Two new Geranomyia Haliday (Diptera, Limoniidae) crane flies from Mount Jiulong in China, with an updated key to Chinese species

Abstract The genus Geranomyia Haliday, 1833 is globally distributed, with 351 known species, of which 26 occur in China. Herein, an overview of the genus Geranomyia from Mount Jiulong, Zhejiang, China, is presented. Two new species are described and illustrated. Geranomyia jiulongensissp. nov. and G. subablusasp. nov. are distinguished from other Geranomyia species by the characters of the thorax and male genitalia. An updated key to the Geranomyia of China is presented.


Introduction
Geranomyia Haliday, 1833 is a large genus of 351 described species in the family Limoniidae. It is characterized by the following characters: body small or medium-sized (5-9 mm), flagellum with 12 segments, elongate mouthparts, R 1+2 present, R 2 commonly present, R 4 and R 5 fused to margin, only two branches of Rs present as longitudinal elements (R 3 and R 4+5 ), two branches of M reaching wing margin, and lobe of gonostylus often with two spines (Alexander 1967a;Haliday 1833;Osten Sacken 1869).
The adults of Geranomyia species were often found sucking nectar from flowers (Alexander 1948(Alexander , 1967bZhang et al. 2016). Some phenological studies have shown that adults have a long period of activity; for example, adults of G. canadensis (Westwood, 1836) were active from April to September, G. communis Osten Sacken, 1860 from May to October, and G. rostrata (Say, 1823) from April to September (Young 1978;Young and Gelhaus 2000). The habitats of adult flies have been rather frequently discussed in the literature (Alexander 1916(Alexander , 1919(Alexander , 1920(Alexander , 1928a(Alexander , 1928b(Alexander , 1948(Alexander , 1964(Alexander , 1970aEnglund 1999;Harrison and Barnard 1972;Knab 1910). Geranomyia advena (Alexander, 1954) has been found around seeps and adjacent to riffle habitats in streams on Molokai and Hawaii (Englund 1999). The type of G. annandalei Edwards, 1913 was collected on the Plain of Gennesaret, near the Sea of Galilee, where it was found on limestone cliffs overhanging a spring (Alexander 1970b).
The habitats of the immature stages have also been extensively investigated. The larvae of G. canadensis was found living on the faces of rock exposures, crawling among algae and diatoms (Alexander and Malloch 1920). Rogers (1927) found the immature stages of G. rostrata living in wet moss, among the thalli of liverworts and in mats of filamentous algae on wet rocks and shaded seepage areas. Bangerter (1929) found the larvae of G. caloptera Mik, 1867 living among saturated mosses on wet banks of streams. The immature stages of G. diversa Osten Sacken, 1860 was found in and beneath thick mats of dripping algae on wet, shaded cliffs (Rogers 1930). Geranomyia argentifera de Meijere, 1911 andG. fletcheri Edwards, 1911 have habitats that are generally similar to the above-mentioned species (Alexander1931).
Twenty-six species of Geranomyia have been previously recorded from China (Oosterbroek 2020), of which five were published by Zhang et al. (2016). Since that publication, further new materials of the genus have become available. Mount Jiulong is located in southwestern Zhejiang, China, with a total area of 200 km 2 . The main peak is 1,724 m high, which is the fourth highest peak in Zhejiang. The area includes more than 6 km 2 of virgin, typically subtropical, broad-leaf forest. Mount Jiulong is reputed to be a "Biological Gene Pool", with more than 1,340 species of plants and 149 species of vertebrates. This investigation into Geranomyia species on Mount Jiulong, Zhejiang, China, was initiated by the authors together with other entomologists from Zhejiang A&F University in July 2019, and four species of Geranomyia were found. In this paper, two new species are described and illustrated, and two known Chinese species are also listed. A dichotomous key to the Chinese species of Geranomyia is modified from Zhang et al. (2016) and updated with additional diagnostic characters.

