Comparative material examined.
Hemibrycon beni: UMSS 09585, 18, Bolivia, Amazonas/Madera/Beni/Bopo, Pekheñkhara River Imanblaya, 3 Jan. 1990; UMSS 0890, 50, Bolivia, Amazonas/Beni/Madera/Kaka, tributary of Taipiplaya-Taipiplaya Rivers, 3 Oct. 2008. Hemibrycon boquiae: All from Colombia, Quindío state, Salento municipality, Upper Cauca River, Quindío River: IUQ 301a, 3, (C and S), Boquia Creek, 4°38'35"N, 75°75'11"W, 1819 m.a.s.l; IUQ 754,104, Boquia Creek (4°38'35"N, 75°75'11"W, 1819 m.a.s.l; IUQ 871, 15, Boquia Creek, 4°38'35"N, 75°75'11"W, 1819 m.a.s.l. Hemibrycon brevispini paratypes: IUQ 883,6, Colombia, Quindío state, Calarcá municipality, Upper Cauca River, Quindío River, Venada Creek, tributary of Santo Domingo River, Quebrada Negra road, 4°26'52"N, 75°41'02"W, 1278 to 1304 m.a.s.l; IUQ 1453,5 (C and S), Colombia, Quindío state, Calarcá municipality, Upper Cauca River, Quindío River, Quebrada Negra and Venada Creek, drainage of Santo Domingo River, 200 m along Quebrada Negra road after the bridge of the Santo Domingo River. Hemibrycon cairoense Paratypes: IUQ 537, 2 (C and S), Colombia, Risaralda state, El Cairo, Upper Cauca River, Los Ramirez Creek, tributary of La Italia Creek, road from Quinchia to El Cairo, 200 m beside the bridge; IUQ 537, 2 (C and S), Valle del Cauca state, El Cairo municipality, Upper Cauca River, Los Ramirez Creek, tributary of La Italia Creek, El Cairo, road from Quinchia to El Cairo, 200 m from bridge. Hemibrycon colombianus: IAvH 3130, 28, Colombia, Santander state, Magdalena River, Moniquira River, Suarez River, Sept 11 and 13, 1995; IAvH 2942, 6, Colombia, Boyacá state, Suarez River and El Cobre Creek; IAvH 3132, 24, Colombia, Boyacá state, Moniquira and Suarez Rivers, El Cobre Creek; ICNMNH 755, 7, Colombia, Santander state, Capitanejo and Nevado Rivers. Hemibrycon coxeyi ANSP 70155 (Holotype), Ecuador, Hacienda Las Mascotas, mouth of the Pastaza River, Marañón River drainage. Hemibrycon dariensis: USNM 260697,1, Colombia, Choco state, Atrato River, Bernal Creek, tributary of Negua River, 17 Mar 1967; USNM 293218, 2, Panamá, of Kuna Yala, Madinga River between Pingandi River and Mandinga (Atlántico), 09°28'N, 70°06'W, 3 Mar 1985; USNM 293234, 1, Panamá, Darién, Pirre River about 1/2 km above El Real (Tuira River), Pacific,19 Feb 1985; USNM 293245,28, Panamá, Darien, Tuira River, Darién Province, Pucuro River about 3–4 km above the confluence of the Tuira River, Pacific, 17 Feb 1985; IUQ 523, 26, Colombia, Antioquia state, Uraba, Zungo River highway, León River system,17 Dec 1990; IUQ 524,2, Colombia, Antioquia, Uraba, Creek km 25 Mutatá-Chigorodo road, Dec 1990; IUQ 525, 26, Colombia, Antioquia, Uraba, Caribbean sea, León River drainage, Villarteaga River, Dec 1990. Hemibrycon fasciatus (paratypes): All from the state (Departamento) of Antioquia, middle Magdalena River Basin: IUQ 3065, 4; 32.4–71.5mm SL, Santa Gertrudis Creek, tributary of Nare River, Concepción municipality 6°19'21.0"N, 75°09'38.6"W, 1820 m.a.s.l., 31 Jan 2010; IUQ 3156, 1, 52.7mm SL, Santa Gertrudis Creek, tributary of Nare River, Concepción and Alejandría municipality, after the Peñol-Guatapé dam. Hemibrycon guppyi: BMNH 1906623, lectotype, 1. USNM 290406, 1, C and S. USNM 290406, 7. Hemibrycon helleri: (see Arcila-M., 2008). Hemibrycon jelskii: MUSM 36126, 7, Peru, Cusco state, Amazon River, La Convención, Echarate, Urubamba, Perotoni River, 28 May 2009; MUSM 35492, 13, Peru, Ucayali