New cavernicolous ground beetles from Anhui Province, China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Platynini)

Abstract A new genus and three new species of cave-adapted ground beetles are reported from the limestone cave Shenxian Dong in Huangshan Shi, southeastern Anhui Province, China. Shenoblemusgen. nov. is proposed to place the anophthalmic trechine species S. minusculussp. nov. This genus is characterized by the tiny but stout body, sub-moniliform antennae, serrated elytral margins near the base, and a wide distance between the fifth and sixth pores of the marginal umbilicate series on the elytra. In addition, two new species, Wanoblemus huangshanicussp. nov. (an anophthalmic trechine) and Jujiroa inexpectatasp. nov. (a microphthalmic platynine), are also described and illustrated from the same cave.


Introduction
The first report of the subterranean ground beetles from Anhui Province, eastern China, was published a few years ago (Fang et al. 2016). In that paper one new genus and two new species of anophthalmic trechines were described: Wanoblemus wui Tian & Fang, 2016 from the cave Baiyun Dong in Xuancheng Shi and Cimmeritodes (Zhecimmerites) parvus Tian & Li, 2016 from several caves in Chaohu Shi.
In April 2016, one of us (LWB) conducted cave biodiversity investigations in Tongling, Chizhou, Xuancheng, and Huangshan prefectures of Anhui. His efforts were in vain in four of the five explored caves except Shenxian Dong in Huangshan Shi where he achieved success in collecting seven cave-adapted trechine beetles. Further studies in the laboratory confirmed that six of these beetles belonged to a new species of the genus Wanoblemus Tian & Fang, 2016. However, the most interesting discovery was the other single male specimen. It is a representative of a new genus of the Trechoblemus phyletic series judging from its small and stout body, together with several other peculiar characteristics.
In order to collect more material, we re-visited the cave Shenxian Dong in late 2018 and April 2019 respectively. Unfortunately, we did not find any more specimen of the latter species. However, we collected some more individuals of the Wanoblemus species, and, unexpectedly, we discovered a new hypogean Platynini of the genus Jujiroa Uéno, 1952. We herein provide the description of the new genus and describe the aforementioned three new cave-adapted ground beetles.

Material and methods
The material was collected by using an aspirator inside the cave Shenxian Dong, and kept in 55% ethanol before study, except one of each species was kept in 95% ethanol for molecular analysis if two or more specimens were available. Dissections and observations were made under a Leica S8AP0 microscope. Dissected male genital pieces, including the median lobe and parameres of the aedeagus, were preserved in Euparal Mounting Medium (BioQuip Products, Inc., CA, USA) onto small transparent plastic plates and pinned under the specimen. Habitus pictures were taken by means of a Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope. Genital pictures were taken using a Canon EOS 40D camera connected to a Zeiss AX10 microscope. Female genitalia were dissected before the entire abdomen was removed and placed in cold 10% KOH for one day, then cleaned in lactic acid for one day, and stained in Chlorazol Black which was dissolved in 70% ethanol for thirty seconds. All pictures were processed using Adobe Photoshop CS5 computer software.
