Two new genera and eight new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China

Abstract Two new genera and eight new species of jumping spiders from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. The new genera are Dendroiciusgen. nov. (type species D. hotaruaesp. nov. (♂♀)) and Megaeupoagen. nov. (type species M. yanfengisp. nov. (♂♀)). The new species are Colyttus yiwuisp. nov. (♂♀), Euophrys xuyeisp. nov. (♂♀), Foliabitus weihangisp. nov. (♂♀), Nigorella menglasp. nov. (♂♀), Onomastus chenaesp. nov. (♂♀), and Synagelides platnickisp. nov. (♂♀). A new combination is proposed: Megaeupoa gravelyi (Caleb, 2018), comb. nov., ex Brettus Thorell, 1895. Two new synonyms have been proposed: Irura prima (Żabka, 1985), syn. nov. with Irura mandarina Simon, 1903; Evarcha digitata Peng & Li, 2002, syn. nov. with Ptocasius montiformis Song, 1991.


Introduction
Salticidae Blackwall, 1841, or jumping spiders, is the largest spider family, with 6183 species in 646 genera worldwide (WSC 2020). Of the 5078 species of spiders described from China, 526 are jumping spiders (Li 2020a). This paper describes two new genera and eight new species of jumping spiders from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), Yunnan, southwestern China.
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is located on Hulu Island in Menglun Township, Mengla County. XTBG is separated from the mainland by the Luosuo River, a tributary of the Mekong River (known as the Lancang River in China). XTBG's 11.25 square kilometers includes a 2.50 square kilometer patch of well-preserved primary tropical rainforest, the main research area of our "All Species Inventory" on XTBG spiders for the past 20 years.
Until now, the Xishuangbanna spider checklist included 782 species in 46 families (Li 2020a). The species diversity from XTBG is greater than the number of species found in thoroughly studied regions, such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Denmark (Nentwig et al. 2020). From our long-term study, we expect to find more spider species from XTBG.

Materials and methods
Specimens were collected by fogging in XTBG. All specimens were preserved in 100% ethanol. Epigynes were cleared in trypsin enzyme solution to dissolve non-chitinous tissues. Specimens were examined under a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Photomicroscope images were taken with an Olympus C7070 zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels). Photos were stacked with Helicon Focus (version 6.7.1) or Zerene Stacker (version 1.04) and processed in Adobe Photoshop CC 2018. All measurements are in millimeters. Eye sizes are measured as the maximum diameter from either the dorsal or frontal view. Leg measurements are given as follows: total length (femur, patella+tibia, metatarsus, tarsus); however, in Synagelides platnicki sp. nov., because of the long patella, we use (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). All specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing, China.
Abbreviations used in the text and figures: Epigyne ( Fig. 2A, B) as long as wide, windows large, separated by median septum; copulatory openings on each side of septum located posteriorly; copulatory ducts indistinct, primary spermathecae smaller than secondary spermathecae, overall Ushaped; fertilization ducts originating from the anterior entolatetal edge of secondary spermathecae, extending almost transversely.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Diagnosis. Dendroicius gen. nov. can be easily distinguished from Icius by the following characters: the male without a stridulatory apparatus; palpal tibia with a dorsal apophysis, dorsal embolic apophysis of bulb near the tegular sclerite; epigyne with a large hood posteriorly, posterior to copulatory opening, copulatory opening circular, depression around copulatory opening, spermathecae posterior to copulatory opening, copulatory ducts curved, fertilization ducts folded 90°, well-developed.
Composition   darker in eye field, almost square, covered with black setae, edge with white setal stripe originating medially, thoracic part sloping acutely. Fovea indistinct. Clypeus black, anterior margin with long setae. Chelicerae black, with one retromarginal fissident tooth with two cusps and one retromarginal tooth. Endites brown. Labium brown. Sternum colored as endites, covered with sparse setae. Leg I black, others yellow. Abdomen elongated oval, dorsum pale brown with one pair of stripes of dense white setae, darker around stripes; venter pale yellow.
Palp (Fig. 3A-F) patella dark brown, slightly wider than long, covered with setae; tibia slightly wider than long, retrolateral tibial apophysis slightly longer than wide, lateral terminal apophysis darker, serrated along edge, dorsal tibial apophysis with small, serrated mesal branch; cymbium longer than wide, slightly longer than the length of the bulb in retrolateral view; bulb longer than wide, with sperm duct extending along margin; embolus short, half as long as bulb, needle shaped; dorsal embolic apophysis small, one fifth the length of embolus; tegular sclerite sheet-like, adjacent to dorsal embolic apophysis.
Female (Fig. 4A Appearance of abdomen and legs as in male but carapace with two pairs of white setal latero-marginal stripes from lateral sides of AME and two longitudinal stripes of white setae from AMEs along PLE to the rear margin of carapace. All legs yellow and abdomen laterally with black pattern. Epigyne (Fig. 4A, B) wider than long, with a wide hood posteriorly; copulatory openings circular; copulatory ducts long, curved medially; accessory gland indistinct; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts folded 90°, well-developed.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China. Diagnosis. Euophrys xuyei sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other species by the following characters: male palpal tibia slightly longer than RTA in retrolateral view, tapering to a slightly hooded tip; bulb with tegular lobe covering tibia; embolic terminus flat, with small cusps; epigyne with copulatory openings on each side of median septum located posteriorly; copulatory ducts around spermathecae; accessory glands adjacent to copulatory openings.