state, Amazonas, Atalaya, Sepaliva, Lazaro Creek tributary of Mishahua River, 28 May 2009. Hemibrycon jabonero: All from Venezuela: EBRG 7542, 10, Falcón state, Sierra San Luis, Mitare River on old road between Cabure and San Luis, 28 Jun 1996; IUQ 553, 3, Carabobo state, Valencia Lake basin, El Ercigue river, north of San Joaquin, 4 May 1991; MBUCV 22854, 18, Carabobo state, Valencia Lake, 18 Jun 1968; MBUCV 12530, 4, Miranda state, Grande River 500 m after Santa Cruz River, Guatopo National Park, 1 Mar 1981; MBUCV 9736, 1, 66.4 mm SL, Monagas state, San Juan River, Los Morros Caripito, 28 Apr 1977; MBUCV 27652, 4, Carabobo state, Grande River, Guatopo National Park, 20 Dec 1980; MBUCV 12514, 5, Miranda state, Grande River, 500 m after Santa Cruz River, Guatopo Nacional Park, 3 Feb1981; MBUCV 22809, 5, Carabobo state, Miquita River, 2 km south of Goaigoaza, 2 Dec 1969; MCNG 42720, 17, Merida state, Chama River, Lake Maracaibo Basin, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 33313, 1, Zulia state, Río Chama, 3 km from bridge at road, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 27567, 1, Lara state, Caño Los Giles, 5 km. S.W. La Pastora, upper Tocuyo River, Caribbean Sea, 1 Jan 1992; MCNG 24838, 12, Zulia state Merida-Tachira, Maracaibo basin, Escalante River, 3 Mar1991; MCNG 48498, 38; Portuguesa state, creek north of Ospino, road to Estación La Reinosa, 3 Nov 1995; MCNG 188, 1, Zulia state, Negro River, Lake Maracaibo Basin, 14 Nov. 2005; MCNG 7475, 2, Merida state, road to Tovar, Uribante, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 24821, 3, Merida state, creek ca. 3 km. East from Capazón, 1 Jul 1991; EBRG 4324, 23, Aragua state, Limón River, pool 350 m NW of Profauna building, El Limón, 21 Mar 1990; EBRG 9950, 2, Carabobo state, Salado River, Hacienda Urama II, 2 Jul 2004; EBRG 9349, 4, Cojedes state, road to Hato Piñero, Las Damitas Creek, under bridge, 21 Mar 1990; EBRG 4324, 33, Aragua state, Limón River, pool 350 m NW of Profauna, El Limón, 21 Mar 1990; EBRG 9953, 32, Carabobo state, Morón River, old highway to Morón Reservoir, 30 Jun 2004; EBRG 9951, 20, Carabobo state, Alpargaton River, above quarry, 13 Apr 2005; MCNG 54541, 25, Falcon state, El Hueque Creek, bridge on Churuguara-Coro road, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54589, 3, Yaracuy state, creek on Hacienda Guaquira, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54610, 20, state Yaracuy, Sarare Creek 1 km from Hacienda Corozal, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54566, 46, Carabobo state, El Samán on Alpargaton River, above sand quarry, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54602, 16, Yaracuy state, Hacienda Guaquira, upper Guaquira Creek at cement crossing, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 49640, 5, Crucito River, Crucito Sector, 1 km from asphalt de road to Palma Sola, 16 Jan 2004; MCNG 16972, 8, Cocotal River (or Cocollar) at Campo Elias before San Antonio, at mouth with Guarapiche River, San Juan River system, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 6475, 2, Apure state, mouth of creek tributary to Grande River, Tachira River drainage, 14 Nov 2005. Hemibrycon metae: IAvH 3122, 10, Colombia: Casanare state, Aguazul, Orinoco, Chichaca Creek, tributary of Cachiza River, 1 Mar 1994; IAvH 3125, 33, Colombia: Casanare state, Aguazul, Orinoco, Unete, Cravo Sur and Tua River drainage, 4 May 1996; IAvH 3129, 50, Colombia: Casanare