Materials and methods
Specimens for this study were collected on Mount Jiulong, Zhejiang, China, in July 2019 by the authors. Adult crane flies were collected by insect net and at artificial light. Genitalic preparations of males were made by macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in cold 10% NaOH for 12-15 hours. Observations and illustra-tions were made using a ZEISS Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 77D digital camera through a macro lens. Type specimens of known Chinese species deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), the Natural History Museum, London, UK (NHM) and the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (CAU) were examined. Type specimens of the new species were deposited in the Entomological Museum of Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, China (QAU).

Taxonomy
Key to Chinese Geranomyia Wing with basal section of CuA 1 more than 1/3 of its own length before fork of M ( Lobe of gonostylus with two long and slender spines, one arising from a large tubercle on rostral prolongation, other one directly arising from rostral prolongation (Fig. 4a) (Fig. 3d); lobe of gonostylus with two spines at tip and middle of rostral prolongation respectively; distal part of paramere trianglar, lateral margin smooth (Fig. 4a)  Diagnosis. Prescutum yellow with three broad, dark-brown longitudinal stripes. Pleuron of thorax yellow, with a broad, dark-brown stripe. Wing with seven large spots on costal region; Sc 1 ending near fork of Rs, basal section of CuA 1 nearly its length before fork of M. Lobe of gonostylus large with an arched rostral prolongation armed with two basal spines arising from two tubercles. Description. Male. Body length 5.0-5.3 mm, wing length 5.3-5.5 mm, mouthparts length 2.2-2.3 mm.
Head (Fig. 1b). Black. Setae on head black. Antenna length 1.2-1.3 mm, brownish black. Scape cylindrical. Pedicel nearly globose. Flagellomeres oval, terminal flagellomere with tip knob-like. Mouthparts brownish black with black setae. Thorax (Fig. 1c). Pronotum yellow with a broad dark brown median stripe. Prescutum yellow, with three broad, dark-brown longitudinal stripes, each lateral stripe about 1/2 length of median stripe. Scutum pale yellow, with a dark-brown longitudinal stripe at middle area, each lobe with a large, dark-brown spot. Scutellum yellow, with two sides and anterior region dark brown, posterior region with a dark-brown spot. Mediotergite brownish black. Pleuron of thorax (Fig. 1a) yellow, with a broad, darkbrown stripe extending from cervical region to mediotergite. Setae on thorax brownish black. Coxae pale yellow; trochanters pale yellow; femora brownish yellow, with fore femur paler; tibiae brownish yellow; tarsi brownish yellow, with terminal three segments darker. Setae on legs brownish black. Wing (Fig. 1d) tinged pale brownish with a brownish-black pattern: seven large spots on costal region; seams along cord, m-m and basal section of M 3 ; a spot at fork of Rs; a very light spot at sub-tip of A 2 . Veins brownish yellow, darker in clouded areas. Venation: Sc long, Sc 1 ending near fork of Rs, Sc 2 at its tip; basal section of CuA 1 nearly its length before fork of M. Halter length 1.1-1.2 mm, pale yellow with base of stem dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 1a). Tergites brownish yellow with caudal halves dark brown. Sternites pale yellow. Setae on tergites brown and on sternites white. Hypopygium (Fig. 2). Posterior margin of ninth tergite slightly emarginate. Gonocoxite slender with an elongate and blunt-apexed ventromesal lobe. Clasper of gonostylus arched at 2/3 of length, tip acute. Lobe of gonostylus large with an arched rostral prolongation armed with two basal spines arising from two tubercles. Paramere stout, wide at base, distal part trianglar. Aedeagus long, with two apical lobes.
