Two new genera with species of the tribe Sarimini (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae) from China

Abstract Tempsarima Chang & Chen, gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Issidae: Sarimini), with type species Tempsarimabipunctata Chang & Chen, sp. nov. and Tetrichina Chang & Chen, gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Issidae: Sarimini), with type species Tetrichinatrihamulata Chang & Chen, sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Hainan Province of China. The female genitalia characters of Issidae are discussed.


Materials and methods
The morphological terminologies follow Chan & Yang (1994) for the head and body, Bourgoin et al. (2015) for the wing venation, and Bourgoin (1987Bourgoin ( , 1993 and Gnezdilov (2002 for male and female genitalia respectively. Dry specimens were used for descriptions and illustrations. The genital segments of the examined specimens were macerated in 10% NaOH, washed in water and transferred to glycerine. Illustrations of the specimens were made with a Leica M125 and Olympus CX41 stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with KEYENCE VHX-1000C and KEY-ENCE VHX-6000C. The examined specimens are all deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (IEGU). Diagnosis. This genus is similar to the genus Sarimodes Matsumura, 1916, but it differs from the latter by: 1) frons smooth ( Fig. 9) (frons with verrucae along lateral margin and basal part in Sarimodes (Meng and Wang 2016: fig. 18)); 2) forewing with ScP vein long, reaching apical margin, and MP vein forked before the middle of forewings ( Fig. 10) (forewing with ScP vein surpassing the middle of forewing, but not reaching apical margin; MP vein forked near distal part in Sarimodes (op. cit.: fig. 19)); 3) male genitalia with genital styles irregularly triangular in lateral view; anterodorsal and ventral margins parallel (Fig. 12) (genital styles irregularly rounded, dorsal and ventral margins not parallel in Sarimodes (op. cit.: fig. 22)); 4) apical part of dorsal lobe of phallobase with hooked process in lateral view ( Fig. 15) (with sword-like process in Sarimodes (op. cit.: fig. 24)); 5) female anal tube and genitalia strongly developed and elongate, saw-like ( Fig. 18) (not as above in Sarimodes (op. cit.: figs 28, 31)).

Taxonomy
Description. Body medium in size. Head and thorax. Width of head including eyes obviously narrower than pronotum ( Fig. 7). Vertex (Fig. 7) irregularly quadrangular, shorter in middle than the maximum width in dorsal view, disc of vertex depressed, with median carina; anterior margin obtusely convex, posterior margin obtusely concave, lateral margins paralleled. Gena ( Fig. 8) with one obvious ocellus between compound eye and antenna on each side in lateral view. Frons ( Fig. 9) irregularly hexagonal, nearly flat, longer in middle than its maximum width, median carina stout and lateral carinae thin; without verrucae along basal margin and lateral margins; basal margin and frontoclypeal suture arched concaved, lateral margins not paralleled, the base narrow, the maximum width below level of antenna. Clypeus ( Fig. 9) triangular, with stout median carina. Rostrum reaching mesotrochanters. Pronotum (Fig. 7) triangular, median carina stout, lateral carinae present, with sunken pits along median carina, anterior margin right-angle concaved, posterior margin straight. Mesonotum (Fig. 7) triangular, median carina obvious, lateral and sub-lateral carinae obscure. Forewings ( Fig. 10) oblong, anterior and posterior margin nearly paralleled, apical margin relatively acute, longitudinal veins obvious, without obvious hypocostal plate; ScP long, reaching apical margin, nearly parallel with RP, ScP and RP have a common ScP+RP base, RP not forked, MP forking before middle of forewing, CuA forked into two branches near middle of forewing, CuP present, Pcu and A 1 uniting near middle of clavus, clavus almost 4/5 of forewing. Hindwings (Fig. 11) well developed, three-lobed, Sc+RP have a common stem, forked near apical part, MP simple, not forked, CuA forked into branches CuA 1 and CuA 2 near apical part, CuA 2 and CuP fused apically, with one transverse vein between RP and MP, MP and CuA 1 , Pcu and A 11 anastomosing at a medium distance, Pcu, A 11 and A 12 simple, non-branched, A 2 lobe developed, with A 2 vein simple. Hind tibiae each with two lateral spines near distal half.