Genus
Description. Male (   with dark setae. Legs yellow to black. Abdomen elongated oval, speckled laterally, with several chevrons posteriorly, covered with white setae; venter yellow-brown with spots. Palp ( Fig. 5A-C): Patella and tibia dark brown, slightly longer than wide, ventral tibial bump stout; RTA slightly shorter than tibia in retrolateral view, tapering to a slightly hooded tip; cymbium dark brown, longer than wide, widest medially, dorsally with a few short, stout spines in the middle; bulb longer than wide, with sperm duct relatively stout, meandering retrolaterally and tapering prolaterally; tegular lobe distinct, covering tibia; embolus with coiled base; embolic terminus flat with small cusps and thin membrane.
Female (Fig. 6A, B Palp (Fig. 7A-C): Patella red-brown, almost as long as wide; tibia stocky, slightly wider than long, with sclerotized, hook-shaped RTA, curved towards the bulb; cymbium longer than wide, covered with long setae; bulb longer than wide, tegular lobe distinct, curved retrolaterally; embolus long and coiled, nearly forming a circle.  Female (Fig. 8A, B, D-F (Fig. 8D) similar to that of male except paler. Abdomen dorsally whitish with black pattern similar to male, ventrally pale yellow, with small black triangular patch near spinnerets. Epigyne (Fig. 8A, B) wider than long, windows large, separated by median septum; copulatory openings at center of windows; copulatory ducts long, S-shaped; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts well-developed, membranous, lamellar.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China. Diagnosis. Megaeupoa gen. nov. resembles Brettus Thorell, 1895 morphologically by the stout RTA, long, undulating embolus, membranous conductor and the epigyne has one tortuous copulatory duct, but it differs in the following: an absence of ventral fringes of long, dense hairs on legs I (Caleb, Acharya and Kumar 2018), RTA stout, slightly longer than wide in lateral view (vs. the RTA is three times longer than wide in Brettus), half of the embolus is obscured by the embolic sheath (vs. uncovered in Brettus), terminal apophysis present (vs. terminal apophysis absent in Brettus); in the female, the vulva has two pairs of spermathecae (vs. one pair of spermathecae in Brettus) and the copulatory ducts are curled (vs. copulatory ducts straight in Brettus).