state, Aguazul, Orinoco, Cupiagu Creek, Unete River drainage, 4 Mar 1994; all from Venezuela: MCNG 26774, 2, Barinas state, Santa Barbara River, 3 km NE, Santa Barbara, Apure River basin, 1 Jan 1992; MCNG 26774, 26, Barinas state, Santa Barbara River, 3 km NE Santa Barbara, Apure River basin, 1 Jul 1992; MCNG 7916, 1, Barinas state, Apure, Pedraza District, Ticoporo Creek at bridge on road from Acequia River, 7 Dec 1982; MCNG 50011, 1, Ventuari River, Tencua Falls, 58 km. E of San Juan de Manapiare, 5°2.86'N, 65°36.95'W, 21 Apr 2004; MCNG 41903, 2, Barinas state, upper La Yuca River, 3 Nov 1998; MCNG 32396, 30, creek NE of San Antonio, Highway 5, Curito River, 3 Feb1993. Hemibrycon surinamensis: (see Arcila-Mesa 2008). Hemibrycon tridens: (see Arcila-Mesa 2008). Hemibrycon micromorfaa IUQ 512 (1 Paratype),(C and S), Colombia, Atrato River Basin, Chintado River, 100 m bridge on Yuto-Certegui; IUQ 1204,1, paratype, (C and S), Atrato River Basin, Chintado River, 100 m bridge on the Yuto-Certegui. H. mikrostiktos (see Bertaco and Malabarba 2010). Hemibrycon orcesi ANSP 75904 (paratype), 2, Ecuador, Santiago-Zamora, headwaters of Macuma River, tributary of Morona River, 550–650 m.a.s.l. MEPN 001542, 2, paratype, Ecuador, Pastaza, Macuma River, Apr1953; MEPN 001538, 17, Ecuador, Morona-Santiago, Tayusa River, tributary of lower Upano River, at bridge on Méndez-Sucua road, 4 May 1991. MEPN 001539, 66, Ecuador, Morona-Santiago, Tayusa River, tributary of Upano River at bridge on Méndez-Súcula road, 4 May 1991; MEPN 001540, 10, Ecuador, Pastaza, downstream from Sarayaco, Aug 1956. MEPN 001541, 5, Ecuador, Pastaza, Pastaza River, AquaRAP, 22 Jul 1999. MEPN001543, 2, Ecuador, Pastaza, Bobonaza-Canelos River, Pastaza River Basin, Apr 1953. MEPN 13591–6, 39, Ecuador, Morona-Santiago, Tayusa River tributary Upano River 4, May 1991. H. pautensis: MEPN 001550, 10, Ecuador, Carchi, El Voladero lagoons in El Angel Biological Reserve, 0°40'N, 77°52'W, 3680 m.a.s.l., 20 Jul 2001. Hemibrycon palomae (paratypes), all from Colombia, Cauca-Magdalena River Basin, Quindio, Quimbaya, El Ocaso natural reserve, Roble River drainage, La Paloma creek: IUQ 2300,6, 46.4–65.4 mm SL, 15 May 2008. Hemibrycon polyodon IUQ 1142, 2, (C and S), Ecuador, Antonio-Guadalupe Creek, 12 Mar 1979. Hemibrycon quindos paratypes: IUQ 487, 28, Colombia, Quindío state, Salento municipality, Llano Grande, Upper Cauca, Quindío River, Tinaja Creek 300 m from Llano Grande - Boquia road 4°36'57"N, 75°36'36"W, 1712m.a.s.l., 29 Jan. 2002; IUQ 488, 2 (C and S), Colombia, Quindío state, Salento municipality, Upper Cauca, Quindío River, Tinaja Creek, 300 m from Llano Grande - Boquia road, 4°36'57"N, 75°36'36"W, 1712 m.a.s.l., 29 Jan. 2002; IUQ 489, 15, Colombia, Quindío state, Salento municipality, Upper Cauca, Quindío River, Tinaja creek, 300 m from Llano Grande - Boquia road, 4°36'57"N, 75°36'36"W, 1712 m.a.s.l., 11 Jul. 1996; MTD F 27621–27622, 2, Colombia, Quindío, Salento, Llano Grande, Upper Cauca, Quindío River Basin, Tinaja creek, 300m from Llano Grande -Boquia road, 4°36'57"N, 75°36'36"W, 1712 m.a.s.l., 29 Jan. 2002. Hemibrycon rafaelense: (Paratypes) IUQ 509, 27, Colombia, Risaralda state, Apia municipality, Upper Cauca River, San Rafael Creek in mouth of Apia River, at 100 of Santuario-Apia Road,5°04'54"N, 75°56'36"W,1253 m.a.s.l., 8 Jul 2003; MCNG 54101, 5, Colombia, Risaralda state, Apia municipality, Upper Cauca River, San Rafael Creek at mouth of Apia River, 