Corresponding author: Jared Bernard (
Academic editor: V. Pesic
The genus
Bernard J, Lumley LM, Buck M, Cobb TP (2020) A new species of rake-legged mite,
The
In July 2014, we collected two specimens in yellow pan traps in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. They represent a new species,
We constructed a character state matrix to compare
On 27 July 2014 in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, we collected two female caeculid specimens in yellow pan traps filled with soapy water (
According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, Medicine Hat is a cold semi-arid steppe (
After photographing the specimens collected in 2014 with a K2 DistaMax long-distance microscope (Infinity Photo-Optical, Boulder, Colorado, USA), we stored one in 95% ethyl alcohol (
In describing the idiosomal morphology of the new species, we followed the terminology outlined by
To compare our specimens to other congeners using established criteria, we mined morphological and geographical distribution data from all known publications on
We conducted a parsimony analysis of these phenotypes with PAUP* version 4.0β10 (
Standard categorical character state matrix for
Taxon | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51† |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0&1&2 | 0&1 | 0&1&2 | 0&1 | 1&2 | 0&1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 2 | 0/1 | 3 | 2 | ? | 2 | 0 | 3 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 3&4 | 3 | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | ? | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
2 | 0/1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 3 | 3 | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | ? | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
3 | 2 | 0&1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0&1 | 0&1 | 1 | 0&1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0&1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1&2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2&3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
1 | 1 | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0&1 | 0 | 1 | 1&2 | 1 | 0&1 | 0 | 1&2 | 0&1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1&2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2&3 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1&2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0&1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1/2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 2 | ? | 4 | 5 | ? | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1&2 | |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0&1 | 0 | 0&1 | 0&1 | 0&1 | 1 | 1 | 0&1 | 1 | 1&2 | 0&1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 2 | ? | 2 | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1&2 | |
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | ? | ? | ? | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0&1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 2&3&4&5 | 2&3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1&2 | |
2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0&1 | 0&1 | 0 | 0&1 | 0 | 0 | 0&1 | 1 | 1&2 | 0&1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3&4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1&2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0&1 | 2&3 | 3&4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1&2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1&2 | |
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 1 | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0&1 | 0&1 | 0 | 0&1 | 1&2 | 1 | 1&2 | 0 | 3 | 0&1 | 2&3 | 0&1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
2 | 2 | 0&1 | 1&2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0&1 | 0&1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1&2 | 0&1 | 0&1&2&3 | 0&1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0&1&2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
2 | 2 | 0&1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ? | 3 | 3 | ? | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | ? | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
|
5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 1 | – | - | 0 | 1&2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
PG progenital valve;
Canada • 8 ♀♀; ibid.; 26 Jun. 2017; L. Lumley leg.; collected with paintbrush; hard dry soil surface; det. L. Lumley; stored in 95%
The five
(
The
We observed individuals both walking and motionless with legs I positioned in a raptorial manner above the soil surface. A captive individual consumed a prostigmatan we collected from the same exposed soil.
