Distributional records of Ross Sea (Antarctica) Tanaidacea from museum samples stored in the collections of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) and the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)

Abstract Here we present distributional records for Tanaidacea specimens collected during several Antarctic expeditions to the Ross Sea: the Italian PNRA expeditions (“V”, 1989/1990; “XI”, 1995/1996; “XIV”, 1998/1999; “XIX”, 2003/2004; “XXV”, 2009/2010) and the New Zealand historical (New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, NZOI, 1958-1961) and recent (“TAN0402 BIOROSS” voyage, 2004 and “TAN0802 IPY-CAML Oceans Survey 20/20” voyage, 2008) expeditions. Tanaidaceans were obtained from bottom samples collected at depths ranging from 16 to 3543 m by using a variety of sampling gears. On the whole, this contribution reports distributional data for a total of 2953 individuals belonging to 33 genera and 50 species. All vouchers are permanently stored in the Italian National Antarctic Museum collection (MNA), Section of Genoa (Italy) and at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA Invertebrate Collection), Wellington (New Zealand).

Italian PNRA Project Program 2002/8.6 ("The costal ecosystem of Victoria Land coast: distribution and structure along the latitudinal gradient") ("XIX" expedition, 2003/2004, R/V "Italica" 2004. Italian PNRA Project 2006/08.01 ("The coastal ecosystem of Terra Nova Bay" in the Latitudinal Gradient Program (LGP)) ("XXV" expedition, 2009/2010). The Ross Sea Endeavour surveys (1958-59 and 1959-60, HMNZS "Endeavour II" and 1960-1961  Study area descriptions/descriptor: The 2953 individuals belonging to 33 genera and 50 species of Tanaidacea were collected in the Ross Sea sector of the Southern Ocean. The bathymetric range was from 16 to 3543 m. Design description: The data was gathered by assembling distributional records for the Ross Sea Tanaidacea species stored at the Italian National Antarctic Museum collection (MNA), Section of Genoa, Genoa (Italy) and at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA Invertebrate Collection), Wellington (New Zealand). These samples were obtained in the framework of different past research expeditions, which had different aims and geographical scopes. The earliest records are derived from the NZOI Ross Sea Oceanographic Surveys conducted during three consecutive years between 1958 and 1961 that were part of the New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme with the aim to study the hydrology, geology and biology of the Ross Sea (Bullivant and Dearborn 1967). The main purpose of the "V" (1989/1990), "XI" (1995/1996) and "XIV" (1998/1999 Italian PNRA expeditions was to investigate the distribution and structure of coastal communities in the Terra Nova Bay area. The "XIX" (2003/2004), "XXV" (2009/2010) Italian PNRA expeditions and the New Zealand TAN0402 BIOROSS voyage (2004) aimed at understanding the complex ecosystems along the Victoria Land coast under the Latitudinal Gradient Program framework (LGP, http://www.lgp.aq/). The New Zealand TAN0802 IPY-CAML voyage (2008) aimed at assessing a reference baseline in the Ross Sea, fulfilling the CAML research targets .

