declivital interstriae 1 and 3–6 clearly convex giving the declivity a rugged appearance.
China* (Guizhou*, Hong Kong*, Jiangsu*), Indonesia (Java), Japan, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Thailand: Narathiwat, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanct.,
1.8–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.82 mm; n = 5); 2.25–2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit armed by two pairs of minute denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.2–2.4 mm and elongate (3.14–3.43× as long as wide).
Known only from China, Japan and South Korea. Introduced and established in USA.
Unknown. The biology of the only species in the genus,
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, vi.2015, Y. Li, ex ethanol trap (
2.2–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 3.14–3.43× as long as wide. As described for the genus. This species is most easily distinguished by the anterior margin of pronotum in lateral view evenly arched, summit not elevated or evident; anterior margin of pronotum weakly emarginated at middle; declivity distinctly moderately deeply sulcate; declivital face and lateral margins unarmed; and comparatively few socketed denticles on the outer margin of the pro- (five), meso- (six) and metatibiae (five).
Small
China* (Guizhou, Sichuan), Japan, South Korea. Introduced and established in USA (Rabaglia and Bright 1999;
This species has been collected from both coniferous and angiosperm hosts.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.5–4.2 mm and stout (2.06–2.3× as long as wide).
Throughout the tropical regions of Africa and Asia to New Guinea, Australia, the Solomon Islands and Samoa.
The radial entrance gallery leads to several branches in various planes, not penetrating more than 3–4 cm. In small diameter stems, the branches may be longitudinal. Enlarged brood chambers are absent.
1 | Declivity bearing more than three spines on each elytral margin; declivital armature consisting of two large spines closest to suture on declivital summit and many smaller, uniform-sized denticles on declivital margin |
|
– | Declivity bearing three spines on each elytral margin; largest spine near the declivital summit |
|
3.5–4.2 mm long (mean = 3.73 mm; n = 5); 2.1–2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of more than three spines on each elytral margin, declivital armature consists of two large spines closest to suture on declivital summit and many smaller, uniformly sized denticles on declivital margin.
China (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Sunda Is), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Elytral vestiture of this species is quite variable. In Asian specimens the declivity is covered with dense flattened scales while specimens from Papua New Guinea are covered by long setae. The shape, density and color of the scales are quite variable (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR),
2.5–3.7 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 5); 2.06–2.27× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of three spines on each elytral margin, with the largest spine near the declivital summit.
Throughout the tropical regions of Africa and Asia to New Guinea, Australia, the Solomon Islands and Samoa. Recorded in the study region from Cambodia, China* (Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
Following
1.8–5.7 mm, 2.08–3.6× as long as wide.
Found throughout tropical South Asia and Oceania, rare in temperate East Asia. Six species, including three in the
This consists of branched tunnels, either in one horizontal plane or extending into three dimensions and penetrating deeply into the wood. Brood chambers are absent. In small diameter stems the galleries may be longitudinal.
1 | Elytra as long as wide |
|
– | Elytra longer than wide |
|
2 | Declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from declivital summit to apical 1/3 then narrowed to apex, with a large tubercle on apical 1/3 |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 uniform in width |
|
3 | Protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular |
|
– | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge |
|
4 | Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, elongate, type 7 in dorsal view (Fig. |
|
– | Anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate or quadrate, types 3 or 4 in dorsal view (Fig. |
|
5 | Very elongate, 3.6× as long as wide |
|
– | Less elongate, 2.5–3.0× as long as wide |
|
6 | Posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate; declivital face sulcate armed only by one transverse row of four large granules at declivital summit, one on interstriae 1 and 3; larger, 2.5–2.75 mm |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate; declivital face convex, without a transverse row of granules at declivital summit, granules on declivital face; smaller, 2.4 mm |
|
7 | Protibiae with 7–9 socketed denticles on outer margins; very large, 4.6–5.7 mm |
|
– | Protibiae with 4–6 socketed denticles on outer margins; moderate to large, 2.8–4.6 mm |
|
8 | Strial punctures much larger on declivity than on disc; declivity typically opalescent |
|
– | Strial punctures on declivity and disc approximately equal in size; declivity strongly shiny |
|
9 | Declivity gradual, occupying apical ~40% of elytra; larger, 3.9–4.6 mm and less elongate, 2.54–2.79× as long as wide |
|
– | Declivity very steep, occupying apical ~20% of elytra; smaller, 3.4–3.9 mm and more elongate, 2.77–2.83× as long as wide |
|
10 | Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, basic, type 2 in dorsal view (Fig. |
|
– | Anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate or quadrate, types 3 or 4 in dorsal view (Fig. |
|
11 | Posterolateral margin of declivity granulate and carinate or costate |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity carinate or costate and never granulate |
|
12 | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate; smaller, 1.8–1.9 mm |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity carinate; larger, 2.4–4.2 mm |
|
13 | Elytral bases oblique, unarmed; posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate, elevated, giving the apical 1/3 of declivity transversely impressed appearance; larger, 4.2 mm |
|
– | Elytral bases weakly carinate, granulate; posterolateral margin of declivity moderately carinate, declivity convex, not transversely impressed; smaller, 2.4–3.0 mm |
|
14 | Strial punctures the same color as interstriae; distributed in submontane forests in northern India |
|
– | Strial punctures much darker colored than interstriae; distributed in lowland forests in Vietnam |
|
15 | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and granulate (Fig. |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity carinate, never granulate (Fig. |
|
16 | Declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; tubercles on interstriae large |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 bearing a few granules or tubercles; granules or tubercles on interstriae small |
|
17 | Elytral bases weakly carinate; smaller, 2.8–2.9 mm and stouter, 2.24–2.33× as long as wide |
|
– | Elytral bases oblique; larger, 3.5–4.1 mm, and more elongate, 2.4–2.73× as long as wide |
|
18 | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 2 extending from base to apex; declivity gradually sloped; declivital strial punctures shallow, giving the declivity a smooth appearance; smaller, 3.5–3.9 mm |
|
– | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 2 mostly absent from the apical 1/2; declivity steeply sloped; declivital strial punctures deep, giving the declivity a rugged appearance; larger, 3.9–4.1 mm |
|
19 | Larger, 3.1–3.3 mm; declivital face flattened; declivital striae 1 more deeply impressed than striae 2 or 3; declivity opalescent and shagreened |
|
– | Smaller, 2.2–2.8 mm; declivital face convex or weakly concave; declivital striae 1 as impressed or less impressed than striae 2 and 3; declivity shiny |
|
20 | Declivital face weakly concave; declivital striae 1 not impressed; elongate, 2.75–3.25× as long as wide |
|
– | Declivital face convex; declivital striae 1–3 equally impressed; stout, 2.2–2.55 |
|
Comparative table of measurements (mm) for the
Species | Total length (mm) | Length/width ratio | Elytral length (mm) | Pronotal length (mm) | Elytron width (mm) | Pronotal width (mm) | # Protibial denticles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2.2–2.37 | 2.15–2.3 | 1.4–1.46 | 1.02–1.06 | 0.48–0.52 | 1.0–1.06 | 6–7 |
|
2.6–2.7 | 2.25–2.36 | 1.44–1.72 | 1.02–1.16 | 0.48–0.62 | 1.0–1.14 | 8–9 |
|
2.4–2.8 | 2.17–2.4 | 1.5–1.82 | 1.08–1.16 | 0.52–0.56 | 1.06–1.16 | 8–11 |
|
2.3–2.5 | 2.46–2.55 | 1.42–1.68 | 1.04–1.16 | 0.48–0.56 | 1.02–1.14 | 7–10 |
China: Hong Kong, Kadoorie Farm, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.8–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.12 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its slender form; declivital posterolateral margin costate and granulate; pronotum appearing subquadrate when viewed dorsally (type 3); protibiae outer margins distinctly triangular bearing five or fewer large acute denticles; declivital strial punctures much larger on the declivity than on the disc; declivity broadly rounded; and declivital surface often appearing opalescent.
Bangladesh, Federated States of Micronesia, China* (Hong Kong*, Jiangxi, Yunnan), Indonesia (Buru I., Java, Mentawai Is, Sumatra), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Japan*, Laos*, West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
This species as currently defined represents a species complex and is in need of revision (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
4.0 mm. The morphology of the species was insufficiently described in the species description. However, the species is unique in having stout elytra that are as long as wide. No other
None.
India (Assam).
Unknown.
The location of the type specimens was listed as unknown (
3.9–4.6 mm long (mean = 4.19 mm; n = 6); 2.54–2.79× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large body size and elongate form; protibiae distinctly triangular with 4–6 denticles in the apical 1/2; declivity commencing at posterior 1/3, steeper than in
From the Andaman Islands, and Southwest China, through Southeast Asia to Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines to New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific islands. Recorded in the study region from China (Yunnan), India (Andaman Is), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species is an important pest of teak (
2.2–2.37 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.35× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with six or seven socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules; and declivital posterolateral margin costate. This species is part of the
This species is nearly identical to
This species is part of the
China (Sichuan), Federated States of Micronesia, India (Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand (
Recorded from
Due to longstanding confusion of
2.6–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.66 mm; n = 5); 2.25–2.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with 8 or 9 socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules; declivital posterolateral margin costate. This species is part of the
This species is nearly identical to
This species is part of the
China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Yunnan), India (Uttar Pradesh), Japan (Bonin Is, Okinawa), East Malaysia, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. This species has been introduced into Israel, South Africa, and the United States (California) (cited as PSHB and/or
Strongly polyphagous and has been reported from
This species is commonly known as the Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) and has been referred to as this and its synonym
Various aspects of the biology of the species are described by
3.45–3.7 mm long (mean = 3.65 mm; n = 5); 2.46–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) from dorsal view; outer margin of protibiae round; declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; declivital posterolateral margin carinate, never granulate; and moderately large size.
Australia, India (Andaman Is, Nicobar Is), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Sulawesi, Ternate), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.7–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.72 mm; n = 5); 2.33–2.35× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; elytral bases weakly costate, granulate; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with at least eight socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules; posterolateral declivital margin carinate and granulate; and elytral bases weakly carinate and granulate.
This species is identical to
L.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Bhutan: W. Paro distr., Gedu, 2100 m, 17–26.vi.1988, C. Holzschuh (
4.6–5.7 mm long (mean = 5.21 mm; n = 8); 2.6–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size and elongate form; protibiae less distinctly triangular than
Bhutan*, China* (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya*, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
This species was included in
China: Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex
3.5–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.78 mm; n = 5); 2.4–2.64× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) from dorsal view; outer margin of protibiae round; declivital interstriae 1 granulate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate, never granulate; and moderately large size.
It can be further separated from the strongly morphologically similar species
From the Indian subcontinent, China and South Korea through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to the Philippines, New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Introduced to North America, Hawaii and South America (Argentina) (
Polyphagous (
2.4–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 5); 2.17–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with 8–11 socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; interstriae bearing sparse small granules; and posterolateral declivital margin costate. This species is part of the
This species is nearly identical to
This species is part of the
This species is reported in the study region from Indonesia, Japan (Okinawa), and Taiwan. It has been introduced to Mexico and the United States (California) (
This species is polyphagous and reported from
This species is commonly known as the Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB) and has been referred to as this in publications before the species was formally described (e.g.,
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.6 mm long (n = 1); 3.6× as long as wide. This species is the most slender of the
Myanmar.
