﻿Checklist and keys to Deltocephalinae leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) from Pakistan

﻿Abstract Keys to all levels of the subfamily Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of Pakistan are provided based on published records and original data from recent research. Checklists to the genera and species of Deltocephalinae are also given. A total of 49 genera with more than 100 species are now known from Pakistan. Two new synonyms are proposed, i.e., Cicadulinastriata Ahmed, 1986 a junior synonym of Cicadulinachinai Ghauri, 1965, syn. nov. and Macrostelesparafalcatus Naveed & Zhang, 2018 a new junior synonym of Macrostelesindrina (Pruthi, 1930), syn. nov.


Introduction
Cicadellidae, the largest family of Hemiptera, comprises 26-40 subfamilies (depending on the classification used, e.g., Dietrich 2005 andOman et al. 1990, respectively). Included are nearly 22,000 species of which more than 200 species are known from 29 Forewings with two anteapical cells; preatrium of aedeagus without long processes (Fig. 60)  Head with crown of uniform length throughout width, more than four times broader than long (Fig. 12)  Forewing with 3 or 4 crossveins extending to costal margin from outer apical cell (Fig. 61)  Male subgenital pl. with mesal sclerotised process (Fig. 48)  Crown with pair of black anterior markings (Fig. 18)  Keys to all species of Pakistan Deltocephalinae are given for each genus containing more than one species. We follow Zahniser and Dietrich (2013) for most of the tribal diagnostic characters.

Athysanini Van Duzee
Diagnosis. It is impossible to provide a set of characters to easily diagnose this large tribe due to its morphological diversity. However, most members have the connective Y-shaped and lack the distinctive features of other tribes. Remarks. From the figure (code number DW 50A, unidentified) given by Mahmood (1969)

Remarks.
The identification key of this species has not been possible due to the uncertainty of the differences between very similar species. The previously described forms may prove to be synonyms.
Nephotettix impicticeps Ishihara, 1964: 42. Synonymized by Ghauri,1971: 484. Nephotettix virescens: Ghauri, 1971Ramakrishnan and Ghauri 1979 Zahniser and Dietrich (2013: 56), is a rather poorly defined tribe. It was defined by these authors in the following way: "small to medium sized, slender, stramineous, yellow, or greenish leafhoppers, sometimes with the anterior margin of the head marked with black spots. They can be identified by the male segment X often long and strongly sclerotised, and subgenital plates sometimes with a row of macrosetae near the middle and with long fine setae laterally" and additionally in their key: "male pygofer incised dorsally nearly to base". Clearly, this definition is not ideal as you may not be able to identify a taxon (for example in a key) based solely on "often" and "sometimes" characters and also in their figure 15 of Cicadula Zetterstedt, segment X is moderately long (although the dorsal pygofer incision is very long and therefore the dorsal bridge very short). In addition, the genus Pseudosubhimalus Ghauri, placed in Athysanini by Zahniser and Dietrich (2014), was subsequently placed in Cicadulini based on molecular evidence and (in its type species) segment X is long and well sclerotised (Meshram and Niranjana 2019) However, in the genus the subgenital plate macrosetae are marginal, and in one of its species, P. katraini Meshram and Niranjana, segment X is very short. Similarly, segment X is not elongate in the Nearctic Knullana DeLong. The following three species of this genus occur in Pakistan.

Deltocephalini Fieber
Diagnosis. The members of this tribe are small to medium sized leafhoppers and are variable in colour. They can be identified by the tapering or parallel-sided clypellus, narrow lorum, linear connective with anterior arms closely appressed, connective fused to the aedeagus, and first valvula dorsal sculpturing imbricate (Scale-like).
Key to Maiestas species from Pakistan (male). Maiestas setosa is excluded from the key due to the poor original description and figures.
1 Overall colour dark brown; forewing with sub-basal and subapical irregular white transverse band (Fig. 11)

Drabescini Ishihara
Diagnosis. Drabescini are medium sized to large leafhoppers, variable in colour and shape. They can be identified by the following combination of characters: antennae long situated near upper part of face; antennal pits large, often encroaching onto frontoclypeus; anterior margin of head smooth, irregularly textured, or with one to many carinae or striae; nymph often with apical process on head. Two subtribes are present (see key and below). Fig. 1 Drabescus angulatus Signoret, 1880: 210;Ghauri 1965: 688;Zhang and Webb 1996: 24, figs 380-384, 525.

Goniagnathini Wagner
Diagnosis. These are medium sized to large, squat, robust leafhoppers. They can be identified by the short and broad head, anterior margin of head glabrous, large forewing appendix (in macropterous individuals), subgenital plates fused to each other, valve apparently absent or fused to subgenital plates, style with broad basal part articulated with linear or modified apical part, and connective fused to the aedeagus.

Remarks.
A revision of Oriental Hecalini was given by Morrison (1973). Diagnosis. The members of this tribe are medium sized to large, somewhat to strongly dorsoventrally flattened, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers, sometimes with bright orange or reddish markings. They can be identified by the produced and parabolically shaped head, dorsoventrally flattened body, lateral margin of pronotum as long as or longer than the basal width of eye, ocelli closer to eyes than laterofrontal sutures, apodemes of male sternite I long and relatively narrow, apodemes of male sternite II broad and well-developed, male pygofer often produced or pointed posterodorsally, segment X withdrawn into pygofer, ventral margins of male pygofer often lobate, aedeagus often with one or two pairs of apical processes, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculate and submarginal, first valvula often with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, second valvula usually without teeth, humpbacked dorsally, and concave ventrally.
Remarks. From the figure (unidentified) given by Mahmood (1979) this genus is present in Pakistan. No information is given by Mahmood on examined specimens.
Key to Hecalus species from Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang (2018d) and Naveed et al. (2019c)

Koebeliini Baker
Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, yellow, light green or brown leafhoppers. They can be identified by the combination of following characters: ocelli distant from eyes, clypellus long, narrow and extending well beyond normal curve of gena, and metatarsomere I with platellae on plantar surface.

