Corresponding author: Ho-Yeon Han (
Academic editor: M. De Meyer
While analyzing DNA barcodes of all the Korean and some East Asian tephritid species in conjunction with the barcode sequences available from BOLD Systems (
Han H-Y, Ro K-E (2019) DNA barcoding reveals a species group of the genus
The genus
Due to their high intra-specific variation, low inter-specific variation, sexual dimorphism and seasonal variation, systematic investigation of
In the process of analyzing DNA barcodes of all the Korean and some East Asian tephritid species in conjunction with the barcode sequences available from BOLD Systems (
The terminology and morphological interpretations used in this study follow the glossary of
The molecular methods follow
The collection and voucher information for the
1. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119 m peak, |
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2. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119 m peak, |
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3. ♀, RUSSIA: Primorsky-Krai, Khasansky-District, Barabash, |
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1. ♀, SWITZERLAND: Valais 1787–2041 m, Pointe de Bellevue, Morgins, 28.VII.2004, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro (specimen with the abdomen detached; YSUW140201037; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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1. ♂, USA: North Carolina, Haywood Co, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, in meadow 250 m N of house at Purchase Knob, 1444 m (both wings glued on a rectangular card; YSUW090915005; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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2. ♂, KOREA: Gangwondo, Jeongseon, Nammyeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeongri to 1,119 m peak, |
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3. ♀, KOREA: Gyeongsangbuk-do, Bonghwa Myeongho-myeon, Mt. Cheongnyangsan, 29.IX.2007, Coll. H.-S. Lee et al., ex |
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1. ♂, CHINA: Yunnan, Mengsong, Manlvcunhanzudazhai, small hilltop, |
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2. ♀, CHINA: Yunnan, Mengsong, Bengangxizhai, in forest, |
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3. ♂, CHINA: Yunnan, Mengsong, Manlvcunhanzudazhai, small hilltop, |
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4. ♀, CHINA: Yunnan, Mengsong, Manlvcunhanzudazhai, small hilltop, |
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1. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Doam-myeon, Hoenggye-ri, Daegwallyeong Samyang pasture, col. 7.X.2004, em. 1–21.VI.2005, ex |
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2. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Gohan-eup, Mt. Hambaeksan, Recreation forest to Manhang-jae, col. 10.X.2003, em. 24–31.V.2004, ex |
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3. ♀, RUSSIA: Primorsky-Krai, Nadezhdinsky-District, Vol’no-Nadezhdinskoye, |
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1. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119 m peak, |
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2. ♀, KOREA: Jeju-do, Jeju-si, Aewol-eup, along rt 1117, col 19.X.2005, em. 23–31.X.2005, ex |
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1. ♂, SWITZERLAND: Valais 1689–1950 m, Portes du Soleil, Morgins, 27.VII.2004, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro. (specimen with the abdomen detached; YSUW140201038; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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1. ♀, SWITZERLAND: Valais 1787–2041 m, Pointe de Bellevue, Morgins, 28.VII.2004, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro (specimen with the abdomen detached; YSUW140201039; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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1. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119 m peak, |
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2. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Yongpyeon-myeon, S. Valley of Mt. Gyebangsan, 3.X.2003, H.-Y. Han et al. (both wings glued on a rectangular card; YSUW08100131; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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3. ♀, KOREA: Gyeongsangbuk-do, Yeongju-si, Sunheung-myeon, Mt. Sobaeksan, Choamsa to Gukmangbong (1421 m), 27.V.2005, H.-W. Byun (both wings glued on a rectangular card; YSUW08100132; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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1. ♀, MONGOLIA: Tuv Prov., Tusgalt Valley, Forestry Research-Training Center, Ntn. Univ. of Mongolia, |
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2. ♂, MONGOLIA: Tuv Prov., Tusgalt Valley, Forestry Research-Training Center, Ntn. Univ. of Mongolia, |
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3. ♂, MONGOLIA: Tuv Prov., Tusgalt Valley, Forestry Research-Training Center, Ntn. Univ. of Mongolia, |
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1. ♂, RUSSIA: Sakhalin, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Vestochka, |
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1. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119 m peak, |
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2. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119 m peak, |
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1. ♂, RUSSIA: Primorsky-Krai, Khasansky-District, Barabash, |
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2. ♂, RUSSIA: Primorsky-Krai, Nadezhdinsky-District, Vol’no-Nadezhdinskoye, |
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1. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119 m peak, |
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2. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeong-ri to 1,119m peak, |
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A1. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Yongpyeon-myeon, S. Valley of Mt. Gyebangsan, 5.VIII.2005, H.-Y. Han & H.-S. Lee (both wings glued on a rectangular card; YSUW08100133; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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A2. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Gohan-eup, Mt.Hambaeksan, Recreation Forest to Manhang-jae, col. 10.X.2003, em 3–6.V.2004 ex |
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B1. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Gohan-eup, Mt.Hambaeksan, Recreation forest to Manhang-jae, col.10.X.2003, em. 3–6.V.2004, ex |