Unknown.
India: Uttarakhand, Dehradun, Forest Research Institute,
2.4–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 5); 2.08–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with at least seven socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules, posterolateral declivital margin carinate and granulate; and elytral bases weakly carinate and granulate.
This species is identical to
India (Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal).
Recorded from
China: Jiangxi, Xunwu, Xingshan, 6.ix.2018, Y. Li, ex
1.8–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.87 mm; n = 3); 2.57–2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; short, steep declivity with two transverse rows of granules on each interstriae at declivital summit; pronotum from dorsal view elongate (type 7); and pronotal asperities small, coarse.
Brunei, China (Chongqing, Jiangxi*, Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Japan, Korea, Laos, East & West Malaysia, Philippines*, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
4.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; and elytral bases rounded, never granulate; declivity gradual, declivital face flat, opalescent; declivital striae impressed, strial punctures large; posterolateral declivital margin elevated, acutely carinate, giving the apical 1/3 of declivity a transversely impressed appearance; and large size.
L.
India (West Bengal).
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.44 mm; n = 5); 2.46–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with 7–10 socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; interstriae bearing sparse small granules; and posterolateral declivital margin costate. This species is part of the
This species is nearly identical to
This species is part of the
This species occurs in American Samoa, Australia, Brunei, China (Hainan), Fiji, Indonesia (Java), Japan (Okinawa), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Palau, Philippines, Réunion, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor Leste, Vietnam, and introduced in the United States (Florida and Hawaii) (
The species is strongly polyphagous and has been recorded from 13 families:
Various aspects of the biology of the species are described by
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity,
2.2–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 2.75–3.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae parallel, granulate, granules uniform in size; small body size, elongate form; declivital striae 1 not impressed; elytral apex entire; and dark brown to black color.
Throughout the Oriental region from the Indian subcontinent through Southeast Asia, Indonesia to New Guinea and the Western Pacific islands; tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles. Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam*, Meghalaya*, Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species has some potential as a pest because of its deeply penetrating galleries and very wide host range (
2.5–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 3); 2.78–2.89× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; short, steep, sulcate declivity armed only by one transverse row of four granules, one on interstriae 1 and three at declivital summit; pronotum from dorsal view elongate (type 7); and pronotal asperities fine, minute.
Indonesia (Java), Thailand.
Recorded only from
3.1–3.3 mm long (mean = 3.18 mm; n = 5); 2.21–2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity gradual; declivital face flat, opalescent and shagreened; declivital striae impressed, strial punctures large; and declivital posterolateral margin carinate.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Mentawai Is, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Jinghong Farm,
3.4–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.58 mm; n = 5); 2.77–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its slender form; declivital posterolateral margin costate and granulate, pronotum appearing subquadrate when viewed dorsally (type 3); protibiae outer margins distinctly triangular bearing five short broad obtuse denticles; declivital strial punctures approximately the same size on disc and declivity; declivity very steep; and declivital surface strongly shiny.
China* (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya*, West Bengal), Indonesia (Maluku), East Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam.
Recorded from
Images of the
China: Chongqing, Gele Mtn, 5.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.42 mm; n = 5); 2.88–3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened, bearing a large median tubercle and several small granules (rarely median tubercles absent); small body size and elongate form; and red brown color.
Throughout the Oriental region from the Indian subcontinent through southeast Asia and Indonesia to New Guinea, Australia, and the Pacific islands; tropical Africa, Indian Ocean islands. Recorded in the study area from Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Chongqing*, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Nicobar Is, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to the US (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology of the species is discussed by
2.4 mm long (n = 1); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its slender form; pronotum from dorsal view elongate, anterior margin rounded (type 7); outer margin of protibiae distinctly triangular, bearing five denticles, denticles not contiguous; and declivital strial punctures very large, coarse.
L.
India (Assam).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.24–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum subquadrate (near type 3) in dorsal view, but only 0.89–0.97× longer than wide, and more strongly truncate anteriorly; elytra with a weak basal carina, sides parallel in basal 2/3, then gradually incurved to broadly rounded apex; declivity beginning after basal 1/4, convex, weakly flattened across interstriae 1–2 in apical 1/4, declivital strial punctures shallow, very coarse, striae 2 very weakly impressed, interstriae granulate, interstriae 2 with two or three larger denticles in apical 1/4, declivital posterolateral margin carinate, never granulate; and protibiae with 9–11 socketed denticles.
L.
China (Yunnan).
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Chongqing, Youyang, 11.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (
3.9–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) from dorsal view; outer margin of protibiae round, declivital interstriae 1 granulate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate never granulate; and moderately large size.
It can be further separated from the strongly morphologically similar species
China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Hubei*, Yunnan), Japan, Nepal, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam. Introduced and established in USA (Wood 1975;
Polyphagous attacking both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees (
China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Sanchahe Nat. Res.,
2.8–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.28 mm; n = 5); 2.31–2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the granulate posterolateral costa, pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) when viewed dorsally; protibiae outer margins rounded, bearing nine small socketed denticles, sockets small; declivital posterolateral margin costate and granulate; declivity rounded and convex; and elytral bases rounded, never weakly costate, or granulate.
China (Xizang, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Found throughout Southeast Asia and Oceania.
The galleries are regularly branched in one transverse plane and are without brood chambers (
The species of this genus are all closely associated with
1 | Larger, over 6.0 mm; elytral discal interstriae impunctate; boundary between disc and declivity distinct (Fig. |
|
– | Smaller, under 6.0 mm; elytral discal interstriae punctate; boundary between disc and declivity indistinct (Fig. |
|
2 | Declivity evenly rounded, posterolateral costa of the elytra uniformly thick to its dorsal end on interstriae 7 (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity steeper, posterolateral costa of the elytra thickens and becomes more prominent at its dorsal end on interstriae 7 (Fig. |
|
4.8–5.1 mm long (mean = 4.93 mm; n = 3); 2.55–3.06× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; conspicuously angulate elytral apex; posterolateral declivital costa weakly elevated and asperate; declivity appearing very broad and rounded; tubercles on declivital interstriae uniformly sized, present from base to apex; and discal interstrial punctures uniseriate.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Apart from a single record from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
India: Andaman Islands, N. Andaman, 3.xi.1930, C.F.C. Beeson,
5.2–6.0 mm long (mean = 5.58 mm; n = 5); 2.52–2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderate size; conspicuously angulate elytral apex; posterolateral declivital costa conspicuously elevated and asperate, making the declivity appear very broad and flat; declivital interstrial granules uniformly sized, present from base to apex; and discal interstrial punctures confused.
‘Borneo’, India (Andaman Is*, Assam, West Bengal*), Indonesia (Mentawai Is, Sumatra), New Guinea, Thailand.
This species is also closely associated with
6.6 mm long, (n = 1); 2.64× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; unique declivital sculpturing marked by a distinct boundary between disc and declivity; all interstriae bearing a series of 1–3 moderate to large tubercles at declivital summit and all interstriae bearing 3–8 irregularly spaced small to moderately sized tubercles; declivital punctures strongly confused; and discal interstriae impunctate.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown, but probably associated with
1.75–2.5 mm and 2.86–3.33× as long as wide.
Throughout the Oriental and Australian regions.
Only the gallery of
1 | Pronotum anterior margin subquadrate |
|
– | Pronotum anterior margin rounded | 2 |
2 | Declivital strial punctures distinct, nearly as large as interstrial granules |
|
– | Declivital strial punctures indistinct, much smaller than interstrial granules |
|
1.9–2.15 mm long (mean = 2.02 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.07× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the anterior margin of the pronotum rounded; declivital strial punctures indistinct; interstrial granules large, distinct; elytral apex narrowly attenuate; and stouter form (
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan.
Recorded only from two species of
The gallery system has branched tunnels with small brood chambers in the longitudinal plane (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.3 mm long (n = 2); 3.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the anterior margin of the pronotum rounded; declivital strial punctures distinct, nearly as large as interstrial granules, each bearing a short recumbent seta; and more slender form (
China (Hong Kong), Philippines.
Unknown.
1.75–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.92 mm; n = 5); 3.08–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the anterior margin of the pronotum subquadrate; short semi-recumbent interstrial setae; and minute size (
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
Usually constructed in small stems from 1.5 – 5.0 cm diameter, it comprises a circumferential entrance gallery leading to one to several longitudinal galleries (
Further details of the biology are given by
1 | Declivity strongly impressed, sides of impression raised and bearing tubercles or rugosities; elytral impression matte or nearly so, with fairly sparse long hair-like setae or short hair-like setae only; 6.0 – 7.2 mm |
|
– | Declivity weakly impressed, flat or weakly convex; if weakly impressed, sides of impression without tubercles or rugosities, although minute granules are often present, and whole declivity with dense, long, fine hair-like setae; 4.9–6.3 mm. | 2 |
2 | Declivity plano-convex, nitid, striae 1 not impressed, strial punctures less distinct, interstrial punctures finer and more closely placed, declivital face more densely hairy; elytral vestiture usually yellowish or golden; 4.9–5.8 mm |
|
– | Declivity plano-concave from suture to interstriae 3, nitid to matte, striae 1 at least weakly impressed, strial punctures more distinct, interstrial punctures coarser and less closely placed, declivital face less densely hairy; elytral vestiture dark brown or black; 5.0–6.3 mm |
|
China: Guangdong, v.2014, Jianguo Wang (
5.0–6.3 mm long (mean = 6.02 mm; n = 5); 1.73–1.88× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity plano-concave from suture to interstriae 3, striae 1 at least weakly impressed; entire elytra densely setose with declivital face less densely hairy and dark brown to black vestiture.
This species is similar to
Recorded in the study region from China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan*, Zhejiang), India (Assam, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Malaysia and Indonesia West of Wallace’s line.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
4.9–5.8 mm long (mean = 5.5 mm; n = 5); 1.77–1.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity plano-convex; striae 1 not impressed; and entire elytra densely setose with usually yellowish or golden vestiture.
This species is similar to
Recorded in the study region from India (Kerala), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Malaysia and the Philippines, through Indonesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
Polyphagous (
China: Chongqing, Chengkou, 16.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (
6.0–7.2 mm long (mean = 6.86 mm; n = 5); 1.8–1.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its larger size; declivity strongly impressed, sides of impression raised and bearing tubercles or rugosities; and elytral impression bearing fairly sparse, long hairs or short hairs only.
This species is most similar to
Brunei, China (Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Hainan, Jiangxi*, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
2.5–4.0 mm, 2.2–3.25× as long as wide. In this region
Distributed throughout Europe and temperate Asia including the Himalayas. One species is introduced and established in USA (
The gallery system of
The genus has been recently reviewed by
1 | Pronotum subquadrate (type 3) in dorsal view; apical margin of elytral mycangia distinctly raised; larger, 3.9–4.0 mm |
|
– | Pronotum conical (type 0) in dorsal view; elytral mycangia flat, margins never raised; smaller, 2.2–3.5 mm |
|
2 | Declivity steeply sloping, occupying apical 1/4 of elytra |
|
– | Declivity gradually sloping, occupying at least 1/2 of elytra |
|
3 | Declivity occupying 1/2 of elytra; elytra tapering after basal 3/4 to a broadly rounded apex; smaller, 2.2–2.4 mm |
|
– | Declivity occupying 2/3 of elytra; elytra tapering after basal 1/3 to an angularly rounded apex; larger, 3.4–3.5 mm |
|
3.4–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.45 mm; n = 2); 2.7–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the tapering, gradually sloping form of the elytra; pronotum conical (type 0) from dorsal view, with rounded anterior margin; elytra tapering after basal 1/3 to an angularly rounded apex; declivity beginning after basal 1/4, gradually, evenly sloping to apex; declivital interstriae weakly outwardly curved in apical 1/4; interstriae granulate only in apical 1/4; and posterolateral margin weakly raised to interstriae 7, not carinate or granulate.
