Corresponding author: Jakub Straka (
Academic editor: Hans Pohl
A new
Straka J, Jůzová K, Batelka J (2014) A new genus of Strepsiptera,
Stylopization of a bee from the tribe
Members of the tribe
All described
Material from the following public and private collections was examined:
All host individuals were first relaxed and then dissected. Females and first instar larvae were removed from the host body.
First instar larvae were removed from the female’s body. Specimens used for morphological studies were prepared using the same method as females, except for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For SEM, first instars were stored in 96% ethanol and subsequently dehydrated in 100% ethanol for 5–10 minutes and then acetone for 5 minutes. Dehydrated specimens were critical-point dried and coated with gold. For scanning electron microscopy we used a JEOL 6380 LV.
External structures of first instars and female puparia are described. The mature or teneral female is presented inside the external puparium, but these have never been used for species descriptions. The body is weakly sclerotized and, in addition to the number of birth organs (tubae proliferae), lacks any practical characters.
Morphological terminology of female puparium follows
basal band pigmented external part of abdominal segment I, usually distinct on ventral side;
cephalic ridge intersegmental ridge between head and prothorax on ventral side;
cintum constriction dividing inner and outer part of tergum I;
head corner lateral extensions of head behind brood opening on ventral side;
oral ridge mouth sensu
prothoracic ridge intersegmental ridge between prothorax and mesothorax on ventral side.
Terminology of first instar larvae follows
interstitial row of setae additional row of setae between submedian and supralateral row on thoracic tergites.
Specimens of strepsipterans are indicated by the following abbreviations: EMP – empty male puparium; MP – male puparium; FP – female puparium; L1 – first instar larva.
All newly described species were labeled as follows: “HOLOTYPUS FP, name of taxon sp. nov., Jakub Straka det. 2014” on red card; paratypes analogously on yellow card. Precise label data on locality are cited for the holotypes. Separate lines on a label are indicated by a slash “/” and separate card labels are indicated by a double slash “//”.
Information on the distribution and etymology of names are provided in separate paragraphs for each species. An overview of the host-parasite associations with published and updated host names is presented in Table
Summary of host associations for
Parasite | Host |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
* |
|
* |
|
* |
|
as |
|
as |
|
as |
Each segment of thorax bears at least two pairs of setae dorsally and laterally close to posterior margin, forming submedian and lateral rows of setae. Posterior margins of thoracic tergites smooth. Coxae broad, ovate; three coxal teeth at anterior part of each coxa, all divided into two to four tips; one coxal bristle divided at least into two tips; up to five cuticular outgrowths laterally from coxal teeth and one very short seta anteriorly from cuticular outgrowths; one very short seta at posterior part of coxa. Each trochanterofemur with femoral spur bifid at tip; up to six cuticular outgrowths and one short seta anteriorly and posteriorly on femur; each tibia with five tibial spurs and small projections at distal end of tibia. Tarsi of fore and mid legs enlarged and elongated; tarsi of hind legs rod-like and elongated. Sternal figs broad and smooth on surface (paired setae missing).
Abdomen with rows of setae similar to those present on thorax. Abdominal segment X extremely shortened and fused to segment IX; segment XI split into two parts and restricted to ventral base of caudal setae; segment XI with one particularly long caudal seta and short lateral caudal seta. Posterior margins of abdominal tergites smooth except laterally, spinulae not immersed; posterior margin of abdominal sternites with spinulae, spinulae not immersed; segment IX with only two spinulae, ventral sublateral bristle is missing.
Bees of the genera
Named in honor of the excellent bee expert, teacher of generations of bee students and a friendly and knowledgeable man, Jerome G. Rozen Jr. (American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA). J.G. Rozen Jr., collected most of the specimens of all three new species used for the descriptions.
Holotype female puparium, in a separate microvial on the same pin as host. Original label: “CHILE: R.M.: Chacabuco / Caleu, nr. Cerro del Robie /
Paratypes: ARGENTINA: Salta prov.: Cafayete, 14.xi.1993, 1 FP, host:
Female puparium, cephalothorax, with canalis prolifer of female, ventral view.