100 m from Santuario-Apia Road, 5°04'54"N, 75°56'36"W, 1253 m.a.s.l., 8 Jul 2003; MTD F 27623-27624,2, Colombia, Risaralda state, Apia municipality, Upper Cauca River, San Rafael Creek at mouth of Apia River, 100 m from Santuario-Apia Road,5°04'54"N,75°56'36"W, 1253 m.a.s.l., 8 Jul 2003. Hemibrycon raqueliae Paratypes: IUQ 496, 2, Colombia, Caldas state, Samaná municipality, Middle Magdalena River, La Miel River, Tasajo creek, 5°23'55"N, 74°59'05"W, 1482m.a.s.l., 3 Jan 2003; IUQ 497, 99, Colombia, Caldas state, Samaná municipality, La Vención, Middle Magdalena, La Miel River Basin, Santa Rita Creek, 4 Jan. 2003; MCNG 54102, 5, Colombia, Caldas state, Samaná municipality, La Vención, Middle Magdalena River, La Miel River, Santa Rita creek, 4 Jan. 2003; IUQ 498, 2 (C and S), Colombia, Caldas state, Samaná municipality, La Vención, Middle Magdalena River, La Miel River, Santa Rita creek, 4 Jan 2003; ICNMHN 3281, 5, Colombia, Caldas state, at Norcasia-Samaná road, Middle Magdalena River, La Miel River, El Aquila creek, 8 Dec. 1992; MHNUC 019, 1, Colombia, Caldas, state Manzanares municipality, Middle Magdalena River, Manzanares River, 5°03'06"N, 75°35'05"W, 7 Dec. 1997; MTD F 27625- 27626, 2, Colombia, Caldas state, Samaná municipality, La Vención, Middle Magdalena River, La Miel River, Santa Rita Creek, 4 Jan. 2003. Hemibrycon taeniurus All from Venezuela: EBRG 4541, 32 Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Yoco River; EBRG4544, 47, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, La Toma River. EBRG 4546, 39, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Bautista River; EBRG 4547, 17, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Las Cabreras Creek; EBRG 4550, 3, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Solis Creek; EBRG 4553, 2, Sucre state, PN Península de Paria, Las Melenas Sector, Río El Chispero (upper sector). EBRG 4556, 12, Venezuela, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Río Yoco. EBRG 4558, 7, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Río El Hoyo; EBRG 4560, 5; Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Creek Las Cabreras; EBRG 4566, 12, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Río Guarama; EBRG 4569, 3, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Creek Solis. EBRG 4570, 2, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Creek Las Cabreras; EBRG 4571, 7, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Bautista River; EBRG 4581, 9, Sucre state, Paria Peninsula National Park, Los Mangos sector, Río Salado; EBRG 4584, 5, Sucre state, PN Península de Paria Las Melenas Sector, El Chispero River. EBRG 4605, 1, Sucre state, PN Península de Paria Las Melenas Sector San Antonio River about 200 m upstream from San Antonio; EBRG 4627, 2, Sucre state, PN Península de Paria Las Melenas Sector, Maraval River about 500 m upstream from Maraval. EBRG 8488, 45; Monagas state, El Guamo Dam, in cove east of MARN campsite. EBRG 8599, 1, Anzoategui state, Amana River, river crossing on Mundo Nuevo Road. EBRG 8708, 5, Monagas state, El Guamo dam below the spillway, 10°05'25"N, 63°39'20"W; EBRG 8712, 1, Monagas state, El Guamo dam beside spillway,10°05'46"N, 63°39'02"W; EBRG 8714, 12, Monagas state, Negro River tributary from Guarapiche River, 10°09'23"N, 63°41'27"W; EBRG 8915, 1, Venezuela, Sucre state, Colorado River at bridge near transfer tunnel of treatment plant, 10°10'39"N, 64°18'02"W; EBRG 8916,2, Sucre