L.
India (Meghalaya), Nepal.
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.2–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 4); 2.75–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the distinctive elytral mycangium which appears as a distinctly impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron; and declivity broadly sloping, occupying 1/2 of elytra.
L.
India (West Bengal).
This species has only been reported from
The entire type series is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
2.5–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 5); 2.78–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the unique elytral mycangium appearing as a distinctly impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron; and declivity steeply sloping, occupying apical 1/4.
China (Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan), Japan, South & North Korea, Russia (Far East, Kuril Is). Introduced and established in USA (
Polyphagous attacking both conifers and angiosperms (
The gallery system is unusual in lying between the bark and wood and not penetrating the wood. The parent female, larvae and pupae are all found together in communal chambers under the bark (
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity,
3.9–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.92 mm; n = 3); 2.79–3.25× as long as wide. This species can be recognized by the unique elytral mycangium appearing as a distinct impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron, its posterior margin distinctly raised; large size, pronotum from dorsal view appearing subquadrate (type 3); declivity steeply sloping, occupying apical 3/4 of elytra; and elytral disc flat and transverse.
India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal).
Recorded from
This is the largest xyleborine genus with species ranging between 5.0–8.8 mm (
Paleotropical.
The gallery system is branched and lies in one transverse plane (
The genus has been recently reviewed by
1 | Declivity rounded; larger, 7.0–7.8 mm |
|
– | Declivity truncate with a circumdeclivital costa; smaller, 5.0–5.5 mm |
|
Thailand: [Prachuap Khiri Khan]: Kui Buri N.P., 27.iii.2006, Dole et al., ex “Krachid” dead standing trunk (
5.0–5.5 mm long (mean = 5.2 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.5× as long as wide. Most closely resembles
Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded only from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
The largest species occurring in Southeast Asia, 7.0–7.8 mm long (mean = 7.26 mm; n = 5); 1.97–2.05× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the very large size; rounded declivity; densely setose body; declivital interstriae 2 bearing a row of two or three denticles; and all declivital interstriae are slightly elevated.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
1.9–3.6 mm, 2.15–2.52× as long as wide.
Paleotropics and Oceania.
Consists of a system of irregularly branched tunnels without brood chambers, lying more or less in one transverse plane. When the host tree has thick bark, transverse surface galleries may also be made between the bark and wood (
1 | Declivital interstriae bearing uniseriate short, semi-erect scales; posterolateral declivital margin costate; smaller, 1.9–2.1 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstriae covered with minute star-shaped scales; posterolateral declivital margin carinate; larger, 2.6–3.6 mm |
|
China: Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex
1.9–2.1 mm long (mean = 1.99 mm; n = 5); 2.22–2.53× as long as wide. The species is readily distinguished by its small size and declivital interstriae bearing uniseriate short, semi-erect scales; and posterolateral declivital margin costate.
China* (Jiangxi), Indonesia (Sumatra), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, Solomon Islands, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
This species bears striking morphological similarity to
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Guangxi Reg., Miaoershan, S slope, 800–1300 m, 20–27.vi.1997, Bolm (
2.6–3.6 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the larger size, declivity extremely flat and broad; especially laterally; posterolateral declivital margin elevated, carinate; declivital surface covered with minute star-shaped scales.
China* (Guangxi, Jiangxi), India (Andaman Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), Japan, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species attacks large logs, smaller stems down to approximately 3 cm diameter, and lianas (
1.2–3.1 mm, 1.93–3.17× as long as wide.
Found throughout the Paleotropics, Australia and Oceania.
The tunnels are irregularly branched, more or less in one transverse plane, and enlarged into small brood chambers in the longitudinal plane in places. In a few species (e.g.,
1 | Elytral disc broadly, deeply transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression from scutellum to declivital base; declivity deeply sulcate, its margins costate; elytral bases slightly emarginated from sutural margin to interstriae 4 to accommodate mycangial tuft |
|
– | Elytral disc either medially impressed and appearing humped, or flat, or broadly convex; declivity flat or convex its margins flat; elytral bases not emarginated |
|
2 | Declivity obliquely truncate; posterolateral declivital margin rounded and denticulate (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity rounded; posterolateral declivital margin costate or carinate, with or without granules (Fig. |
|
3 | Declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae parallel from base to apex, never laterally broadened (Fig. |
|
4 | Denticles on declivital summit and margins larger and more sharply acute than those on declivital face |
|
– | Denticles on declivital summit of equal size and shape as those on declivital face |
|
5 | Denticles on declivital summit as dense as those on declivital face; declivital face opalescent, subshiny |
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– | Denticles on declivital summit denser than those on declivital face; declivital face shagreened, dull |
|
6 | Larger, 2.55–2.95 mm |
|
– | Smaller, 1.2–2.1 mm |
|
7 | Stout, 1.93–2.19× as long as wide; elytral posterolateral margin strongly carinate and unarmed |
|
– | Elongate, 2.5–2.9× as long as wide; elytral posterolateral margin costate and granulate |
|
8 | Declivital strial punctures very large, distinct |
|
– | Declivital strial punctures small, indistinct |
|
9 | Declivity with granules, denticles or tubercles distinctly less abundant than strial punctures (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity with abundant granules or denticles, at least as abundant as strial punctures (Fig. |
|
10 | Elytral disc shallowly transversely impressed with a saddle-like impression (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral disc without a depression (Fig. |
|
11 | Discal impression deeper, antero-posteriorly narrower, with steeper anterior and posterior slopes, strial punctures on impression with rounded granules (Fig. |
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– | Discal impression shallower, antero-posteriorly broader, with gentler anterior and posterior slopes strial punctures on impression without granules (Fig. |
|
12 | Declivital denticles uniformly sized; smaller, 1.7–1.8 mm |
|
– | Declivital denticles not uniformly sized, one or two pairs of slightly larger denticles on declivital interstriae 3; larger, 1.9–2.0 mm |
|
13 | Elytral disc convex on basal 1/3, appearing humped in lateral view (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral disc flat, never appearing humped (Fig. |
|
14 | Declivital interstriae densely covered with short semi-erect scales |
|
– | Declivital interstriae densely covered with long fine, erect hair-like setae |
|
15 | Antennal club flat, type 3 with two sutures visible on apical 1/3 of posterior face (Fig. |
|
– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 with segment 1 almost covering posterior face (Fig. |
|
16 | Antennal club flat, type 3 with two sutures visible on apical 1/3 of posterior face (Fig. |
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– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 with segment 1 almost covering posterior face (Fig. |
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17 | Declivital interstrial granules dispersed, separated by the width of at least three granules; posterolateral margin of declivity weakly carinate and granulate; interstrial vestiture consisting of short semi-erect bristles, shorter in length than the width of an interstria; smaller, 1.2–1.7 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstrial granules dense, separated by the width of one granule; posterolateral margin of declivity strongly carinate; interstrial vestiture consisting of long semi-erect hair-like setae, longer in length than the width of an interstria (easily abraded); larger, 1.8–2.0 mm |
|
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR),
1.7–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.74 mm; n = 5); 2.43–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short, steep declivity; declivital posterolateral margin carinate; declivity with sparse minor denticles, less abundant than strial punctures, and denticles uniform in size.
Bangladesh, China (Guizhou, Yunnan*), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, West Bengal), Laos*, West Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Jinghong Farm,
2.6–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.68 mm; n = 5); 2.6–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity long, gradual; large size; declivital interstriae 2 lacking granules on declivital face; declivital face strongly shagreened, weakly impressed along striae 2 and interstriae 2; declivital strial punctures small, indistinct; posterolateral costa granulate; interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae, setae longer than two interstrial widths; and striae setose, setae short, semi-recumbent, as long as strial width.
This species strongly resembles
Bangladesh, China* (Yunnan), India (West Bengal).
Recorded from
China: Guangxi, Shangsi, 25.iii.2018, Y. Li, ex
2.55–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.72 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity long, gradual; large size; declivital interstriae 2 lacking granules on declivital face; declivital face strongly shagreened, weakly impressed along striae 2 and interstriae 2; declivital strial punctures small, indistinct; posterolateral costa granulate; interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae, setae longer than two interstrial widths; striae setose, setae short, semi-recumbent, as long as strial width.
This species strongly resembles
China* (Guangxi*, Yunnan*), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from five different families of trees, and probably polyphagous (
Cambodia: Siem Reap, Angkor Thom, 26.v.2003, J. Constant, K. Smets & P. Grootaert, ex light trap (
3.0–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.03 mm; n = 3); 2.5–2.82× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc broadly and deeply transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression from scutellum to declivital base; declivity deeply sulcate, its margins lined by large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3–6; elytral base emarginated from sutural margin to interstriae 4 to accommodate mycangial tuft, mycangial tuft setae long, very dense; and posterolateral costa absent.
Cambodia*, Laos*, Thailand.
Unknown.
The species is transferred to
1.6–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.68 mm; n = 5); 2.57–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae sparsely covered with short erect bristle-like setae; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; antennal club type 3 with two sutures visible on posterior face; declivity short, steep; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; and posterolateral costa carinate.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Chongqing Mun., S-W Univ., viii.2015, Su, T-L., ex
2.8–2.95 mm long (mean = 2.88 mm; n = 4), 1.93–2.19× longer than wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; posterolateral costa strongly carinate; interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae, setae longer than two interstrial widths; striae setose, setae short, recumbent, as long as 1.5 strial widths.
This species is distinguished from the closely related
China* (Chongqing, Sichuan), Indonesia (Sumatra), Thailand*.
Recorded from
The species was incorrectly synonymized with
China: Guangdong, Nanling N. P., 25.iii.2005, P. Grootaert (
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.92 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae densely covered with short semi-erect scales; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; and posterolateral costa granulate.
China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*, Zhejiang*), Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam.
Polyphagous attacking both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees (
1.6–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.69 mm; n = 5); 2.43–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina denticulate; declivital interstriae straight from base to apex, never laterally broadened; denticles on declivital summit and margins larger, more sharply acute and denser than those on declivital face.
Japan, Taiwan.
Recorded from
1.6 mm long (mean = 1.6 mm; n = 2); 2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina denticulate; and declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex.
L.
China (Hong Kong).
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.95–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.98 mm; n = 2); 2.79–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; posterolateral carina granulate; antennal club truncate, type 2 with one suture visible on posterior face near apex; and declivity smooth, shiny.
This species is nearly identical to
L.
Vietnam.
This species was collected from
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
1.5–1.6 mm long (mean = 1.53 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina strong and denticulate; declivital interstriae straight from base to apex, never laterally broadened; declivital interstriae densely granulate, granules uniformly sized and spaced from declivital summit to elytral apex; and declivital face opalescent, subshiny.