Female genitalia . Anal tube (Fig. 20) sclerotized, extremely narrow, and obviously longer in middle line than the width, tapering in dorsal view. Anal style (Figs 17,20) long or short, located in base of anal tube, not surpassing the end of anal tube. Hind margin of gonocoxa VIII with endogonocoxal lobe not obvious, endogonocoxal process reduced, fused with anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII (Fig. 22). Anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII (Fig. 22) symmetrical, strongly sclerotized, extremely narrow, long, saw-like. Posterior connective lamina of gonapophyses IX (Figs 23, 24) symmetrical, triangular, ventroposterior lobes with long flagelliform process. Gonoplacs (Figs 25, 26) symmetrical, elongate, sclerotized, tuber and tapering in lateral view; the basal part fused in dorsal view. Hind margin of sternite VII convex, with prominence in middle area in ventral view (Fig. 27).

Distribution. China (Hainan).
Etymology. The generic name is derived from a free combination between the genus names Tempsa Stål, 1866 (referring to the similar female genitalia) and Sarima Melichar, 1903 (type genus in Sarimini). The gender is feminine.
Remarks. The new genus markedly differs from the other genera in Sarimini: 1) frons smooth, with medical carina stout, reaching frontoclypeal suture (Fig. 9); 2) forewing with ScP vein long, reaching apical margin of forewings (Fig. 10); 3) male genitalia with genital styles irregularly triangular in lateral view, the width ca. 2.0 times the height (Fig. 12); 4) apical part of dorsal lobe of phallobase with hooked process (Fig. 15); 5) female genitalia with anal tube extremely narrow and long (Fig. 20), anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII heavily sclerotized, long saw-like ( Diagnosis. This new species is distinguished by the following characters: vertex with four black brown bands along lateral margins and median carina (Fig. 7); mesonotum with each other one dark spot between lateral and sublateral carinae (Fig. 7); genital styles with irregular triangular prominence near dorsal margin at base of capitulum (Fig. 12a); dorsal lobe of phallobase with one small claviform process in base ( Fig. 15b), and convex protrusion near middle (Fig. 15c) and apical part with a duckbill-like process (Fig. 15d), lateral margin with one long hooked process (Fig. 15e) on each side; ventral lobe with apical part mushroom-like in ventral view (Fig. 16h); aedeagus with one short hooked process near apical 1/3 in lateral view, directing to cephalad (Fig. 15i).
Coloration. General colour yellow-green (Fig. 5). Vertex (Fig. 7) yellow-brown, with four black brown bands along lateral margins and median carina, with pale yellow median carina. Frons and clypeus (Fig. 9) ochreous. Compound eyes black brown, ocelli pale ochreous (Fig. 8). Pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 7) yellow brown, mesonotum with pair of dark spots between lateral carinae and sublateral carinae. Male forewings (Fig. 6) yellow green, with diffusely brownish irregular speckles near middle of MP vein and CuA vein, and the base of ScP+RP vein; female forewings brown. Hindwings transparent. Abdomen pale yellow-green, suffused with black-brown near middle line. Male genitalia pale yellow green. Female genitalia brown black. Tip of spines on hind tibiae and tarsi black.
Male genitalia. Anal tube (Fig. 13) longer than its widest breath (2.90: 1.00) in dorsal view, anterior margin arched convex, lateral margins nearly parallel at apical 2/3, the basal 1/3 part broader than apical part. Anal style (Fig. 13) small, extremely short and thin, located in basal 2/5 of anal tube, not surpassing the end of the anal pore. Pygofer (Fig. 12) with dorsal and ventral margin paralleled in lateral view. Genital styles (Fig. 12) with irregular triangular prominence at base of capitulum (Fig. 12a). Capitulum of genital styles irregularly keen-edged triangular, neck very long and obvious (Fig. 14). Phallobase (Figs 15, 16) with dorsal margin of dorsal lobe with one small claviform process in base (Fig. 15b) in lateral view, convex protrusion near middle (Fig. 15c) and apical part with duckbill-like process (Fig. 15d), lateral margin with one long hooked process on each side (Figs 15e, 16e), surpassing middle of phallobase, directing to cephalad, and lateral margin waved obviously, with one lobe-like process (Fig. 15f ); lateral lobe splitting into two branches, slightly shorter than the dorsal lobe, with unobvious small lamina-like process (Fig. 15g); ventral lobe slightly shorter than lateral lobe in lateral view, stout, with apical part mushroom-like (Fig. 16h) in ventral view. Aedeagus (Figs 15, 16) with one short hooked process on each side (Figs 15i, 16i) near apical 1/3 in lateral view, directing to cephalad.