Study extent description:
The Tanaidacea distributional data considered here originated from 50 sampling stations located in the Ross Sea (comprising its northern archipelagos and seamounts), between 16 and 3543 metres of depth (Fig. 2) and investigated in the framework of different research expeditions from 1958 to 2010. Specifically, these were five PNRA and five New Zealand scientific voyages: 4 species (corresponding to 4 specimens) from three different New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (NZOI) Ross Sea Oceanographic Surveys (stations: A466, A533, A606) 2 species (corresponding to 17 specimens) from the "V" Italian PNRA expedition at Terra Nova Bay (station H1D) on board the R/V "Malippo" 2 species (corresponding to 11 specimens) from the "XI" Italian PNRA expedition at Terra Nova Bay (stations 426, PEN 1A, PEN 1B, FAR 50B3) on board the R/V "Italica" 1 species (corresponding to 1 specimens) from the "XIV" Italian PNRA expedition at Terra Nova Bay (station PEN 4) on board the R/V "Malippo" 40 species (corresponding to 2813 specimens) from the "XIX" Italian PNRA expedition along the Victoria Land Coast (Four different areas: Cape Adare with stations A1, A2, A3, A4, A5; Cape Hallett with stations Hout1, Hout2, Hout4, Hin2, Hin3; Hin4, Hin5; Coulman Island with stations C1, C2; Terra Nova Bay and Cape Russell with stations SMN, R2, R3, R4) on board the R/V "Italica" 7 species (corresponding to 80 specimens) from the TAN0402 BIOROSS voyage in the Ross Sea (stations: 7,21,24,47,107,123,125,180,192,197,239) on board the R/V "Tangaroa" 6 species (corresponding to 21 specimens) from the New Zealand TAN0802 IPY-CAML voyage in the Ross Sea (stations: 27,29,70,88,98,137,147,152,172,233,286) on board of the R/V "Tangaroa" 1 species (corresponding to 6 specimens) from the "XXV" Italian PNRA expedition at Terra Nova Bay (stations "zecca") Sampling description: The material was collected in the framework of several PNRA and NIWA (formerly New Zealand Oceanographic Institute) Antarctic scientific expeditions, through the deployment of a variety of sampling gears. NIWA historical samples (NZOI surveys) were collected by using Devonport dredge, beam trawl and Agassiz trawl. Coastal sampling under the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA) ("V", "XI", "XIV" expeditions) was mainly performed by using Charcot dredge, Van Veen grabs of different sampling volume. Off-shore sampling along the Victoria Land coast under the PNRA aegida ("XIX" expedition) took place by using a Rauschert dredge (Rehm et al. 2006, Ghiglione et al. 2013, Błażewicz-Paszkowycz and Siciński 2014. NIWA more recent expeditions (TAN0402 BIOROSS, 2004 and TAN0802 IPY-CAML, 2008) used VanVeen grab, epibenthic sled, Orange Roughy trawl, multicorer, and hyperbenthic sled. Samples from the "XXV" PNRA expedition originated form bottom samples collected by SCUBA divers by scraping the rock in cryptic environments such as crevices and holes present along the rocky cliff of Tethys Bay ("zecca" station). In more recent cruises (from 2003 on wards), all the collected specimens were fixed on board in at least 90% ethanol and brought back to the collections. After a general sorting, all the specimens were classified to the lowest taxonomi-cal resolution by two expert taxonomists: Magdalena Błażewicz-Paszkowycz (Department of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, University of Łódź, Poland) and Graham Bird (Independent, Kāpiti, New Zealand). The present tanaidaceans dataset has been formatted in order to fulfil the standards (Darwin Core) required by the OBIS scheme (http://iobis.org/data/schema-and-metadata) according to the SCAR-MarBIN Data Toolkit (available at http://www.scarmarbin.be/documents/SM-FATv1.zip). The dataset was uploaded in the ANTOBIS database (the geospatial component of SCAR-MarBIN).
All vouchers are now preserved in 75% ethanol and stored at the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA), Section of Genoa, Genoa (Italy) and at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA Invertebrate Collection), Wellington (New Zealand). Given the proper fixation of the material for molecular studies, a barcoding survey of the Tanaidacea from the Ross Sea is planned in the next future. The dataflow illustrating sampling, storing procedures and data/metadata availability is reported in Fig. 1.
Quality control description: Specimens were classified at the lowest possible taxonomic level and only those that have been classified at least at the genus level were included in the present dataset. During all the phases of sorting, classification and storage of samples, both at the Italian National Antarctic Museum and at the NIWA Invertebrate Collection, quality controls and data cleaning have been undertaken at various steps in order to produce quality data and make consistent cross-references between the database and samples' labels ( Fig. 1). Both MNA and NIWA use an SQLbased database (Specify 6) to manage their collections and link all the data (photos, sequences, etc.) to the physical samples. Georeferencing on board the R/V "Italica" is based on the interpolation of GPS satellite receivers (models 3S Navigation and Glonass ASHTECH GG24) and a gyrocompass. Station coordinates and sampling events were recorded during sampling activities through the "Italica" NetNav WEB system, which is based on the above GPS systems. On board the R/V "Tangaroa" a wide-area differential GPS system (models Seastar 9200 DGPS, Seastar 8200 DGPS) was used. Pre-GPS data have been reported as they appeared in original data reports (e.g. Bullivant and Dearborn 1967).

Datasets
Dataset description: This dataset contains data about the Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea and Order Tanaidacea from the Ross Sea area. Combined, it includes 50 different species corresponding to a total of 2953 specimens. The validity and synonyms of each species name were checked in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species; http://www.marinespecies.org; last accessed on 2014-07-23). The Darwin Core elements included in the dataset are: catalogue number (i.e. MNA and NIWA catalogue number), scientific name, station, latitude (DD), longitude (DD), date of collection (year, whenever possible), time of collection (day, whenever possible), event date, gear, institution code (i.e. the name of the institution where the samples are kept), collection code (i.e. MNA and NIWA acronyms), individual counts, basis of record and status. At present, the dataset does not include GenBankID codes referred to the samples, since sequencing will be done as a future step. Sequences will also be deposited in BOLDSYSTEMS (http://www.boldsystems.org/). Images at the electron microscope (SEM) will be made available through the ANTABIF "Antarctic Field Guide" project (http://afg.biodiversity.aq/) in the next months.