China* (Hong Kong), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from five genera in five different families of trees, and presumably polyphagous (
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P.,
1.8–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.84 mm; n = 4); 2.57–2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; posterolateral carina granulate; antennal club flat, type 3 with two sutures visible on posterior face; and declivity shagreened, dull.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
1.5–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.64 mm; n = 5); 2.71–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina weak, denticulate; declivital interstriae straight from base to apex, never laterally broadened; denticles on declivital summit denser and of equal size to those on declivital face; declivital face shagreened, dull.
Bangladesh, China (Fujian, Guizhou, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Sichuan*, Xizang, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Assam, West Bengal), Indonesia (Ternate), Japan, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous, possibly with some preference for
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.2–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.44 mm; n = 5); 2.6–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity short, steep; declivity granulate from base to apex, granules small, as abundant as strial punctures; granules dispersed, separated by the width of at least three granules; declivital surface shagreened; interstriae moderately setose, setae short semi-erect bristles, less than the width of an interstria; striae glabrous; and minute size.
East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand.
Recorded from
China: Guizhou, Zunyi, 28.x.2015, Y. Li, ex
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.96 mm; n = 5); 2.38–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity short, steep; declivity granulate from base to apex, granules small, as abundant as strial punctures; granules dense, separated by the width of one granule; declivital surface shiny; posterolateral costa strongly carinate; interstriae densely setose, setae fine, hair-like as long as the width of an interstria; and strial punctures setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, less than a strial width.
China* (Guizhou, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan, Russia (Far East), South Korea, Taiwan*.
This species is polyphagous and has been recorded from
China: Jiangxi, Xunwu, Xingshan, 6.ix.2018, Y. Li, ex
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.97 mm; n = 5); 2.71–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short, steep declivity; posterolateral margin of elytra carinate; declivity with sparse minor denticles, much less abundant than strial punctures; and a pair of slightly larger denticles on interstriae 3.
Bangladesh, ‘Borneo’, Brunei, China* (Jiangxi, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Engano I., Java, Maluku), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
1.75–1.95 mm long (mean = 1.83 mm; n = 5); 2.69–2.79× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc shallowly transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; elytral interstriae costate with strong interstrial spines posterior to the saddle; and declivity steep, slightly flattened.
G.
West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
The specimens from Thailand were included under
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.0–2.1 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 3); 2.5–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc shallowly transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; elytral interstriae flat with moderate interstrial tubercles posterior to the saddle; and declivity steep, slightly flattened.
India (West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand.
Recorded only from two species of
Minute to small (1.7–2.4 mm), elongate (2.57–3.6× as long as wide) and distinctly bicolored species.
Found throughout the Paleotropics and Australasia.
The gallery system has a few branches more or less in one transverse plane with several small brood chambers extending longitudinally. Surface galleries between the phloem and sapwood may occur in thick-barked stems (
1 | Elytral apex entire (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral apex emarginate (Fig. |
|
2 | Declivital interstriae 1 armed with several granules |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed with one tubercle |
|
China: Hainan, Ledong, Jian Feng Natl For. Park,
1.8–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.05 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its rounded elytral apex.
American Samoa, Bangladesh, ‘Borneo’, China (Hainan*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan), Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, India (Andaman Is, Assam, Nicobar Is, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Japan, Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (e.g.,
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Japan: Okinawa Pref., Iriomote-jima Island, 2.xi.2016, H. Kajimura, ex
1.7–2.2 mm long (mean = 1.9 mm; n = 5); 2.57–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the emarginate elytral apex and declivital interstriae 1 armed with several granules.
Indonesia (Java), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
India (Andaman Is).
1.85 mm long. Length/width ratio unknown. This species is distinguished by the emarginate elytral apex and “declivital interstriae 1 somewhat raised below the middle accommodating one distinct setiferous tubercle” (
Recorded only from
Specimens of this species were unavailable for study. The diagnosis and measurements were taken from
2.2–3.1 mm, elongate species, 2.4–3.1× as long as wide.
Occurring throughout the Paleotropics.
Described only for
2.2–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.51 mm; n = 6); 2.4–3.1× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by 1–3 moderately sized denticles on declivital interstriae 2; and pronotum anterior margin basic, short, rounded and parallel-sided, when viewed dorsally (type 2).
‘Borneo’, Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), East Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded only from
The number of tubercles on the declivity can be very variable.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Paleotropical.
The unbranched radial entrance tunnel leads to a single large brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
1 | Declivity without a pair of large spines on basal 1/3; smaller, 4.2–4.65 mm |
|
– | Declivity with a pair of large spines on basal 1/3; larger, 4.8–5.3 mm |
|
Cambodia: Pursat, Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Pramsoy, forest edge, 16.xi.2005, K. Smets, I. Var, light trapping (
4.2–4.65 mm long (mean = 4.45 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.5× as long as wide. This species is clearly distinguished from
Brunei, Cambodia*, Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown, but likely a
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
The holotype was destroyed in the bombing of
4.8–5.3 mm long (mean = 4.96 mm; n = 5); 2.18–2.41× as long as wide. This species can be diagnosed by the larger size; and a pair of large spines on basal 1/3 of declivity.
Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.
The species has been recorded only from trees of the family
Moderately sized, 2.4–3.3 mm, elongate, 2.54–2.89× as long as wide, and shiny species.
Paleotropical.
Not described.
Laos: Kham Mouan, Ban Khun Ngeun,
2.4–3.3 mm long (mean = 2.96 mm; n = 5); 2.54–2.89× as long as wide.
Indonesia (Maluku), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Most host records are from the
This species as currently defined is remarkably morphologically variable (Fig.
Images of a
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
The most slender and extremely elongated species (1.9–4.9 mm; 3.85–4.75× as long as wide) occurring in Southeast Asia.
Only occurring in the Paleotropics and Oceania.
The gallery systems of
1 | Elytral processes somewhat laterally compressed, much narrower in dorsal view than the space between them (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral processes somewhat dorso-ventrally compressed, approximately as wide or wider than the space between them (Fig. |
|
2 | Elytral processes elongate, strongly tapering, strongly curved dorsad, and with an acutely pointed tip |
|
– | Elytral processes short, less tapering, less strongly curved dorsad, and with a mucronate tip |
|
3 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 unarmed; elytral processes rounded, weakly carinate; smaller, 1.9–2.15 mm and very elongate, 4.3–4.8× as long as wide |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 with two or three granules; elytral processes subquadrate, strongly carinate; larger, 2.3 mm and less elongate, 3.8× as long as wide |
|
4 | Large species, 4.1–4.9 mm long; dorsal margin of elytral process with a strong, inwardly-directed denticle at the level of the elytral apex |
|
– | Smaller species, 2.4–3.6 mm long; dorsal margin of elytral process with a minute denticle (occasionally absent) at the level of the elytral apex |
|
2.4–3.6 mm long (mean = 2.69 mm; n = 5); 4.0–4.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; strongly attenuate elytra; and dorsal margin of elytral process with a minute denticle (occasionally absent) at the level of the elytral apex.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.2–3.4 mm long (mean = 2.87 mm; n = 4); 3.85–4.25× as long as wide. The species is distinguished by the unique elongate elytral processes, strongly tapering, strongly curved dorsad, and with an acutely pointed tip.
None.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded only from
China: Fujian, Fuzhou, 19.iv.2018, Y. Li, ex
1.9–2.15 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 5); 4.3–4.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytra with sides nearly parallel from base to apex; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 unarmed; and elytral distal projection short, rounded, weakly carinate.
Brunei, China* (Fujian, Yunnan), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
4.1–4.9 mm long (mean = 4.45 mm; n = 3); 3.90–4.08× as long as wide. The species is the largest
Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from
2.3 mm long (n = 1); 3.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytra with sides nearly parallel from base to apex; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 with two or three granules; and elytral distal projection short, subquadrate, strongly carinate.
China (Yunnan).
L.
This species is only known from
The head of the holotype was destroyed during fungal culturing and could not be examined.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.2–3.8 mm, 2.5–3.0× as long as wide.
Throughout the Oriental region and New Guinea.
Not described.
1 | Elytral discal striae and interstriae clearly uniseriate punctate | 2 |
– | Elytral discal striae and interstriae punctures confused | 3 |
2 | Pronotum anterior margin unarmed; protibiae broad, appearing distinctly triangular |
|
– | Pronotum anterior margin serrate; protibiae narrow, appearing obliquely triangular |
|
3 | Pronotum anterior margin armed by a row of six serrations; smaller, 2.7–3.1 mm, and stouter, 2.5–2.7× as long as wide |
|
– | Pronotum anterior margin armed by a row of eight serrations; larger, 3.2–3.4 mm, and more slender, 2.83–2.91× as long as wide |
|
2.7–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.98 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital slope gentle; declivital posterolateral margins rounded; elytral disc and declivity shiny; elytral interstriae granulate, not tuberculate; declivital striae weakly impressed; and pronotum anterior margin with a clear row of six moderate serrations.
It can be further distinguished from
China (Hong Kong), Japan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Known only from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.2–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.32 mm; n = 5); 2.83–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the discal interstrial punctures confused; protibiae distinctly triangular; and pronotum anterior margin with a clear row of eight moderate serrations.
This species is very similar to
China (Yunnan), India (West Bengal), Thailand.
Known only from
3.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral discal striae and interstriae clearly uniseriate punctate; pronotum anterior margin unarmed; and protibiae distinctly triangular (
China (Guizhou).
This species has been reported from
2.4–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 5); 2.67–2.78× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra gently attenuate on apical 30%; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate, granules numerous, spaced by a distance of less than three granule widths; and declivital striae and interstriae densely setose, strial setae 1/2 as long as those of interstriae.
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.
Probably polyphagous. Recorded from
Small to moderately sized, somewhat elongate (1.9–2.9 mm, 2.44–2.9 × as long as wide) and densely pubescent.
The two species in Southeast Asia are strikingly similar to several small
Found throughout the Paleotropics and Australasia with one species occurring in Africa.
The gallery system has a few branches, usually in the transverse plane, and at least one brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
1 | Declivity obliquely truncate, margins rounded; declivital interstriae 1 flat |
|
– | Declivity abruptly truncate, surrounded by a circumdeclivital costa margined with a row of variably tubercles; declivital interstriae 1 tumescent |
|
2.1–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 5); 2.44–2.9× as long as wide and densely pubescent. This species is distinguished by the declivity obliquely truncate, margins rounded; declivital interstriae 1 flat; and large size.
This species is strikingly similar to many small
Small
Australia, ‘Borneo’, Federated States of Micronesia, Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra), New Caledonia, New Guinea, Palau, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Both molecular and morphological data suggest that this is a complex of species. Further study of the complex is needed.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity abruptly truncate, surrounded by a complete costa and margined with a row of variably tubercles; declivital interstriae 1 tumescent; and small size.
This species is strikingly similar to many small
L.
China (Fujian).
Unknown.
1.9–3.4 mm long, 2.6–3.75× as long as wide.
Throughout the Paleotropics.