Canada • 2 ♀♀, 1 deutonymph, 1 tritonymph; Alberta, Waterton Lakes National Park; 29 Jul. 1980; E.E. Lindquist leg.; under rocks in canyon bottom; det. J. Bernard, 4 Mar. 2015; slide-mounted;
USA – Arkansas, Buffalo National River, Boen Gulf and Steel Creek; Petit Jean State Park (
Distinguished by its unfused mediodorsal opisthosomal sclerites, by its dark sclerites in adult mites, and by three barbed clavate
The character state matrix contains 51 characters (Table
Character states of
Character | States |
---|---|
1. Distribution | 0 = Old World, 1 = SE North America, 2 = SW North America, 3 = N Central North America, 4 = NW North America, 5 = Western Australia |
2. Aspidosomal Pa setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 pair, 2 = 2 pairs, 3 = 3 pairs |
3. Aspidosomal Pm setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 pair, 2 = 2 pairs |
4. Aspidosomal Pp setae | 0 = 1 pair, 1 = 2 pairs, 2 = 3 pairs, 3 = 5 pairs |
5. Anterior margin of aspidosoma acuminate | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
6. Anterior margin of aspidosoma notched | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
7. Centrodorsal opisthosoma a setae (excl. as) | 0 = 1 pair, 1 = 2 pairs |
8. Unpaired medial as seta present | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
9. Centrodorsal opisthosoma b setae (excl. bs) | 0 = 1 pair, 1 = 2 pairs, 2 = 3 pairs |
10. Unpaired medial bs seta present | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
11. Centrodorsal opisthosoma c setae (excl. cs) | 0 = 1 pair, 1 = 2 pairs |
12. Unpaired medial cs seta present | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
13. Laterodorsal opisthosoma a setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae, 2 = 3 setae |
14. Laterodorsal opisthosoma b setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae , 2 = 3 setae |
15. Laterodorsal opisthosoma c setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae, 2 = 3 setae |
16. Mediodorsal opisthosomal sclerites fused | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
17. Mediodorsal opisthosomal d setae (excl. ds) | 0 = 1 pair, 1 = 2 pairs, 2 = 3 pairs, 3 = 4 pairs |
18. Unpaired medial ds seta present | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
19. Posterior opisthosomal e setae (excl. es) | 0 = 1 pair, 1 = 2 pairs, 2 = 3 pairs, 3 = 4 pairs, 4 = 5 pairs, 5 = 8 pairs |
20. Unpaired medial es seta present | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
21. Pluriposterior sclerite h setae (excl. hs) | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 pair, 2 = 2 pairs |
22. Unpaired medial hs seta present | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
23. Aggenital + ventral sclerite setae | 0 = 2 pairs, 1 = 4 pairs, 2 = 6 pairs, 3 = 8 pairs, 4 = 9 pairs, 5 = 10 pairs, 6 = 12 pairs |
24. Progenital valve setae | 0 = 3 pairs, 1 = 4 pairs, 2 = 5 pairs, 3 = 6 pairs, 4 = 7 pairs, 5 = 8 pairs |
25. Adanal setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 pair, 2 = 2 pairs, 3 = 3 pairs |
26. Pseudanal Ps setae | 0 = 2 pairs, 1 = 3 pairs, 2 = 4 pairs |
27. Unpaired medial seta posterior to anus | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
28. Trochanter I anterolateral setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae, 2 = 3 setae, 3 = 4 setae |
29. Trochanter I anterolateral setal shape | 0 = clavate, 1 = spiniform |
30. Posterior/dorsal trochanter I setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae, 2 = 3 setae, 3 = 4 setae, 4 = 5 setae, 5 = 8 setae |
31. Basifemur I anteroventral rake setal shape | 0 = spiniform, 1 = subclavate |
32. Telofemur I anteroventral rake setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae |
33. Telofemur I anteroventral rake setal shape | 0 = spiniform, 1 = subclavate |
34. Femur I posteroventral rake setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 seta |
35. Genu I anteroventral rake/spiniform setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae, 2 = 3 setae, 3 = 5 setae |
36. Genu I posteroventral rake setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 seta, 2 = 2 setae, 3 = 3 setae, 4 = 4 setae |
37. Tibia I anteroventral rake/spiniform setae | 0 = 2 setae, 1 = 3 setae, 2 = 4 setae, 3 = 5 setae, 4 = 6 setae |
38. Tibia I posteroventral rake/spiniform setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 seta, 2 = 2 setae, 3 = 3 setae, 4 = 4 setae, 5 = 5 setae |
39. Tarsus I anterior rake-like setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 3 setae, 2 = 4 setae, 3 = 5 setae |
40. Trochanter III anterolateral setae | 0 = absent, 1 = 1 seta, 2 = 2 setae, 3 = 3 setae |
41. Trochanter III anterolateral setal shape | 0 = clavate, 1 = spiniform |
42. Posterior/dorsal trochanter III setae | 0 = 1 seta, 1 = 2 setae, 2 = 3 setae, 3 = 4 setae |
43. Bothridial bt seta on tarsus I | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
44. Bothridial bt seta on tarsus II | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
45. Bothridial bt seta on tarsus III | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
46. Bothridial bt seta on tarsus IV | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
47. Dark sclerites on dorsal idiosoma in adults | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
48. Body encrusted with cemented particles | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
49. Tarsal claws unequal in size | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
50. Aspidosoma projecting anteriorly over gnathosoma in lateral view | 0 = no, 1 = yes |
51. Body length (mm) | 0 = ≤ 0.90, 1 = 0.91 – 1.29, 2 = 1.30 – 1.59, 3 = 1.60 – 2.00 |
The phylogeny reveals three morphological clades, termed A, B, and C (Fig.