state, Turimiquire Dam at tunnel outlet,10°10'38"N, 64°17'59"W; EBRG 8925, 7, Sucre state, Colorado River, tributary of Neveri River, 10°10'42"N, 64°18'06"W; EBRG 8970, 18, Sucre state, Turimiquire Mountain Range, Santa Cruz River at Santa Cruz, 10°20'43"N, 63°34'33"W, 33 m.a.s.l.; MHNLS 8046, 2, Monagas state, Punceres River, 15 km from Quiriquire, 10°07'07"N, 63°9'W; MHNLS 8070, 119, Monagas state, Aragua River (Los Becerros Creek)at bridge, Maturín-Quiriquire road, 10 km from Aragua de Maturín, 63°25'W, 10°00'24'N, 100 m.a.s.l., 13 Feb 1991; MHNLS 8091, 72, Monagas state, Aragua River (Los Becerros Creek at bridge ), Maturin-Quiriquire road, 10 km from Aragua de Maturín, 63°25'W, 10°00'24'N, 100 m.a.s.l., 13 Feb 1991; MHNLS 8157, 52, Venezuela, Sucre state, Río Parare,5 km from Río Grande, Quiriquire-Cariaco road, 63°17'W, 10°19'N, 15 Feb 1991; MHNLS 8888, 191, Monagas, Aragua River (Los Becerros Creek at bridge ), Maturin-Quiriquire road, 10 km Aragua from Maturín, 63°25'W, 10°19'N; 100 m.a.s.l., 3 Feb 1991; MHNLS 8891, 6, Monagas state, Aragua River (Los Becerros Creek at bridge ), Maturín-Quiriquire road, 10 km. from Aragua de Maturín, 63°25'W, 10°19'N, 100 m.a.s.l., 3 Feb1991; MBUCV 5036, 76, Sucre state, La Toma, Carúpano, 18 Jun1967. Hemibrycon santamartae (Paratypes) all from Colombia in Cesar state, Rancheria River drainage: IUQ 924,1, Atanquez municipality, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Candela River, approx. 11°15'N, 74°05'W; IUQ 929, 3, Magdalena River, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Honduras Creek on road to Mutaiahi, approx., 11°15'N, 74°10'W; IUQ 1443,1 CandS), Atanquez municipality, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Candela River, approx. 11°00'N, 72°46'W; ICNMNH 10834,18, La Guajira, Distracción municipality, Chorreras, bridge at Cercado, road from Distracción to Caracolí, approx. 11°15'N, 74°05'W; ICNMNH 10839, 19, Colombia, La Guajira, Marocaso municipality, approx. 11°15'N, 74°05'W. ICNMNH 10881, 24, La Guajira, Marocaso municipality, Marocaso River, approx. 11°15'N, 74°05'W. Hemibrycon virolinica (Paratypes): ICNMHN 6736, 12, Colombia, Santander, Charalá, Virolín, Luisito-Virolín Rivers, La Cristala Creek, 6°06'24"N, 73°11'55"W, 1759 m.a.s.l., 29 Nov. 1978; IUQ 521, 9, Colombia, Santander, Charalá, Virolin River, Cañaverales River on the Virolin-Sogamoso road, 6°05'40"N, 73°11'58"W, 1744 m.a.s.l., 4 Feb. 2004; MCNG 54103,2, Colombia, Santander, Charalá, Virolín Creek, Cañaverales River on the Virolin-Sogamoso road, 6°05'40"N, 73°11'58"W, 1744 m.a.s.l., 4 Feb. 2004; IUQ 522, 4, Colombia, Santander, Charala, Virolín Creek on the Virolin-Sogamoso road, 6°06'02"N, 73°11'35"W, 1790 m.a.s.l., 4 Feb. 2004. Hemibrycon tridens (see Bertaco and Malabarba 2010). Hemibrycon yacopiae (Paratype): IUQ 515, 4, Colombia, Cundinamarca, Yacopi, Hatico-Moral, Hatico River, Aldana River system, Middle Magdalena River Basin, 5°31'22"N, 74°19'30"W, 761 m.a.s.l., 26 Aug. 2003; IUQ 516, (8); Colombia, Cundinamarca, Yacopi, La Mina Creek at Yacopi-La Mina road, Magdalena River Basin, 5°25'51"N, 74°19'59"W, 1094 m.a.s.l., 27 Aug. 2003; MCNG 54104, 2, Colombia, Cundinamarca, Yacopi, La Mina Creek at Yacopi-La Mina road, Magdalena River Basin, 5°25'51"N, 74°19'59"W, 1094 m.a.s.l., 27 Aug. 2003; MTD F 26627, 1, Colombia, Cundinamarca, Yacopi, La Mina Creek at Yacopi-La Mina road, Middle Magdalena River Basin, 5°25'51"N, 74°19'59"W, 1094 m.a.s.l., 27 Aug. 2003.