Remarks. This species is very similar to G. radialis but can be distinguished by the prescutum of the thorax having three broad, dark-brown stripes (Fig. 1c) and the lobe of the gonostylus being long and more than twice the length of the gonostylus clasper (Fig. 2a). In G. radialis, the prescutum has a narrow brown median stripe, and the lobe of the gonostylus is short and slightly exceeds the gonostylus clasper (Alexander 1930). This new species is also somewhat similar to G. immobilis (Alexander, 1932) from the Philippines in its pattern and wing venation but can be easily distinguished from it by the pleuron of the thorax being yellow with a broad dark brown stripe extending from the cervical region to the mediotergite (Fig. 1a) and the lobe of the gonostylus with two spines arising from two tubercles. In G. immobilis, the pleuron of the thorax is chiefly dark brown, with the sternopleurite light yellow, and the lobe of the gonostylus has two spines arising from a common tubercle (Alexander 1932 Diagnosis. Prescutum yellow with three broad, brown longitudinal stripes. Pleuron of thorax yellow, with a broad brown stripe. Wing with seven large spots on costal region, with second and third spots combined between C and Sc; Sc 1 ending about 2/5 of Rs; basal section of CuA 1 more than 2/3 of its own length before fork of M. Lobe of gonostylus large with a large rostral prolongation armed with two long, slender spines, one arising from a large fleshy tubercle, other one directly arising from rostral prolongation.
Head (Fig. 3b). Brownish black. Setae on head black. Antenna length 1.2-1.3 mm, dark brown. Scape cylindrical. Pedicel nearly globose. Flagellomeres oval, terminal flagellomere with tip knob-like. Mouthparts dark brown, with black setae. Thorax (Fig. 3c). Pronotum brownish yellow, with a broad, dark-brown, median stripe. Prescutum yellow with three broad, brown, longitudinal stripes; each lateral stripe about 3/4 length of median stripe. Scutum pale yellow; each lobe with a large brown spot. Scutellum yellow, with brown sides; posterior region with a brown spot. Mediotergite dark brown. Pleuron of thorax (Fig. 3a) yellow, with a broad, brown stripe extending from cervical region to mediotergite. Setae on thorax brownish black. Coxae yellow; trochanters yellow; femora brownish yellow; tibiae brownish yellow; tarsi brownish yellow, with terminal three segments darker. Setae on legs brownish black. Wing (Fig. 3d) tinged with pale brownish with brownish black pattern: seven large spots on costal region, with second and third spots combined between C and Sc; seams along cord, m-m and basal section of M 3 ; spots at fork of Rs and tip of M 1+2 , M 3 , CuA 1 and A 2 ; a very light and small spot at tip of A 1 . Veins brownish yellow, darker in clouded areas. Venation: Sc long, Sc 1 ending about 2/3 of Rs, Sc 2 at its tip; basal section of CuA 1 more than 2/3 of its own length before fork of M. Halter length 1.1-1.2 mm, yellowish white. Abdomen (Fig. 3a). Tergites brown. Sternites pale yellow. Setae on tergites brown and on sternites white. Hypopygium (Fig. 4). Posterior margin of ninth tergite emarginate. Gonocoxite stout with a blunt-apexed ventromesal lobe. Clasper of gonostylus arched at 2/3 of length, tip acute. Lobe of gonostylus large, with a large rostral prolongation armed with two long, slender spines, one arising from a large fleshy tubercle at sub-tip of rostral prolongation, other one directly arising from middle of rostral prolongation. Paramere slender, wide at base, distal part triangular. Aedeagus relatively long, with two apical lobes.
Etymology. The name of the new species refers to the G. ablusa (Alexander, 1967), as the two species are very similar morphologically.
Remarks. This species is very similar to G. ablusa from India but can be distinguished from it by the femora being uniformly brownish yellow (Fig. 3a), the yellowish white halter, and the aedeagus lacking genital openings near the apical lobes (Fig. 4b).
In G. ablusa, the femora have vague, pale brown, subterminal rings, the halter is dark brown, and the aedeagus has the genital openings subterminal and lateral in position to the apical lobes (Alexander 1967c).