Phylogenetic 50% majority-rule consensus tree of
Although
A few apomorphies denote the relationships within clade A;
Aside from
All members of the C clade possess five anteroventral rake setae on tibia I, except
1 | Aspidosoma with 0 or 1 pair of |
|
– | Aspidosoma with ≥ 2 pairs of |
|
2 | Centrodorsal opisthosomal sclerite with 1 pair of setae at each the anterior margin ( |
|
– | Not with above combination of characters |
|
3 | Trochanter I with 1 seta on both anterolateral and posterior/dorsal surfaces |
|
– | Trochanter I with > 1 seta on anterolateral surface, or if 1 anterolateral seta, then with 2 posterodorsal setae |
|
4 | Tibia I with 6 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae |
|
– | Tibia I with fewer anteroventral rake/spiniform setae |
|
5 | Trochanter I with 1 anterolateral seta; genu I with 5 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; body not coated with cemented debris |
|
– | Trochanter I with 3 anterolateral setae; genu I with 3 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; body encrusted with cemented particles |
|
6 | Tibia I with 3 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; trochanter I anterolateral setae are clavate |
|
– | Tibia I with 4 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; trochanter I anterolateral setae are spiniform |
|
7 | Anterior margin of aspidosoma acuminate; dark idiosomal sclerites |
|
– | Anterior margin of aspidosoma not acuminate; pale idiosomal sclerites |
|
8 | Body length ≤ 0.90 mm |
|
– | Body length > 0.90 mm |
|
9 | Elongated bothridial setae on each tarsus; tibia I with 2 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; dark idiosomal sclerites |
|
– | No elongated bothridial setae on any tarsus; tibia I with 3 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; pale idiosomal sclerites |
|
10 | Basi- and telofemur I with subclavate rake setae |
|
– | Basi- and telofemur I with spiniform rake setae |
|
11 | Mediodorsal opisthosomal sclerite with 8–9 setae |
|
– | Mediodorsal opisthosomal sclerite with fewer setae |
|
12 | Pale idiosomal sclerites |
|
– | Dark idiosomal sclerites |
|
13 | Posterior opisthosomal sclerite with 6 setae |
|
– | Posterior opisthosomal sclerite with 11 setae |
|
14 | Tibia I with 2 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; trochanter III with 3 anterolateral setae; pluriposterior sclerite with 1 unpaired medial |
|
– | Tibia I with 3 anteroventral rake/spiniform setae; trochanter III with 1 anterolateral seta; pluriposterior sclerite with 1 pair of |
|
15 | Aspidosomal anterior margin notched and lacking |
|
– | Aspidosomal anterior margin not notched and bearing 1 pair of |
|
16 | Dark idiosomal sclerites; tibia I with 2 posteroventral rake/spiniform setae |
|
– | Pale idiosomal sclerites; tibia I with 4 posteroventral rake/spiniform setae |
|
17 | Trochanter I with 2 anterolateral setae; progenital valves each with ≤ 5 setae |
|
– | Trochanter I with 3 anterolateral setae; progenital valves with more setae |
|
18 | Genu I with 4 posteroventral rake setae; adanal sclerites each with 3 setae |
|
– | Genu I with 0 or 1 posteroventral rake seta; adanal sclerites each with 2 setae |
|
19 | Aspidosomal anterior margin with 2 pairs of |
|
– | Aspidosomal anterior margin with 3 pairs of |
|
The complete distribution ranges for the taxa described above are unknown, but the new find of
The Albertan
As the localities for
Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the common ancestor of
Our description of
We thank Christopher Taylor at Curtin University in Perth, Australia for his insight. We are indebted to Frédéric Beaulieu and Wayne Knee at