Macrostelini Kirkaldy
Diagnosis. Macrostelini are small to medium sized, slender, often stramineous, yellow, or greenish leafhoppers, with or without dark markings. They can be identified by their long, slender shape, forewing with two anteapical cells, subgenital plates usually with membranous digitate apical lobe, and male pygofer macrosetae sometimes plumose.
Key to Pakistan species of Balclutha (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang (2018e) Key to Pakistan species of Cicadulina (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang 2018e)

Remarks.
A re-examination of the material identified and figured as M. indrina by Khatri and Webb (2010) and original figures of M. parafalcatus shows that there is insufficient evidence to separate the two species. The two species differ only very slightly in the separation of the long apodemes of the second abdominal sternite ( fig. 64).
Other differences seen in their respective original figures, i.e., of the aedeagus and style, are due to differences of orientation. Therefore, we consider the two species to be synonyms.
Remarks. The identity of this species is uncertain (see Khatri & Webb 2010: 14).

Mukariini Distant
Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, often dorsoventrally depressed or ventrally flattened, brown, black, whitish, yellow, or green, leafhoppers, sometimes marked with orange or red. They can be identified by the produced head, often with frontoclypeus tumid distally, ventral part of face flat, lying nearly horizontally or concave, and ocelli distant from eyes.

Opsiini Emaljanov
Diagnosis. Opsiini are small to large, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers. They can be identified by the bifurcate aedeagus with two shafts and gonopores. Some Mukariini and Ascius (Scaphytopiini) have a similarly divided aedeagus but Opsiini lack the other characters that define those groups.
Key to Pakistan species of Orosius (male)

Paralimnini Distant
Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized leafhoppers. They can be identified by the combination of the following characters: clypellus tapering apically or parallel-sided, lorum narrower than clypellus at base; connective with anterior arms closely appressed, articulated with aedeagus; female first valvula sculpturing imbricate or rarely maculate or granulose. The tribe is very similar morphologically to the closely related Deltocephalini, from which it can be distinguished by the articulation between the connective and aedeagus (fused in Deltocephalini), although a few species of Flexamia (Paralimnini) have the connective fused to the aedeagus. Remarks. Khatri and Rustamani (2011) pointed out that the paralimnine Hengchunia pakistanica Asche and Webb (1994) was erroneously recorded from Pakistan as it is known from the Indian state of Gujarat (spelt as Gudjarat).

Penthimiini Kirschbaum
Diagnosis. Penthimiini are small to medium, squat, robust, often black or brown leafhoppers; often with ventral part of face and/or entire ventral side flattened and dorsal side convex. They can be identified by the ocelli on crown and often distant from eyes, strong antennal ledge, dorsally flattened and carinate protibia, and forewing with appendix large and extending around wing apex. Fig. 2 Neodartus acocephaloides Melichar, 1903: 163;Distant 1908: 246, fig. 155;Distant 1918: 25;Rao 1993: 81-82 (India).

Scaphoideini Oman
Diagnosis. Scaphoideini, following Zhaniser and Dietrich (2013: 148), is a rather poorly defined tribe. It was defined by these authors in the following way (with wording from their key to tribes in square brackets and added characters from Viraktamath and Yeshwanth (2020) in bold): "None of the following characters are present in all taxa, but some combination of [most of ] these characters is present in all and a few (*) appear to be unique to this tribe: head narrower than pronotum, produced; genae sometimes wide and visible dorsally; frontoclypeus long and narrow; antennae long [longer than width of head]; body slender; head and wings often with brown, orange, ochraceous, or ivory markings; forewing with one or more darkly pigmented reflexed veins in vicinity of outer anteapical cell; profemur row AV setae absent or reduced (without stout setae); metatibia macrosetae in row PD long, as long as or longer than 0.5x length of protibia*; male or female pygofer with dense tufts of long fine or regular [macro] setae*; subgenital plate apex membranous or long, digitate, and somewhat membranous or weakly sclerotised; subgenital plates with long fine setae laterally and/or dorsally (also occurs in other deltocephaline tribes); basal processes of aedeagus or connective sometimes present, connected or articulated to base of aedeagus or apex of connective stem; aedeagus sometimes fused to connective". The last mentioned character is found in Sikhamani Viraktamath and Webb and Thryaksha Viraktamath and Murthy.

Stenometopiini Baker
Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, rarely brightly coloured but iridescent leafhoppers when alive. They can be identified by the narrow crown, shagreen texture of crown, clypellus parallel-sided or tapering apically, forewings often submacropterous to brachypterous, male pygofer sloping caudoventrally and with few macrosetae and often with a distinct lateral tooth, female ovipositor protruding far beyond the pygofer apex, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculate and submarginal, first valvula with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, and second valvula without dorsal teeth.

S. tolla (Pruthi)
Aconura tolla Pruthi, 1930: 39, pl Male pygofer long, with rounded apex (Fig. 71)  Diagnosis. Vartini are medium sized to large, somewhat elongate, greenish or bluish leafhoppers, usually with red or orange longitudinal stripes. They can be identified by the produced and pointed head, gena visible behind eye in dorsal view, elongate frontoclypeus, lorum distant from genal margin, profemur intercalary row setae thick and extending to or beyond middle of profemur, forewings truncate apically, apodemes of male sternite II long, subrectangular, flared apically, and pointed posterolaterally, connective with anterior arms appressed, and male segment X tube-like and protruding from pygofer and often well sclerotised.