The unbranched radial entrance tunnel leads to a single large brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
The majority of species are strongly associated with
1 | Circumdeclivital margin carinate and unarmed by denticles or spines; declivity densely covered with thick semi-recumbent golden setae; declivity unarmed by processes |
|
– | Circumdeclivital margin costate and denticulate or spinose; declivity glabrous or with few fine hair-like setae; declivity armed by processes |
|
2 | Circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital summit with striae and interstriae flush; entire elytral disc smooth, shiny (Fig. |
|
– | Circumdeclivital margin spinose; declivital summit with striae strongly impressed and interstriae costate; posterior 25–40% of elytral disc coarsely sculptured, shagreened, dull, anterior portions smooth and shiny (Fig. |
|
3 | Declivity with short elytral processes, as long as basal width, their apices acute (Fig. |
|
– | Declivity with long elytral processes, spinose, longer than 1.5× their basal width, their apices bifurcate (Fig. |
|
4 | Elytral process arising from apical margin, rounded apically with a short, medially directed spine (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral process arising from declivital face, short and acute (Fig. |
|
5 | Apical processes of elytra not strongly widened from base to apex, their upper and lower edges subparallel |
|
– | Apical processes of elytra triangular, strongly widened from base to apex |
|
6 | Base of triangular spine elongate, occupying approximately 1/3 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the sutural interstriae; discal interstriae 1 denticulate, never prolonged into a short spine over the declivity |
|
– | Base of triangular spine narrow, occupying approximately 1/4 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the second interstriae, distinctly separated from the suture; discal interstriae 1 prolonged into a short spine over the declivity |
|
7 | Margin of declivity with six or seven spines on each side |
|
– | Margin of declivity with at least nine spines on each side |
|
8 | Margin of declivity with six spines on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2, 4, and 5, or these teeth much smaller than others; declivital face with a single vermiculate ridge on each side and a row of tubercles lateral to it |
|
– | Margin of declivity with seven teeth on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2 and 4; declivital face with two strong vermiculate ridges on each side and without additional tubercles |
|
9 | Margin of declivity with 13–15 teeth on each side; declivital face with the vermiculate ridge on interstriae 1 strongly raised in middle of declivity, and with three or four rows of tubercles lateral to it; elytral disc shiny to upper margin of declivity, apart from grooves between marginal teeth |
|
– | Margin of declivity with nine or ten teeth on each side; declivital face with a weak ridge on interstriae 1, and two rows of tubercles lateral to it; elytral disc matte on posterior 1/4 |
|
2.4–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.67 mm; n = 3); 3.43–3.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital face bearing a large triangular spine that is as much broader at apex than base; base of spine elongate, occupying approximately 1/3 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the sutural interstriae; and discal interstriae 1 denticulate, never prolonged into a short spine over the declivity.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with
Brood size can be as high as 120 in a gallery (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.9–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.02 mm; n = 5); 3.14–4.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivity rather smooth and strongly shiny; declivital striae 1 and 3 very weakly impressed, declivital interstriae without granules; declivital strial and interstrial punctures very fine, of the same size, bearing short fine hair-like setae; short acute elytral process arising from declivital margin; and elytral apex entire.
‘Borneo’, East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with
As in
Laos: Kham Mouan, Ban Khun Ngeun,
2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.83 mm; n = 3); 2.8–2.95× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin carinate smooth, unarmed by granules or tubercles; declivital face densely covered with thick semi-recumbent golden setae; and declivity unarmed by any spines or processes.
None.
Laos*, East Malaysia, Philippines.
Recorded from
Thailand: Trang, Khaophappha Khaochang, 200–400 m, 13.i.1964, G.A. Samuelson (
3.0–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.12 mm; n = 5); 2.73–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the margin of declivity with nine or ten teeth on each side; declivital face with a weak ridge on interstriae 1, and two rows of tubercles lateral to it; and elytral disc matte on posterior 1/4.
East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand*, Vietnam.
Associated with
2.75–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.83 mm; n = 5); 3.5–3.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital face bearing a large triangular spine that is much broader at apex than base; base of spine narrow, occupying approximately 1/4 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the second interstriae, distinctly separated from the suture; discal interstriae 1 prolonged into a short spine over the declivity.
West Malaysia, Thailand.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.1–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.27 mm; n = 5); 2.6–2.92× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the entire circumdeclivital margin armed with six spines on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2, 4, and 5, or these teeth much smaller than others; declivital face with a single vermiculate ridge on each side and a row of tubercles lateral to it.
West Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with
A brood of 107 offspring is recorded by
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.5 mm; n = 4); 3.29–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital face bearing a large spine that is as broad at apex as base; and an acute spine at elytral apex arising from the sutural interstriae.
‘Borneo’, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Indonesia (Maluku), East Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with
2.8–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.8–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the margin of declivity with seven teeth on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2 and 4; declivital face with two strong vermiculate ridges on each side and without additional tubercles.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Associated with
Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Galle district, Kanneliya, 250 m, 23.v.1975, S.L. Wood, collected from log (
3.0 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 5); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the margin of declivity with 13–15 teeth on each side; declivital face with the vermiculate ridge on interstriae 1 strongly raised in middle of declivity, and with three or four rows of tubercles lateral to it; and elytral disc shiny to upper margin of declivity, apart from grooves between marginal teeth.
Cambodia, India (Andaman Is, Assam), Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka*, Thailand, Vietnam.
Associated with
The species name
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Thailand: Chaiyaphum, Phu Khieo, 17.vii.2005, Hulcr et al., ex
2.2–3.4 mm long; 3.14–3.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivity appearing rugose, striae 1–3 distinctly impressed, interstriae granulate; declivital strial punctures coarse, shallow, hair-like setae arising from punctures rather coarse; short acute elytral process arising from declivital face, not declivital margin; and elytral apices weakly but distinctly divaricate.
India (Andaman Is), Thailand*.
Recorded from
The records of
Typically small (1.6–3.1 mm) and elongate (2.3–3.4× as long as wide).
Southeast Asian
Widespread throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.
In many species, a short unbranched entrance tunnel leads to a brood chamber in the longitudinal plane; in others, such as
Note that granules or tubercles on the declivital summit are not considered to be on the declivital face.
1 | Declivital interstriae 1 unarmed on declivital face (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed on declivital face (Fig. |
|
2 | Only declivital interstriae 1 unarmed on declivital face |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed on declivital face |
|
3 | Elytra parallel in basal 1/2, tapering posteriorly to attenuate apex (Fig. |
|
– | Elytra parallel for at least basal 40%, broadly rounded to apex (Fig. |
|
4 | Larger, 2.3–2.75 mm and less elongate, 2.83–2.89× as long as wide; elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 not extending anteriorly beyond the declivital summit; pronotum less elongate, 1.14× as long as wide |
|
– | Smaller, 2.1–2.2 mm and more elongate, 3.14–3.23× as long as wide; elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 extending anteriorly onto the disc to at least the midpoint; pronotum more elongate, 1.22× as long as wide |
|
5 | Declivital face with impunctate striae |
|
– | Declivital face with punctate striae |
|
6 | Declivity strongly sulcate between interstriae 3; interstriae 3 strongly elevated and costate; larger, 2.5–3.1 mm |
|
– | Declivity flattened or weakly sulcate between interstriae 3; interstriae 3 weakly elevated; smaller, 1.6–2.0 mm |
|
7 | Declivital interstriae 3 denticles increasing in size apically, third denticle very large; denticles along interstriae 5 distinctly smaller than those on interstriae 3 |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 3 denticles subequal or uniform in size; denticles along interstriae 5 subequal to those on interstriae 3 |
|
8 | Very small, 1.6–1.8 mm; declivital face flattened and shagreened; discal interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, granules extending from declivital summit to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
|
– | Larger, 2.1–3.0 mm; declivital face weakly to moderately sulcate, opalescent or shiny; discal interstriae granulate only at declivital summit (Fig. |
|
9 | Declivital face moderately sulcate, interstriae 3 strongly elevated and costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of long, narrow, acute spines |
|
– | Declivital face weakly sulcate, interstriae 3 weakly elevated, bearing denticles or short spines |
|
10 | Declivital striae 1 and 2 nearly convergent, their punctures subcontiguous interstriae 2 very narrow; larger, 3.0 mm |
|
– | Declivital striae 1 and 2 distinctly separated, interstriae 2 wide, at least the width of two strial punctures; smaller, 2.1–2.7 mm |
|
11 | Declivital interstriae 3 with broad tubercles, their bases wider than their length and apices obtusely rounded (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 3 with narrow denticles or spines, their bases less than or equal to their length and apices pointed (Fig. |
|
12 | Declivital interstriae 3 feebly elevated, bearing three small pairs of sharply pointed denticles increasing in size from base to apex; declivity opalescent; smaller, 2.1–2.25 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstriae weakly elevated, bearing three pairs of short, narrow, sharply pointed spines, spines equal in size; declivity strongly shiny and smooth; larger, 2.6–2.7 mm |
|
13 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, interstriae 3 spinose |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed, 2 unarmed, 3 armed |
|
14 | Elytra strongly attenuate from basal 1/2; apex acute |
|
– | Elytra parallel for at least basal 2/3; apex narrowly or broadly rounded |
|
15 | Denticles of interstriae 3 larger than those of interstriae 1 |
|
– | Denticles of interstriae 3 and interstriae 1 approximately equal |
|
16 | Smaller, shorter than 2.0 mm; denticles of interstriae 1 and 3 with bluntly rounded apices; elytral apex with three (usually) pairs of large flattened tubercles; declivity strongly shiny |
|
– | Larger, longer than 2.6 mm; denticles of interstriae 1 and 3 spine-like with acute apices; elytral apex with 1–2 small acute tubercles; declivity shagreened, dull |
|
17 | Denticles of declivital interstriae 3 and 5 spine-like with apices slightly recurved in lateral view (Fig. |
|
– | Denticles of declivital interstriae 3 and 5 spine-like with apices erect, not recurved (Fig. |
|
18 | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed along its entire length (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 armed at declivital summit and/ or disc by granules (Fig. |
|
19 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 strongly convex; bases of denticles tumescent; striae 1 nearly convergent with striae 2 on declivital face, interstriae 2 not apparent |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 weakly convex; bases of denticles never tumescent; striae 1 clearly separated from striae 2, interstriae 2 distinct |
|
20 | Larger, 2.3−2.5 mm; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed (Fig. |
|
– | Smaller, 1.6−1.8 mm; discal interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, granules extending from declivital summit up to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
|
21 | Discal interstriae 1 and 2 granules extending from declivital summit to apical quarter of disc (Fig. |
|
– | Discal interstriae 1 and 2 granules extending from declivital summit to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
|
China: Fujian, Fuan, Shuyang, 29.ix.2018, A. Ernstsons, ex EtOH trap (
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.92 mm; n = 5); 3.17–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra strongly attenuate with apex acute.
Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, China (Fujian*, Hong Kong*, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Sri Lanka and through Malaysia and Indonesia, to the Philippines and New Guinea. Presumably imported to and established in East Africa (Tanzania, Zambia) and the Seychelles. Introduced and established in the USA (
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Cambodia: Siem Reap, Preaj Khan temple, 26.vii.2006, O. Yothin, ex Malaise trap (
2.3–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.48 mm; n = 5); 2.3–3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated along interstriae 3, bearing two or three pairs of large, broad, obtusely pointed tubercles of different sizes on basal 1/2 of declivity; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny or opalescent; and stout body.
Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, Cambodia*, China (Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Shanghai, Yunnan, unknown province), India (Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Sri Lanka, and through the Indomalayan region to New Guinea and Australia and has been introduced to the United States (
Polyphagous (
In this species the gallery system is branched with several small brood chambers (
The holotype of
China: Chongqing, Wu Xi, 4.viii.2015, Wang, J-G., Lv-Jia, Tian-Shang, ex
2.6–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.78 mm; n = 5); 2.9–3.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit, unarmed on declivital face; denticles of declivital interstriae 3 larger than those of interstriae 1; denticles pointed, spine-like, slightly incurved; denticles on interstriae 5 large, sharply pointed, spine-like, curved slightly downwards; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 flattened; and large size.
This species is nearly identical to
China* (Chongqing, Shaanxi), Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East), Taiwan. Introduced and established in central and northern Europe and North America (
Previously recorded from trees in the families
2.1–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.13 mm; n = 3); 3.14–3.23× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra parallel-sided in basal 1/2, tapering posteriorly; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face moderately sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins moderately elevated, costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of large sharply pointed backwardly hooked denticles (often asymmetric); elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 extending anteriorly onto the disc to at least the midpoint; strial punctures large; declivital surface shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
This species is very similar to
L.
Thailand.
Unknown.
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.87 mm; n = 3); 3.0–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face feebly sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins weakly elevated, bearing three pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles increasing in size from base to apex; denticles along interstriae 5 distinctly smaller than those on interstriae 3; sulcate area impunctate, surface strongly shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
L.
India (Arunachal Pradesh), Vietnam.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated, bearing 2–4 pairs of small, narrow, sharply pointed spines of equal size (often asymmetric) on basal 2/3; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny; and stout body.
G.
China (Hong Kong).
Unknown.
2.6 mm long (n = 1); 2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the discal interstriae confused; posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated, bearing five pairs of moderate, narrow, sharply pointed spines of equal size; sulcate area of declivity shagreened, dull; and stout body.
G.
China (Fujian).
This species is only known from
Cambodia: Kumpong Speu, Oral mountain foot, Cardamom [Mts.], 25–31.i.2006, Oul Yothin, Malaise trap (
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.88 mm; n = 5); 2.57–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles; elytral apex attenuated, with three (usually) pairs of large flattened tubercles; and declivital interstriae flat, interstriae 2 not impressed.
Recorded in the study region from India (Andaman Is), Cambodia*, China* (Jiangxi, Yunnan), Laos*, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam. Also recorded from American Samoa, Australia, Cook Is, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Mariana Is., New Guinea, Niue I., Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tahiti. Introduced to West Africa (Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast) (
Polyphagous (
A paralectotype of the West African species,
1.7 mm long (n = 1); 2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 2 unarmed on face (armed at summit); granules at declivital summit extending to apical quarter of disc; declivital posterolateral margin costate and denticulate; declivital face shagreened, dull; declivital interstriae flat, interstriae 2 not impressed; and denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 prominent.
This species is very similar to
Named for Dr. Hui-Fen Yin and her contribution to the understanding of the Chinese scolytine fauna. Noun in genitive.
China (Fujian).
This species is only known from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.8 mm long (n = 3); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face feebly sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins weakly elevated, bearing three pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles subequal; denticles along interstriae 5 subequal to those on interstriae 3; sulcate area impunctate, surface strongly shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
In gratitude for the assistance of Dr. Jianghua Sun (Chinese Academy of Sciences) who facilitated AIC’s access to wild China. Noun in genitive.
China (Yunnan).
This species is only known from
Vietnam: Cao Bang,
2.50–2.65 mm long (mean = 2.55 mm; n = 5); 2.79–3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face moderately sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated, bearing 4–6 pairs of long, narrow, sharply pointed spines (often asymmetric), increasing in length from base to apex; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny; and elongate body form.
China (Sichuan), Japan, South Korea, Vietnam*. Imported and established in USA (
Recorded from
1.6–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.76 mm; n = 5); 2.67–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the entire length of interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles; posterolateral margin of elytra rounded, unarmed; declivital interstriae flat, interstriae 2 not impressed; and denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 small.
This species is very similar to
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from small trees in several families, including palms (
China: Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, 9.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.34 mm; n = 5); 3.13–3.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit, unarmed on declivital face; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 denticles subacutely pointed; denticles on ventrolateral areas of the elytra small, less acute; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 flattened; and moderate size.
Occurs throughout the Palaearctic region. Recorded in the study region from China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanghai*, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Assam, Kashmir, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Taiwan, Vietnam. Outside the Palaearctic, introduced and established in American Samoa, Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, South Africa, North America (Canada, United States, Mexico) and several countries in South America (
Strongly polyphagous attacking both gymnosperms and angiosperms (
The biology of the species has been studied by
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 31.iv.2015, Guangyu Liu, ex ethanol trap (
2.5–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 5); 3.21–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face strongly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins strongly elevated, costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of large sharply pointed backwardly hooked denticles (often asymmetric); sulcate area of declivity impunctate, shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
China* (Guizhou, Sichuan), Japan, Taiwan.
Recorded from
Taiwan: Taipei City, TFRI Botanical Garden, 12.iii.2014, L.J. Wang, ex log (
2.1–2.25 mm long (mean = 2.16 mm; n = 4); 2.81–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins feebly elevated, bearing three small pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles increasing in size from base to apex; sulcate area punctate, surface smooth, opalescent; and elongate body form.
Brunei, Laos, East Malaysia, Taiwan*, Thailand.
Recorded from
China: S. Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 37 km NW Jinghong, vic. Guo Men Shan,
2.6–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.65 mm; n = 3); 2.89–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated along interstriae 3, bearing three pairs of short, narrow, sharply pointed spines, spines equal in size; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny; interstriae impunctate; and elongate body form.
China* (Yunnan), India (West Bengal), Thailand*.
Recorded from
This species appears to have been misidentified by
China: Sichuan, Mt. Emei, 1000 m, 4–20.v.1989, V. Kubáň (
2.3–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.56 mm; n = 5); 2.83–2.89× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra parallel-sided in basal 1/2, tapering posteriorly; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face moderately sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins moderately elevated, costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of large sharply pointed backwardly hooked denticles (often asymmetric); strial punctures large; elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 not extending further than the declivital summit; declivital surface shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
This species is very similar to
China* (Sichuan), India (Assam), Nepal*, Vietnam*.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Yunnan, Gaoligong Mts.,
1.6–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.7 mm; n = 5); 3.0–3.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit, unarmed on declivital face; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 denticles subacutely pointed; denticles on ventrolateral areas of the elytra small, less acute; declivital interstriae 2 slightly impressed; discal interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, granules extending from declivital summit to mid-point of disc; and minute size.
China* (Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Laos*, Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam*,
Recorded from four genera in four different families (
This species is strikingly similar to, and has been recovered as, sister to
2.3 mm long (
India (Assam).
Unknown.
2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.9–3.11× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit (1–3 large denticles present in Vietnamese specimens), unarmed on declivital face; declivital interstriae 3 denticles larger than those of interstriae 1, pointed, spine-like; denticles on interstriae 5 large, sharply pointed, spine-like; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 flattened; and large size.
This species is nearly identical to
Named after our collaborator Dr. Thai Hong Pham who first saw the standing dead tree in which the holotype was living and who then sawed the tree down with great enthusiasm. Noun in genitive.
China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan), Vietnam.
This species is only known from
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.33 mm; n = 4); 3.0–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles, granules present on apical 1/3 of disc; odd numbered declivital interstriae strongly convex, bases of denticles tumescent; and striae 1 nearly convergent with striae 2 on declivital face, interstriae 2 not apparent.
L.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
1.9–3.9 mm, 2.5–3.51× as long as wide.
Widespread throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.
The gallery system usually consists of irregularly branched tunnels, usually in one horizontal plane, but sometimes spreading into three dimensions, and without brood chambers. However, given the heterogeneity of the genus, it is not surprising that there are variations on this pattern. In some species, small brood chambers may be present.
1 | Antennal club flattened, type 3 (Fig. |
|
– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 (Fig. |
|
2 | Elytral apex acuminate; pronotum quadrate (type 4) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin conspicuously extended anteriad with prominent serrations; declivital interstriae 2 with a large spine; larger, 3.4–3.5 mm |
|
– | Elytral apex broadly rounded; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin without a row of serrations; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 equally tuberculate; smaller, 1.9–2.4 mm |
|
3 | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge; elytral disc with confused interstrial punctures; antennal club wider than long; eyes deeply emarginated |
|
– | Protibiae obliquely triangular or triangular; elytral disc with seriate punctures; antennal club circular or longer than wide; eyes moderately emarginated |
|
4 | Declivity lightly shagreened, strial punctures large, deep and distinct; discal interstrial setae uniseriate; larger, 3.0–3.1 mm, less elongate, 2.72–2.82× as long as wide |
|
– | Declivity strongly shagreened, strial punctures large, very shallow, difficult to distinguish; discal interstrial setae biseriate; smaller, 2.7 mm, more elongate, 3.0× as long as wide |
|
5 | Declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 parallel to suture along its length (Fig. |
|
6 | Posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate (Fig. |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and often granulate (Fig. |
|
7 | Larger, 2.7–2.8 mm; posterolateral margin of declivity carinate to interstriae 6; all declivital striae distinctly impressed. |
|
– | Smaller, 2.2–2.5 mm; posterolateral margin of declivity carinate to interstriae 7; declivital striae not impressed or striae feebly impressed |
|
8 | Declivital striae and interstriae clearly distinguishable; discal strial punctures 4–5× the diameter of those of interstriae; declivital interstriae 1 without denticles on low tumescences giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance |
|
– | Declivital striae and interstriae difficult to distinguish; discal strial punctures 3× larger than interstrial punctures; declivital interstriae 1 bearing denticles on low tumescences giving the declivity a rugged sculptured appearance |
|
9 | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and unarmed |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and armed with a row of small spines or spinose granules |
|
10 | Declivital interstriae 1 armed by 3–7 large denticles, interstriae 2 armed with denticles or unarmed (highly variable), declivital interstriae 3 armed by 4–9 large denticles, denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 uniform in height; declivital strial punctures moderately sized, fine, uniseriate, never confused; larger, 3.6–3.9 mm |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed by two or three large denticles, interstriae 2 unarmed, declivital interstriae 3 armed by two or three large denticles, denticles on interstriae 3 taller than those on interstriae 1; declivital strial punctures large, shallow, coarse and confused near large tubercles; smaller, 2.9–3.2 mm |
|
11 | Antennal club longer than wide; posterolateral margin of declivity costate and with a row of small spines to interstriae 6; all declivital interstriae with denticles only, lacking granules |
|
– | Antennal club circular; posterolateral margin of declivity costate and bearing a row of spinose granules to interstriae 7; all declivital interstriae with small spines or granules |
|
12 | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed along its entire length; declivity with a pair of prominent tubercles on interstriae 3; interstriae 1 armed only by a denticle at declivital summit |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 granulate at declivital summit or along entire length; declivity never with a pair of prominent tubercles on interstriae 3, uniformly granulate, with two or three pairs of moderate to large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3; interstriae 1 armed by sparse tubercles along its entire length |
|
13 | Declivital interstriae 2 sparsely granulate along its entire length |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit only |
|
14 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with sparse uniformly sized small granules; declivity shagreened, dull (specimen must be dry) |
|
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of large tubercles; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry) |
|
15 | Larger, 2.8–3.1 mm and more elongate, 2.8–3.1× as long as wide; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of large tubercles; elytra typically bicolored |
|
– | Smaller, 2.3–2.6 mm and less elongate, 2.67–2.89× as long as wide; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of moderate tubercles; elytra typically unicolored |
|
Cambodia: Kampong Speu, Aoral Wildlife Sanctuary,
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.32 mm; n = 5); 2.56–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity shagreened, dull (specimen must be dry); small size; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with sparse uniformly sized small granules, interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit; and declivity not appearing sulcate.