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B2. ♀, KOREA: Gangwondo, Jeongseon, Nammyeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeongri to 1,119 m peak, |
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1. ♀, HUNGARY: Bdaors, Odvas hg., 18.VI.1991, Merz & Adams (both wings glued on a rectangular card; YSUW94082638; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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2. ♀, SWITZERLAND: Valais, Leuk-Rotafen, |
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3. ♂, SWITZERLAND: Valais, Leuk-Rotafen, |
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4. ♀, SWITZERLAND: Valais, Visperterminen-Kreuz, |
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1. Holotype ♂, KOREA: Gyeongsangbuk-do, Bonghwa-gun, Myeongho-myeon, Mt. Cheongnyangsan, |
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2. Paratype ♀, RUSSIA: Primorsky-Krai: between Chernyatino and Pokrovk, |
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3. Paratype ♂, RUSSIA: Khasansky-District, Kedrovaya Pad, |
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4. Paratype ♀, RUSSIA: Khasansky-District, Barabash, |
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1. ♀, ISRAEL, Golan Heights, Mt. Hermon, 2000 m, 29.V.2000, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro (specimen with the abdomen detached; YSUW130901194; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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1. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeongri to 1,119 m peak, |
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2. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Yongpyeon-myeon, S. Valley of Mt. Gyebangsan, 3.X.2003, H.-Y. Han et al. (specimen with the abdomen detached; YSUW090915090; GenBank Acc. Nr. |
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1. ♂, USA: Utah: Grand Co., La Sal Mt. Warner Lake, 7.IX.1992, A.L. Norrbom, ex flower of |
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1. ♂, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Wonju-si, Gwirae-myeon, Unnam-ri, col. 13.X.2001, em. 2–16.V.2002, ex |
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2. ♀, KOREA: Gangwondo, Jeongseon, Nammyeon, Mt. Mindungsan, from Yupyeongri to 1,119m peak, |
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3. ♀, KOREA: Gangwon-do, Samcheok-si, Geunsan-dong, Mt. Geunsan, |
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4. ♀, JAPAN: Kyushu, Kagoshima-shi, Hirakawa-cho, Goino, |
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5. ♀, MALAWI: Nyika National Park, Chelinda, 15kmW, |
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1. ♀, MONGOLIA: Tuv Prov., Tusgalt Valley, Forestry Research-Training Center, Ntn. Univ. of Mongolia, |
2. ♂, MONGOLIA: Tuv Prov., Tusgalt Valley, Forestry Research-Training Center, Ntn. Univ. of Mongolia, |
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1. ♂, VIETNAM: Lam Dong Prov., Mt. Lang Biang, N of DaLat, |
Photographs of pinned specimens were captured with a Panasonic (Osaka, Japan) DMC G5 camera with a Panasonic Lumix 45–175 mm lens and a Raynox (Yoshida Inc., Tokyo, Japan) MSN-202 macro conversion lens. The consecutive digital images in different focal planes (usually 50–100 shots per a single figure) were Z-stacked using Helicon Focus software (Helicon Soft, Ltd., Kharkov, Ukraine). Photographs of live specimens (kept in a glass cage) were taken with a Nikon (Tokyo, Japan) D7000 camera with a macro lens and extension tubes. Photographs of postabdominal structures were taken with a Nikon (Tokyo, Japan) D90 camera mounted on an Olympus (Tokyo, Japan) CX41 compound microscope.
Most of the specimens used in this study are deposited in the Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea (
The genus
As a result of our ongoing DNA barcoding study of the family
The genus
We also analyzed a scale-down dataset of 32 species and 76 individuals of the genus
MEGA X analysis produced a maximum-likelihood (
Our DNA barcoding analyses (Figs
Since the females of the
1 | Legs entirely yellow-brown (Fig. |
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– | Legs dark (Fig. |
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2 | Width of cell r1 measured on axis of crossvein R-M as wide as or slightly wider than cell r2+3 (as in Fig. |
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– | Width of cell r1 measured on axis of crossvein R-M approx. twice as wide as cell r2+3 (Fig. |
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3 | Scutum dark brown (Fig. |
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– | Scutum ash-grey (Fig. |
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4 | Cell br posterior to fork of vein Rs hyaline (Fig. |
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– | Cell br posterior to fork of vein Rs with dark area (Fig. |
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5 | Cell r1 posterior to pterostigma with two hyaline spots (Fig. |
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– | Cell r1 posterior to pterostigma with three hyaline spots (Fig. |
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Type series of
The habitat of
This light-colored species can be diagnosed by the following characteristics.
This species appears similar to
Genitalia of
Genitalia of
Nepal, China (Yunnan).
The male wing pattern of
HUNGARY: Bdaors, Odvas hg., 18.VI.1991, B. Merz and Adams, 1♀ (
Males of
Europe, Central Asia, China (Xinjian, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), Nepal.
This is the only species of the
We resurrected
The specific epithet is derived from the closely related species
This new species can be diagnosed by the following characteristics.
Genitalia of
Korea, the Russian Far East.
Individuals of
Male genitalia of
. Russia: Primorsky-Krai: Khasansky-District, Barabash,
This is the darkest species of the
North east China, the Russian Far East.
The following two species are tentatively placed in the
This is an interesting species showing the characteristics of both
Only three males (the type series) known from China (Xinjian).
We are not sure if this species actually belongs to the
Only known from the type locality (Gansu, China).
The genus
The male and female flies of most
Capitula infesting tephritids including
Due to the postmortem deterioration of the
Macro photography setups for multi-day collecting trips.
As demonstrated in this study, DNA barcode sequences of the genus
This work could not have been possible without the generous assistance from Drs. Bernhard Merz and Valery Korneyev, who are the world authorities of the