Distribution. China (Hainan).
Etymology. The species name is derived from a combination of the prefix "bi-" and Latin noun "punctata", suggesting the paired dark spots of mesonotum.
Description. Body medium size, slightly flat in dorsal view. Head and thorax. Width of head including eyes narrower than pronotum (Fig. 28). Vertex (Fig. 30) quadrangular, shorter in middle than its maximum width in dorsal view, disc of vertex depressed, median carina obscure, with one pit between median and lateral carinae; anterior margin obtusely convex, posterior margin arched concave, Abbreviations: a-obvious triangular prominence, b-unobvious triangular prominence, c-lobed process, d-bidirectional hooked process, e-irregularly quadrangular prominence, f-lobe-like process, g-long hooked process. lateral margins paralleled. Gena (Fig. 31) with one obvious ocellus between compound eye and antenna on each side in lateral view. Frons (Fig. 32) irregularly hexagonal, length in midline nearly equal to its maximum breadth; with median and lateral carinae, reaching frontoclypeal suture; without obvious verrucae along basal and lateral margins; basal margin obtusely concaved; frontoclypeal suture slightly arched concave, lateral margins not paralleled; the base narrow, the maximum width below level of antenna. Clypeus (Fig. 32) triangular, with median carina stout, short or long. Rostrum just reaching mesotrochanters. Pronotum (Fig. 30) triangular, with median and lateral carinae, and with two pits between median and lateral carinae, anterior margin obtusely-angle concaved, posterior margin straight. Mesonotum (Fig. 30) triangular, with median and lateral carinae, sublateral carinae obscure. Forewings (Fig. 33) irregularly oval, anterior margin distinctly arched convexly, posterior margin straight, apical margin distinctly arched, longitudinal veins obvious, with a few unobvious short transverse veins, without hypocostal plate; ScP long, reaching apical margin, ScP forked one short vein near base, ScP and RP have a common ScP+RP base, RP simple, not forked, MP and CuA forked into two branches near middle of forewing, CuP present, Pcu and A 1 uniting near base 2/3 of clavus, clavus almost 4/5 of forewing. Hindwings (Fig. 34) well-developed of typical Sarimini type, three lobes, ScP+PR have a common stem, forked near apical part, MP simple, not forked, CuA forked into branched CuA 1 and CuA 2 near apical part, CuA 2 and CuP fused apically, with one transverse vein between RP and MP, MP and CuA 1 , Pcu and A 11 anastomosing at medium distance, Pcu, A 11 , and A 12 not branched, A 2 lobe relatively narrow, A 2 vein simple. Hind tibiae each with two lateral spines near distal half.
Male genitalia. Anal tube (Fig. 36) irregularly pentagonal, longer in middle than its widest breadth in dorsal view, basal part extremely narrow, apical part broad, the maximum width near the apical part. Anal style (Fig. 36) relatively long, not surpassing the end of anal tube. Pygofer (Fig. 35) symmetrical, irregularly rectangular in lateral view, dorsal and ventral margin paralleled. Genital styles (Fig. 35) irregularly elliptical in lateral view, postero-dorsal margin long and nearly parallel to ventral margin, bearing process near base of neck. Capitulum (Fig. 37) extremely developed, neck of capitulum extremely long. Phallobase (Figs 38, 39) symmetrical, U-like tube in lateral view, apical part of dorsal lobe with hooked processes on each side in lateral view. Aedeagus (Figs 38, 39) with one hooked process on each side in lateral view.
Female genitalia (Figs 40-48). Anal tube (Figs 40, 43) elongate, longer in middle line than its width. Anal style (Fig. 43) long, located near base of anal tube, not surpassing the end of anal tube. Anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII (Fig. 44) irregularly rectangular, with four keeled teeth in lateral group and three large teeth in apical group. Posterior connective lamina of gonapophyses IX (Figs 45, 46) triangular and narrow in dorsal view. Gonoplacs (Fig. 47) irregularly round, without keels. Hind margin of sternite VII with prominence in middle area in ventral view (Fig. 48).