Probably native to tropical America (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology of the species is reviewed by
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
3.4–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.48 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.69× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the acuminate elytral apex; elytra broadest at apical 1/3; declivity gently sloped, almost concave near apex; protibiae slender, abruptly broadened and triangular on distal 1/3, apical mucro very large, prominent; pronotum quadrate (type 4) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin conspicuously extended anteriad with prominent serrations; pronotum strongly asperate on apical 1/2, disc weakly serrate; declivital interstriae 2 with a large spine; and large size.
Australia, ‘Borneo’, India (Andaman Is, Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Sumatra, Sumbawa), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Also recorded from East Africa and Madagascar.
Polyphagous (
2.8–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.96 mm; n = 5); 2.8–3.1× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); large size; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of large tubercles; interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit; and elytra darker on declivity than disc.
This species is very similar to
Australia, India (Andaman Is, Bihar, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Sumatra, Sumbawa), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species is frequently associated with mangrove forests, but also attacks a very wide variety of other trees (
2.5–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.78–3.11× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivity with a pair of prominent tubercles on interstriae 3; declivity distinctly sulcate between suture and interstriae 3; interstriae 1 armed only by a denticle at declivital summit; and interstriae 2 unarmed.
Probably native to tropical America (
Strongly polyphagous, with several hundred hosts recorded (
The biology of the species is described by
China: Fujian, Nanjing, Zhangzhou, 600 m, 3.iii.1962, Fusheng Huang, ex
3.6–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.75 mm; n = 5); 2.85–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity steep, appearing convex from lateral view; declivital interstriae 1–3 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; large body size; declivital posterolateral margin costate extending to interstriae 7; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 convex, interstriae 2 impressed; declivital striae feebly impressed; declivital interstriae 1 armed by 3–7 large denticles, interstriae 2 armed with denticles or unarmed (highly variable), declivital interstriae 3 armed by 4–9 large denticles, denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 uniform in height; declivital strial punctures moderately sized, fine, uniseriate, never confused.
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
This species is unusual amongst
The Chinese host range and fungal associates of this species were recently reported (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 3.14–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex; anterior 1/2 of the pronotum strongly shiny; discal interstriae 2× the width of striae; discal strial punctures 4–5× the diameter of those of interstriae; declivital striae and interstriae clearly distinguishable; declivital striae flat to feebly impressed; declivital interstriae 1 with at least one large denticle (typically three), numerous closely spaced granules and 1–3 small denticles (typically one); and posterolateral margin of declivity carinate to interstriae 7.
Bangladesh, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Japan, Myanmar, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Imported to and established in USA (
The species has an evident preference for the family
Although not of economic importance in its native range, the species is an invasive pest in the US, where it transmits a pathogenic fungus (
2.7–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.74 mm; n = 5); 3.0–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; large body size; broad discal interstriae, 4× the width of discal striae; discal strial punctures 3× the diameter of those of interstriae; declivital striae and interstriae clearly distinguishable, striae clearly impressed; interstriae uniformly granulate, never denticulate; anterior 1/2 of pronotum strongly shagreened; and declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 6.
China (Sichuan), Vietnam.
This species has been collected from
3.0–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.08 mm; n = 4); 2.72–2.82× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the antennal club distinctly wider than long; protibiae with evenly rounded outer edge; elytral posterolateral costa absent, replaced by a short row of tubercles; declivity lightly shagreened, strial punctures large, deep and distinct; and discal interstrial setae uniseriate.
China (Fujian, Sichuan), India (Uttar Pradesh), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), Nepal, South Korea, Vietnam.
This species has been recorded from
The holotypes of
Vietnam: Lao Cai, Nam Tha,
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.38 mm; n = 5); 3.14–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; discal interstriae 2× the width of discal striae; discal strial punctures 3× larger than interstrial punctures; declivital interstriae bear both denticles and granules, denticles on low tumescences giving the declivity a rugged sculptured appearance; declivital striae not impressed; declivital striae and interstriae difficult to distinguish; and declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7.
Taiwan, Vietnam.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.7 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the antennal club distinctly wider than long; protibiae with evenly rounded outer edge; elytral posterolateral costa absent, replaced by a short row of tubercles; declivity strongly shagreened, strial punctures large, very shallow, difficult to distinguish; and discal interstrial setae biseriate.
L.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.3–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 5); 2.67–2.89× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of moderate tubercles; interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit; and elytra unicolored.
This species is very similar to
Throughout tropical parts of the Afrotropical, Australian and Oriental regions. Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Guangxi, Hong Kong*, Shanxi, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nicobar Is, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Strongly polyphagous (e.g.,
The biology has been described by
China: Jiangxi, Jinggang Shan Mts., Xiangzhu vill. env.,
2.9–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.02 mm; n = 5); 2.73–3.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity steep, appearing flat when viewed laterally; the declivital interstriae 1–3 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 flat, interstriae 2 weakly impressed; declivital striae weakly impressed; declivital interstriae 1 armed by two or three large denticles, interstriae 2 unarmed, declivital interstriae 3 armed by two or three large denticles, denticles on interstriae 3 taller than those on interstriae 1; and declivital strial punctures large, shallow, coarse and confused near large tubercles.
Recorded in the study region from China (Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam*), Laos*. Also recorded from Japan, South Korea, throughout Europe, and in North Africa and Turkey. Imported to and established in USA and Canada (
Polyphagous (
Mizuno and Kajimura (2008) provide information on the biology, gallery system and development.
1.9–2.4 mm long (mean = 2. 15 mm; n = 2); 2.53–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 equally tuberculate; and protibiae obliquely triangular.
None.
India (Arunachal Pradesh), South Korea.
Unknown.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
2.7–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 4); 3.24–3.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its elongate form, the presence of denticles or granules on all declivital interstriae, including interstriae 2, the widening of declivital interstriae 1 from the base of the declivity to the apex; declivital striae not impressed; declivital posterolateral margin costate and bearing a row of spinose granules to interstriae 7; and discal interstriae with punctures much finer than strial punctures, very widely spaced.
The species is named for Dr. Sunisa Sanguansub, the collector, for her contributions to our knowledge of bark and ambrosia beetles. Noun in genitive.
Thailand.
Recorded only from an unidentified species of
2.5 mm long (mean = 2.5 mm; n = 5); 3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of moderate tubercles; interstriae 2 sparsely granulate along its entire length; and elytra unicolored.
This species is almost identical to
Probably of American origin (
Strongly polyphagous (
Specimens from Southeast Asia were not available for examination. The measurements and diagnosis are based on specimens from Panama (Panama) and the United States (Florida).
2.7–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 3); 3.06–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae 1 widened from base to midpoint of declivity, then narrowed to apex; declivital striae not impressed; three strong spines on declivital interstriae 1, and three slightly weaker spines on declivital interstriae 3, declivital interstriae 2 with at most a small spine near top of declivity; all interstriae with spines only, lacking granules; discal interstriae much wider than striae, strial punctures approximately 2× diameter of interstrial punctures, the latter very sparse on disc; declivital posterolateral margin costate and with a row of small spines to interstriae 6; integument smooth and strongly shiny on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, only the head reticulate and less shiny.
The specific name refers to the Chinese province where it was collected. Latinized adjective.
China (Yunnan).
Unknown.
Globally distributed throughout temperate and tropical forests.
The species typically breed in small diameter stems. The gallery system consists of a radial gallery leading to an irregular chamber in the center of the stem with longitudinal branches extending up and down the stem.
1 | Procoxae narrowly separated; pronotal mycangial tuft absent (Fig. |
|
– | Procoxae widely separated; pronotal mycangial tuft present, sparsely (Fig. |
|
2 | Declivital summit armed by a pair of very large spines; antennal club flat, type 4, with three sutures on posterior face (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital summit unarmed, granulate or denticulate; antennal club obliquely truncate, type 1, with no sutures on posterior face (Fig. |
|
3 | Elytra truncate, posterolateral margin acutely carinate, forming a continuous circumdeclivital carina (Fig. |
|
– | Elytra rounded (Fig. |
|
4 | Circumdeclivital carina never granulate; declivital interstriae 1 uniformly weakly costate; smaller, 2.8 mm |
|
– | Circumdeclivital carina granulate on apical 1/3; sutural margin costate, costa increasing in height and size from base to apex; larger, 3.2–3.9 mm |
|
5 | Declivital face with declivital striae and interstrial punctures replaced by confused granules; larger, 3.9 mm |
|
– | Declivital face with four punctate striae; strial punctures large; interstriae granulate, granules more abundant near apex; smaller, 3.2–3.6 mm |
|
6 | Declivital striae punctate (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital striae granulate (Fig. |
|
7 | Declivity with five punctate striae; declivity obliquely truncate |
|
– | Declivity with six punctate striae; declivity rounded |
|
8 | Elytral disc strongly convex and appearing strongly humped (Fig. |
|
– | Elytral disc flat or weakly convex, not appearing humped (Fig. |
|
9 | Pronotum wider than long, 0.82–0.9× as long as wide; minute 1.3–1.7 mm |
|
– | Pronotum as long as wide or longer than wide, 1.0–1.1× as long as wide; generally larger, 1.5–2.4 mm |
|
10 | Pronotum as long as wide |
|
– | Pronotum 1.1× as long as wide |
|
11 | Declivital interstriae denticulate-granulate, apices of granules acute (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital interstriae granulate, apices of granules round (Fig. |
|
12 | Declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent and equal to the width of an interstria; interstrial setae erect, hair-like, longer than the width of two interstriae; smaller, 2.0 mm and stout, 2.0× as long as wide |
|
– | Declivital striae glabrous; interstrial setae erect, minute, less than the width of an interstria; larger, 2.15–2.36 mm and elongate, 2.4–2.56× as long as wide |
|
13 | Declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like setae and equal in length to the width of an interstria; smaller, 1.5–1.9 mm |
|
– | Declivital striae glabrous; larger, 2.0–2.3 mm |
|
14 | Declivital striae feebly impressed, strial punctures small, shallow (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital striae clearly impressed, strial punctures large, deep (Fig. |
|
15 | Declivity rounded, disc gradually curving into declivity; pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1), lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint; pronotal disc shiny, finely minutely punctate; mycangial tuft on the pronotal base sparse |
|
– | Declivity obliquely truncate, disc abruptly separated from steep declivity; pronotum from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6), lateral view tall (type 2), summit at basal 1/4; pronotal disc dull, coarsely densely punctate; mycangial tuft on the pronotal base dense |
|
16 | Declivital strial granules relatively small, as large as those of interstriae |
|
– | Declivital strial granules relatively large, at least 1.5× as large as those of interstriae (rarely a few interstrial granules as large as strial in |
|
17 | Declivital striae without setae |
|
– | Declivital striae setose |
|
18 | Declivital striae and interstriae only bearing recumbent setae on face (some erect setae may be present on margins); declivital face densely setose, its surface obscured; declivital face flattened, depressed below margins (Fig. |
|
– | Declivital striae and interstriae bearing semi-recumbent or semi-erect setae and interstriae bearing a row of long erect setae; declivital face moderately setose, its surface readily visible; declivital face convex, flush with margins (Fig. |
|
19 | Declivital strial and interstrial setae recumbent, thick and scale-like, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; smaller, 2.5–2.9 mm |
|
– | Declivital striae and interstrial setae recumbent, fine and hair-like, equal to the width of an interstria; larger, 3.0 mm |
|
20 | Declivital interstrial granules large, prominent; declivital surface dull or opalescent |
|
– | Declivital interstrial granules small, inconspicuous; declivital surface shiny |
|
21 | Declivital interstriae with a row of erect, slightly thickened, bristle-like setae, their apices blunt |
|
– | Declivital interstriae with a row of erect, fine, hair-like setae, their apices pointed |
|
22 | Declivital stria1 and interstria1 setae recumbent, very fine, hair-like; interstriae with a row of erect setae equal in length to the width of an interstria; usually larger, 2.45–3.0 mm |
|
– | Declivital strial and interstrial setae semi-recumbent, hair-like; interstriae with a row of erect setae longer than the width of 1.5 interstriae; usually smaller, 2.2–2.7 mm |
|
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P.,
2.0 mm long (n = 3); 2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytral disc flat, gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae, striae setose, setae semi-recumbent and equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae denticulate-granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
The gallery of this species was flat and a cave type. It was excavated against the grain of the wood (AIC, pers. obs.).