Genus
Description. Male. Total length 4.96-5.64. Carapace red-brown, covered with dense, brown setae, posteriorly with white stripes of setae, cephalic part black or brown. Fovea longitudinal. Clypeus black to brown, covered with several white setae. Chelicerae yellow-brown, with five promarginal and 9-13 retromarginal teeth. Endites pale brown. Labium pale brown, covered with brown setae. Sternum colored as endites, covered with brown setae. Legs brown, with long, white, dense setal ring and black ring pattern. Abdomen elongated oval, dorsum with one pair of stripes of dense white setae, transverse dark brown stripes medially; venter pale brown, covered with setae.
Palpal patella covered with dense, white setae dorsally; tibia slightly wider than long, with ventral apophysis, RTA stout, slightly longer than wide in lateral view; cymbium longer than wide; bulb longer than wide; embolus long, undulate, half of the embolus covered by embolic sheath, other half covered by lateral terminal apophysis; conductor membranous, sheet-shaped, adjacent to embolus; median apophysis small; lateral terminal apophysis whip-like, terminal apophysis distinct, stout.
Female. Total length 5.51. Habitus similar to those of male except paler.
Epigyne as long as wide; with posterior hood; windows large, oval; copulatory openings located medially; copulatory ducts curled on either side with two pairs of spermathecae; primary spermathecae small, situated anteriorly, secondary spermathecae large.
Composition. This new genus includes two species: Megaeupoa yanfengi sp. nov. and Megaeupoa gravelyi  Palp (Figs 9A-D, 10A, B): Patella covered with dense, white setae dorsally; tibia slightly wider than long, with subtriangular ventral apophysis, RTA stout, slightly longer than wide in lateral view, terminus flat; cymbium longer than wide; bulb longer   than wide; embolus filiform, undulate, half of embolus obscured by embolic sheath, other half enclosed by lateral terminal apophysis; conductor membranous, sheetshaped, adjacent to embolus; median apophysis three times longer than wide, stout; inferior terminal apophysis thin, four times longer than wide, lateral terminal apophysis filiform, embolus curled circularly, terminal apophysis semicircular.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.  (Song & Chai, 1992) by the bifurcated RTA and dorsal embolic apophysis behind the embolus but differs in the following: the palpal tibia is wider than long (vs. longer than wide in N. sichuanensis); the tegular lobe is folded (vs. straight in N. sichuanensis and E. orientalis). In the female, the spermathecae are S-shaped (vs. spermathecae coiled in N. sichuanensis), and the hoods are deeper (vs. unobvious in E. orientalis).
Description. Male (Figs 12, 13C   medially, carapace edge and sides of cephalic part with white setal stripes, thoracic part sloping abruptly, clothed with white and dark setae. Fovea indistinct. Clypeus orangebrown to dark brown, covered with thin setae. Chelicerae black, with two retromarginal teeth and one promarginal tooth. Endites and labium black. Sternum black, covered with dark setae. Legs red-brown except femora with black pattern. Abdomen elongated oval, dorsum with two pairs of muscle depressions, with white line centrally, white line widens medially; venter black with dark setae; sides black with white spots. Palp (Fig. 12A-E): Tibia slightly wider than long, RTA bifurcated, ventral branch blunt, dorsal ramus well-developed, pointed; cymbium flattened, covered with long setae; bulb almost round, with sperm duct extending along margin, tegular lobe folded; embolus stout, dorsal embolic apophysis behind embolus, connected to embolus with membrane.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China. Palp (Fig. 14A-C): Patella with subtriangular patellar apophysis, longer than wide; tibia as long as wide, without retrolateral apophysis; cymbium longer than wide, covered with setae; bulb approximately as long as wide, structure of bulb is complex; sperm duct clearly visible; spur on mesal branch of conductor hook shaped; conductor wide; embolic division occupying large area on bulb with developed conductor; embolus filiform, very long; median apophysis with three apophyses.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China. Diagnosis. Synagelides platnicki sp. nov. resembles S. lushanensis Xie & Yin, 1990 by having the same shaped median apophysis and a coiled embolus but differs by the following: the length of the RTA is four times as long as the length of the cymbium (vs. two times the length in S. lushanensis), the dorsal tibial apophysis is absent (vs. present in S. lushanensis) and the retrolateral median apophysis is L-shaped in retrolateral view (vs. straight in S. lushanensis); in the female, the hood of the epigyne is as long as wide (vs. two times longer than wide in S. lushanensis), and the copulatory duct is coiled 360° (vs. S-shaped in S. lushanensis).
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.

Discussion
The following two jumping spiders were also collected from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG).

Irura mandarina Simon, 1903
Irura Comments. Conspecificity of the Irura mandarina female and I. prima (Żabka, 1985) male is based on a large number of spider specimens collected at the same locality in XTBG with similarities in size and color pattern.
Comments. Conspecificity of the Ptocasius montiformis female and Evarcha digitata male is based on a large number of spider specimens collected at the same locality in XTBG with similarities in size and color pattern.
Adding the new species reported here, a total of 121 jumping spider species are reported from Xishuangbanna, of which, 77 species (marked with an asterisk) were collected in XTBG by us. A checklist of Xishuangbanna jumping spiders follows, and for a complete list of taxonomic references see WSC (2020).