Distribution. China (Hainan). Etymology. The generic name is derived from the arbitrary combination of generic name "Tetrica" and word "China". The gender is feminine. Diagnosis. This new species looks like Sarimodes clavatus Wang 2016: figs 17-32), but differs from the latter by: 1) vertex shorter in middle line than its maximum width, but longer in S. clavatus; 2) capitulum of genital styles with anterior margin with one triangular prominence near base, but in S. clavatus without triangular prominence; 3) phallobase with dorsal lobe with one stout bidirectional hooked process in lateral view; but with one hooked process in S. clavatus.
Female genitalia. Anal tube (Figs 40,43) longer in middle line than the width (2.10: 1.00), apical margin arched convex, lateral margins paralleled. Anal style (Fig. 43) relatively long and stout, located in basal 1/4 of anal tube, surpassing the end of anal pore. Gonocoxa VIII relatively long and narrow, gonocoxa VIII with endogonocoxal lobe obvious, with one small claviform sclerotic process, endogonocoxal process membranous and developed (Fig. 44). Anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII (Fig. 44) with four keels leading to four teeth in lateral group and three teeth in series in apical group. Posterior connective lamina of gonapophyses IX (Figs 45, 46) narrow, sub-triangular in dorsal view, lateral field membranous developed, with triangular membranous process with microvilli ( Fig. 45: lf ); sub-lateral field developed and sclerous, with the inner margin waved (Fig. 45: slf ); median field with symmetric goblet-shaped process, apical margin in middle concave (median dorsal process) (Fig. 45: mdp); distal parts bent at obtuse angled in dorsal view (posterior ventral lobes) (Fig. 45: pvd). Hind margin of sternite VII obviously convex in medial area in ventral view (Figs 42, 48).
Distribution. China (Hainan). Etymology. The species name is derived from a combination of the prefix "tri-" and Latin noun "hamulata", referring to the phallobase and aedeagus with three variously hooked processes.

Discussion
Emeljanov (1990) proposed two types of female genitalia along with different functions: the piercing-type in order to pierce plant tissue for laying eggs, and the rakingtype in order to cover eggs with secretions of female genitalia. Bourgoin (1993) also characterized two types of female genitalia in Fulgoroidea along with their morphology: the plesiomorphic orthopteroid-type, such as species of Cixiidae, Delphacidae, and Kinnaridae, and the derived fulgoroid-type, such as in Metaphaena basilactea (Dictyopharidae) and other planthopper families including Issidae. In the family Issidae, most of the groups have one common type of female genitalia, which is of the representative raking-type based on fulgoroid-type structural morphology: anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII irregularly rectangular, rake-like, with developed endogonocoxal process, gonoplacs rounded and membranous, as in Tetrichina trihamulata Chang & Chen,. However, in several other Issidae, another kind of female genitalia is observable with anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII strongly sclerotized and narrow, bearing a row of teeth, endogonocoxal process short and degraded, the apical part of posterior connective lamina of gonapophyses IX flagelliform, gonoplacs elongate, beak-shaped and sclerotized. This type of female genitalia belongs to the fulgoroid-type from which it is derived but with a shift of the raking function, probably returning to a secondary piercing one. This type is already recorded in Issidae Hysteropterinae in Euplilis Walker, 1857, Gabaloeca Walker, 1870, and also in the Sarimini genus Tempsa Stål, 1866 (Gnezdilov 2013), and Tempsarima Chang & Chen, gen. nov. also belongs to this type. It is also known in Nogodinidae, but gonoplacs are round in Ugoa Fennah, 1945 and Jamaha Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008, while beak-shaped in Caudibeccus carlota (Myers) (Gnezdilov 2013). The same tendency is also observed in anterior connective laminae in the genera Colpoptera and Caudibeccus (Gnezdilov 2013: figs 17, 22). Gnezdilov (2013) proposed the term "styletization" standing for the tendency of narrowing and referring to the secondary piercing-fulgoroid type of female genitalia. The irregular triangular gonoplacs of Colpoptera sinuata Burmeister might represent a distinct transition from the rounded to the elongate beak-shaped type. In the tribe Sarimini, a similar transition is observable with Microsarimodes Chang & Chen, 2019 bearing irregular triangular gonoplacs (Chang et al. 2019: fig. 36), and the distal parts of the posterior connective laminae of gonapophyses IX slender and narrowing (Chang et al. 2019: fig. 34), standing for the transition from a non flagelliform to flagelliform conformation.