Measurements and terminology follow Tian et al. (2016). Terminology for female reproductive tract follows Deuve (1993Deuve ( , 2018 and Liebherr and Will (1998 Generic characteristics. Small-sized beetles for the phyletic series of Trechoblemus (Casale and Laneyrie 1982;Jeannel 1928;Casale et al. 1998), or Trechoblemus complex (Uéno and Pawlowski 1981), anophthalmic; body short and stout, appendages short; dorsal surface more or less pubescent; head subquadrate, wider than long excluding mandibles, and shorter than pronotum; frontal furrows entire, two pairs of supraorbital and pair of suborbital pores present; right mandible bidentate; labial suture absent, making mentum and submentum completely fused; mentum bisetose, base largely concave, median tooth simple, short and blunt at apex; submentum quadrisetose; antennae short, extending only to about 1/3 of elytra from base, the 7 th to 11 th antennomeres sub-moniliform; pronotum quadrate, transverse, evidently wider than long, widest near front, at about 1/4 apically, two pairs of lateromarginal setae present, posterior ones located before hind angles, fore angles markedly protruding and sharp, hind ones nearly rectangular and pointed, base nearly straight; elytra stout though distinctly longer than fore body including mandibles, nearly parallel-sided, widest at about middle, surface moderately convex, shoulders distinct, angularly rounded, lateral margins strongly serrated at base, then more or less ciliated throughout; striae obliterated though partly traceable; two dorsal pores present on the 3 rd stria, and the preapical present; apical striole weakly defined, connected to the 5 th stria; humeral group (the 1 st to 4 th pores) of marginal umbilicate series equidistantly spaced, median group (the 5 th and 6 th pores) widely separated each other, the 5 th pore forwardly shifted and closer to the 4 th than to 6 th ; protibia without longitudinal groove externally; the 1 st and 2 nd protarsomeres modified in male, distinctly denticulate inwards at each apex; the 1 st protarsomere shorter than 2 nd to 4 th ones combined in all legs; ventrite VII with one pairs of apical setae in male; male genitalia thin and slender, slightly arcuate.
Remarks. The main characteristics (such as the small and pubescent body, two frontal pores present on the head, fused mentum and submentum, location of dorsal pores on the 3 rd stria and an equidistantly spaced humeral group of the marginal umbilicate series) indicate that Shenoblemus is a lineage of the Trechoblemus phyletic series. It is probably close to the Zhejiangese genus Microblemus Uéno, 2007, whose members are also small-sized, with similar head, bidentate right mandible, and have similar chaetotaxy on the elytra (Uéno 2007a). However, Shenoblemus can be easily distinguished from Microblemus by: (1) antennae sub-moniliform, whereas they are filiform in Microblemus; (2) mentum and submentum completely fused, versus only partly fused with labial suture traceable in Microblemus; (3) pronotum quadrate and transverse, with fore angles evidently protruding, but cordate and narrow, with fore angles not protruding in Microblemus; and (4) elytral base and shoulders simple or moderately serrate in Shenoblemus, whereas they are strongly dentate in Microblemus.
Shenoblemus may be also related to the sympatric Wanoblemus as both genera share some important characteristics: (1) similar chaetotaxy on head and pronotum; (2) 1 st and 2 nd protarsomeres modified in the male; (3) labial suture missing; and (4) bidentate right mandible (though tricuspid in three individuals of Wanoblemus huangshanicus sp. nov.). However, they are evidently different in the following aspects: (1) body much smaller and stouter in Shenoblemus; (2) 7 th to 11 th antennomeres are sub-moniliform in Shenoblemus, but filiform in Wanoblemus; (3) pronotum strongly transverse, with fore angles protruding and sharp in Shenoblemus, versus narrower, with fore angles not protruding in Wanoblemus; (4) lateral margin of elytra strongly serrate near base in Shenoblemus, whereas it is weakly subserrate or ciliate in Wanoblemus; (5) 5 th and 6 th pores of the marginal umbilicate series of the elytra widely spaced, making the 5 th pore closer to the 4 th than to the 6 th in Shenoblemus, instead of much closer to the 6 th than to the 4 th in Wanoblemus; (6) protibiae without a longitudinal sulcus in Shenoblemus, versus a distinct longitudinal sulcus present in Wanoblemus; and (7) male genitalia thin and elongate in Shenoblemus, versus short and strongly arcuate in Wanoblemus.
The following features may separate Shenoblemus from another Zhejiangese genus, Wulongoblemus Uéno, 2007 whose members have also the 1 st and 2 nd protarsomeres modified in the male: (1) right mandible bidentate in Shenoblemus, but tridentate in Wulongoblemus; (2) body small, short, and stout in Shenoblemus, whereas it is large and slender in Wulongoblemus; (3) pronotum transverse, with fore angles protruding in Shenoblemus, versus pronotum longer than wide, with obtuse fore angles in Wulongoblemus; (4) antennae sub-moniliform in Shenoblemus, instead of filiform in Wulongoblemus.