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Cambodia: Sihanouk, Sihanoukville (Rosan Hill), 9–10.ix.2016, 50 m, J.B. Heppner (
2.8 mm long (mean = 2.8 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; upper part of eye smaller than lower part; elytral disc weakly ascending apically, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to suture forming a circumdeclivital carina; declivital face flat, coarsely shagreened, dull; declivity with four punctate, glabrous, straight striae visible; strial punctures large; interstriae glabrous, punctate; posterolateral margin smooth, not granulate; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 shiny, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Cambodia*, China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Hunan, Shanghai*, Sichuan), Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam*. Imported and established in USA (
Recorded from
China: Yunnan, Kunming, 27.v.2013, J. Hulcr (
2.2–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.43 mm; n = 4); 2.0–2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex, striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and less than the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with a uniseriate row of erect hair-like setae longer than the width of 1.5 interstriae and confused semi-erect hair-like setae equal to the width of an interstria; strial granules 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China (Yunnan)*, India (Arunachal Pradesh*, West Bengal), Thailand*, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from
This species was collected in great abundance by SMS and AIC in Lao Cai province, Vietnam. In nearly all collecting events the species was found in small branches (1–5 cm in diameter) that were dry and often exposed to full sun, an unusual feeding habit, as most other xyleborines are unable to thrive under these conditions. Thai specimens were recorded as
3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.16× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; lower part of eye larger than upper part; elytral disc ascending apically, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to suture forming a circumdeclivital ring; declivital face flat, strongly shagreened, dull, glabrous, no striae visible; sutural margin costate, costa increasing in height and size from base to apex, declivital striae and interstrial punctures replaced by confused granules, granules more abundant near apex (especially between interstriae 1 and 2); declivital posterolateral margin granulate; pronotum wider than long, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 shiny, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
L.
China (Hainan).
Unknown.
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
China: Guangdong, Shimentai, 28.iii.2003, P. Grootaert (
2.0–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.12 mm; n = 5); 2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with a uniseriate row of very long erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae and confused semi-erect setae approximately the width of an interstria; strial granules large, 1–1.5× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China* (Guangdong*, Hong Kong*), Japan, Korea, Taiwan*.
Only reported from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Taiwan: Nantou, Ren’ai Township, C.-S. Lin, 15.iv.2014 (
2.75–2.90 mm long (mean = 2.87 mm; n = 5); 2.04–2.07× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, hair-like and equal to the width of an interstria; declivital interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; strial granules small, approximately equal to those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China (Xizang, Yunnan), Japan, Korea, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
The holotype of
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, 17.vi.1965, Lee Kit Ming, Hui Wai Ming, ex hand net (
1.5–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.68 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; elytral disc flat; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and equal in length to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, densely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
In temperate and tropical regions around the world. Within the study region recorded from China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu*, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), ‘Indochina’, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Established in the Neotropics, USA and Europe (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology has been reviewed by
China: Chongqing, Peng Shui, 10.v.2015, Tian-Shang, ex
2.3–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.58 mm; n = 5); 2.17–2.42× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderate to large size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six striae; interstriae and striae granulate, confused, appearing dull, with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
None.
In temperate and tropical regions around the world. Within the study region recorded from Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu*, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai*, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Also present in South & North Korea. Imported to and established in Europe, North, Central and South America (
Strongly polyphagous (
The basic biology has been described by
2.15–2.36 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 2); 2.4–2.56× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital interstriae denticulate-granulate, uniseriate with minute erect setae less than the width of an interstria; pronotum as long as wide; pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China (Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Yunnan), Japan, South Korea.
This species has only been recorded from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: S-Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, Man Dian (NNNR), 740 m,
2.0–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.18; n = 5); 1.82–2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; declivity obliquely truncate, abruptly separated from disc; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with five punctate striae; declivital interstriae densely uniseriate granulate; pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), pronotal summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Moluccas, Sulawesi), Thailand*.
Recorded only from
China: Chongqing, Peng Shui, 10.v.2015, Tian-Shang, ex
2.0–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.02 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused, with a uniseriate row of erect bristles equal in length to the width of an interstria; strial granules at least 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Within the study region recorded from China (Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*. Also recorded from Australia, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Is), Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka.
Polyphagous (
The biology is described by
China: Guizhou, [no locality], 29.x.2016, Wu, Y-K., ex
2.4 mm long; 1.92× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae glabrous; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with a row of erect hair-like setae longer than the width of 1–2 interstriae, granules with an erect hair-like seta; strial granules 2–3× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China (Fujian, Guizhou*), Taiwan.
Recorded only from
China: Hainan, Wu-zhi-shan Town,
2.0–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.12 mm; n = 5); 2.22–2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate, with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
This species is nearly identical to
China (Hainan, Hong Kong*, Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Fujian, Chong’an, Guidun, 1000 m, 25.vi.1979, Fusheng Huang, ex
2.5–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.76 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the narrowly separated procoxae; mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; abundant hair-like elytral vestiture; declivital striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate; and declivity rounded, convex, unarmed, surface shagreened, appearing dull.
China* (Fujian, Jiangxi, Xizang), India* (West Bengal), Taiwan, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
This species is polyphagous and has been recorded from
The unusual morphology of this species is superficially similar to that of several other genera (see
China: Chongqing, Chengkou, 16.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (
2.3–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.32 mm; n = 5); 2.3–2.56× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of 1.5 interstriae; pronotum 1.1× long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
This species is nearly identical to
China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu*, Jiangxi*, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Vietnam. Also present in Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East, Sakhalin, Kurile Is). Introduced to and established in Europe and Turkey, USA (including Hawaii) and Canada (
Polyphagous (
The basic biology is described by
3.0 mm long (mean = 2.89 mm; n = 1); 2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face flattened, depressed below declivital margins; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; strial granules at least 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
India (Meghalaya), Myanmar, Nepal.
Unknown.
China: Chongqing, Chengkou, 16.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (
3.2–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.46 mm; n = 5); 2.13–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; upper part of eye smaller than lower part; elytral disc strongly ascending apically, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to suture forming a circumdeclivital ring; declivital face flat, shagreened, four punctate, glabrous and somewhat wavy striae visible; strial punctures large; interstriae glabrous, granulate, granules more abundant near apex (especially between interstriae 1 and 2); declivital posterolateral margin granulate; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 shiny, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Within the study region recorded from China (Chongqing*, Gansu, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Karnataka, Kerala), Laos*, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Outside the region recorded from East Africa (Tanzania), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Madagascar, East & West Malaysia, Mauritius, Philippines, Seychelles, Sri Lanka.
Polyphagous (
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton, ex
1.3–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.5 mm; n = 5); 2.29–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; elytral disc convex, disc as long as declivity; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like, less than the width of one interstria; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of one interstria; pronotum wider than long, 0.82–0.90× as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view rounded (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China* (Hong Kong*), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.
Recorded from
India: Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border: Bhalukpong,
1.8–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.05 mm; n = 2); 2.09–2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate and clearly impressed striae; declivital interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer 1–1.5× the width of an interstria; pronotum 1.1× long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
This species is very similar to
India (Assam).
Recorded only from
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR),
1.4–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.82 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; disc strongly convex, much shorter than declivity; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital striae setose, setae minute, semi-recumbent, hair-like; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of one interstria; pronotum wider than long, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view rounded (type 1), summit at midpoint, basal half smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Circumtropical. Within the study region recorded from China* (Yunnan), India (Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Europe (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology has been studied by
3.3 mm long (n = 1); 2.3× as long as wide. This species is unique among all
China (Hong Kong), Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown.
L.
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
Vietnam: Lao Cai, Hoang Lien N.P.,
2.45–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 5); 1.96–2.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, very fine, hair-like, equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; with a uniseriate row of erect hair-like setae equal in length to the width of an interstria; strial granules 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam*.
Unknown.
This species was collected in great abundance by SMS and AIC in Lao Cai province, Vietnam. In nearly all collecting events the species was found in small branches (1–4 cm in diameter) that were dry and often exposed to full sun, an unusual feeding habit, as most other xyleborines are unable to thrive under these conditions. Records from Thailand (
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Hunli vicinity,
2.5–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 5); 1.79–2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face flattened, depressed below declivital margins; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, thick, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused strial granules at least 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
China (Hainan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand.
Recorded from five different families (
We thank the curators of the following institutions who allowed access to or the loan of specimens from the collections in their care: Dirk Ahrens (
We thank our colleagues for their generous support and specimens crucial to this project: Jiri Hulcr, You Li, Andrew Johnson, Craig Bateman, James Skelton and Demian Gomez (University of Florida), Ching-Shan Lin (Tsau-Hu Elementary School, Taichung, Taiwan), Robert Rabaglia (USDA Forest Service), Wisut Sittichaya (Prince of Songkla University), Sunisa Sanguansub (Kasetsart University), Hisashi Kajimura (Nagoya University), Naoto Kamata (Tokyo University), Sangwook Park (Research Institute of Forest Insect Diversity), Thomas Atkinson (University of Texas, Austin), Alexander Petrov (Institute of Forest Science, Russian Academy of Science), Michail Mandelshtam (Saint Petersburg State University), Lan-Yu Liu (National Ping Tung University), Judy King (
This research was supported by the following grants to AIC: USDA-APHIS Cooperative Agreement Award (16-8130-0666-CA), NSF-PEET (DEB-0328920), NSF (DEB-1256663), USDA Forest Service Early Detection Rapid Response program cooperative agreement (11-DG-11420004-257), and the Ernst Mayr Travel Grant in Animal Systematics (Harvard University). The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Modified from Cognato et al. 2020a.
Modified from Beaver 2010.
Modified from Cognato et al. 2020a