Shenoblemus minusculus
Head large and widened, a little narrower than head including mandibles, HW/ HLm = 0.90, or wider excluding mandibles, HW/HLl = 1.17; widest at about 1/4 of head from base excluding mandibles; front and vertex convex; frontal furrows welldefined and complete, strongly divergent at both anteriorly and posteriorly; genae markedly expanded laterally; anterior and posterior supra-orbital pores close, both at widest area of genae; clypeus quadrisetose, labrum transverse, almost straight in the front margin, 6-setose; mandibles widened and moderately curved at apices; ligula thin and short, adnated with paraglossae; palps short, penultimate joints much stouter than apical ones; the 2 nd labial palpomere slightly longer than the 3 rd , bisetose on inner margin, with two or three additional setae at subapex on outer margin; the 3 rd  Pronotum moderately transverse, PnW/PnL = 1.21, as long as head (including mandibles), much wider than head, PnW/HW = 1.32; lateral margins finely bordered, anterior lateromarginal pores located at about apical sixth, posterior ones at a little before hind angles; base slightly narrower than front, PbW/PfW = 0.97, both nearly straight and unbordered; hind angles denticulate at tips; both frontal and basal impression faint, basal foveae large and deep; disc moderately convex. Scutellum small and almost rounded.
Elytra much longer than wide, EL/EW = 1.56, wider than pronotum, EW/ PnW =1.24; unbordered at base; strial punctures large and widely isolated; basal pores distant from scutellum, anterior and posterior dorsal pores on the 3 rd striae at about 1/4 and 4/7 of the elytra from the base respectively; preapical pores at about apical 1/7 of elytra, subequal to suture and apical margin; humeral group of marginal umbilicate series regular though the 2 nd closer to marginal gutter than other; the 5 th widely separated from the 6 th , apical pores close to elytral margin (Fig. 3A).
Legs short and stout, densely pubescent; protarsi short, the 1 st tarsomere much shorter than the 2 nd -4 th combined in fore and middle legs, whereas slightly shorter in hind legs; abdominal ventrites IV -VI each with a pair of paramedical setae in male.
Male genitalia (Fig. 4A, B): The median lobe of aedeagus moderately sclerotized, rather long and thin, weakly arcuate at median portion, rounded at apex; dorsal margin suddenly folded at about basal quarter; base small, sagittal aileron quite large and hyaline, inner sac provided with a triangular and small copulatory piece, which is about 1/5 as long as aedeagus; in dorsal view, apical lobe widened at subapex, nearly triangular form, longer than wide, with a broadly rounded apex; parameres moderately elongated, right one as long as the left, each armed with two long setae at apex.
Female: Unknown. Etymology. To refer to the small body size.

Distribution. China (Anhui). Known only from a limestone cave called Shenxian Dong in Huangshan Shi.
The Shenxian Dong limestone cave is more than 3000 m long. It is divided in three parts (front, middle, and back) for touristic purpose. There is an underground stream along the main passage. The single beetle specimen was collected in a dark area approximately 50 m from the entrance. Diagnosis. A rather small eyeless trechine beetle, yellowish brown, body thin and elongate, sparsely pubescent.
VII ventrite bisetose in male, while quadrisetose in female. Male genitalia (Fig. 4C, D): The median lobe of aedeagus well-sclerotized, small but more elongate than the one of W. wui, and less curved ventrally in middle part; membranous opening large, rather sharp at apex, base larger, with a small sagittal aileron; in dorsal view, apical lobe much longer than wide, gently contracted towards apex which is broad; parameres shorter than median lobe, both widened at apices, each armed with four long apical setae.
Remarks. This new species is very similar to the type species W. wui which occurs in the cave Baiyun Dong, Xuancheng Shi, approximately 46 km in a straight-line distance from the cave Shenxian Dong. However, the new species is smaller and slenderer than the type species, and with a longer and more elongated aedeagus.
Etymology. To refer to the type locality. Distribution. China (Anhui). Known only from the cave Shenxian Dong in Huangshan Shi.
The specimens collected in 2016 were found in a small wet area about 300 m from the cave entrance. The specimens collected in 2018 were found in dark areas 200-300 m from the entrance.

Diagnosis.
A medium-sized Jujiroa species, body de-pigmented, microphthalmic, pronotum widely reflexed along lateral margins, with strongly protruding fore angles and acute hind angles, elytra with three dorsal setiferous pores on the 3 rd intervals and mucronate at apices.
Description. Length: 12.5-15.0 mm; width: 4.0-5.0 mm. Habitus as in Fig. 7. Body concolorous, light reddish brown, smooth and glabrous (though sparsely punctate on the reflexed lateral margins of pronotum), strongly shiny. Microsculpture made of nearly isodiametric meshes on front of head, while striate on pronotum and moderately transverse on elytra.
Pronotum transverse, PW/PL = 1.20-1.25; slightly shorter than head excluding mandibles; widest at about 1/3 from front, lateral margins including fore and hind angles widely reflexed throughout, distinctly sinuate before hind angles, only basal lateromarginal setae present at hind angles; fore angles extraordinarily protruding, nearly triangular and bluntly sharpened; hind angles nearly rectangular and pointed; whole margins including base and front without borders, base slightly wider than front including fore angles; both base and front truncate. Scutellum small, inverted triangular.
Elytra elongate, much longer than wide, EL/EW = 1.61-1.83; longer than fore body including mandibles, much wider than pronotum; base well-bordered, shoulders nearly rectangular though rounded; widest at about apical 4/7 of elytra, apex protruding backwardly, mucronate, each elytron with an acute spine, both inner angles evidently divergent; disc slightly convex though largely depressed, striae entire, moderately impressed and punctate; scutellar striole short; basal pores present; interval 3 with three dorsal setiferous pores, at about 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of elytra from base, respectively, the anterior close to the 3 rd stria, the other two close to the 2 nd stria; preapical pore   present, at about apical 1/7 of elytra, closer to elytral margin than to suture; two apical pores present; 18 marginal umbilicate pores present throughout.
Male genitalia (Fig. 9): Similar in Jujiroa satoi Uéno, 2007, but slenderer and more elongate, with smaller sagittal aileron, wider basal opening and broader parameres. Median lobe thin and narrow, slightly arcuate in middle portion, then gently curved towards apex with a long and blunt apical lobe. In lateral view, apical lobe thin, much longer than wide.
Female reproductive tract (Fig. 10): Abdominal ventrite X sparsely setose; gonocoxites 1 and 2 similar in other Jujiroa species, the former bearing eight fringe setae along apical margin, the latter triangular, slightly curved outwardly, blunt at apex, without lateral or dorsal ensiform setae, but with a tiny seta on outer margin and subapical setose organ; bursa copulatrix wide, simply saccate, with middle part evidently folded, narrowed at base; oviduct situated in middle position, both spermathecal gland and spermatheca twisted, connected each other by a short spermathecal gland duct, spermathecal duct fairly long.
Regarding the hypogean Jujiroa species from mainland China, this new species is easily separated from J. clarkei by the presence of a spinous elytral apex (apical margin of elytra is rounded in J. clarkei), from J. lingguanensis by its broader body and sharpened hind angles of pronotum, and from the other three species by its smooth tarsomeres which are without longitudinal sulci.
Etymology. To indicate that it was a surprise to find this interesting species. Distribution. China (Anhui). Known only from the cave Shenxian Dong in Huangshan Shi.