Female puparium, cephalothorax.
Head dorsally with seven pairs of setae compared to six and usually shorter in
Each segment of thorax bears only two pairs of setae dorsally and laterally, forming submedian and lateral row of setae, both rows continue on abdomen, interstitial and supralateral rows of setae missing. Posterior margin of abdominal tergites with more spinulae laterally than in
Sternal figs are broad and smooth on surface, posterior margin with fringe of long spinulae in contrast to smooth margins of
Coxal teeth are usually divided into three to five tips; coxal bristle is divided into four or five tips on foreleg and into two tips on middle and hind legs; this bifurcation is more extensive in comparison to
First instars, dorsal and ventral view.
First instars, ventral view to head and dorsal view of total body.
Head: Head dorsally with seven pairs of setae; ventrally strongly reduced, with setae on maxillae; mandibles and labrum overlapping outline of body; labrum not emarginated; labiomaxillary area occupying majority of ventral part of head, rounded, acute posteriorly.
Thorax: Each segment of thorax bears two pairs of setae dorsally and laterally close to posterior margin, forming submedian and lateral rows of setae (Figure
Diagram of first instar chaetotaxy.
Abdomen: Abdomen with rows of setae dorsally and laterally similar to those present on thorax (Figure
Name derived from the generic name of the host bee.
Argentina and Chile.
Holotype female puparium, in a separate microvial on same pin as host. Original label: “PERU: Lima dept. / Ricardo Palma, V-9-96 / J. G. Rozen, A. Ugarte”. 1 FP, host:
Name derived from the country, where the holotype was collected.
Peru.
Holotype female puparium, in a separate microvial on same pin as host. Original label: “CHILE: Cautin Prov. / Cunco, II-1998, / Perez de Arce”. 1 FP, host:
Paratypes: ARGentina: Córdoba prov.: Parral, Fundo Malcho, xi.1956, 1FP, host:
Head dorsally with six pairs of setae compared to seven and usually longer in
Each segment of thorax bears four pairs of setae dorsally and laterally, forming submedian, interstitial, supralateral and lateral rows of setae. Sternal figs are broad and smooth on surface, specific are also smooth posterior margins. Precoxal pleural membrane is smooth without any projections except of one or two cuticular outgrowths on prothoracic precoxal pleural membrane. Coxal teeth are always bifid in two tips in contrast to
All four pairs of rows of setae continues dorsally on abdomen, submedian row up to tergite XIII, interstitial row is on tergite II or in some specimens also on tergite I, supralateral row is variable and reach up to tergite III, IV or V, and lateral row up to tergite IX. Spinulae on posterial margins of abdominal tergites only beyond lateral row and not visible in dorsal view.
Head: Head dorsally with six pairs of setae; ventrally strongly reduced; with setae on maxillae; distinctive mandibles and labrum overlapping outline of body; labrum emarginated; labiomaxillary area occupying majority of ventral part of head, rounded, posterior margin straight.
Thorax: Each segment of thorax bears four pairs of setae dorsally and laterally close to posterior margin forming submedian, interstitial, supralateral, and lateral rows of setae (Figure
Abdomen: Abdomen with rows of setae dorsally and laterally similar to those present on thorax; submedian row from abdominal tergite I to tergite VIII; interstitial row on tergite II or in some specimens also on tergite I; supralateral row variable up to tergite III, IV or V; lateral row up to tergite IX (Figure
Name of this species refers to characteristic flat head and general flat appearance of all
Argentina and Chile.
To
Female puparia and females
1a | More than four abdominal segments developed, with tuba prolifera III (if developed) positioned in the middle part of abdominal segment IV; combination of characters different | other |
1b | Only four abdominal segments developed, with tuba prolifera III positioned on the posterior half of abdominal segment IV (Figures |
2, |
2a | Spiracular corners weakly prominent, obtuse, not triangular; brood opening turned backwards laterally, very close to posterior margin of mandible and continued as cephalic ridge (Figures |
|
2b | Spiracular corners prominent, triangular; brood opening fluently transforms into cephalic ridge and forms an arcuate line (Figures |
3 |
3a | Prothorax dorsally produced forward on lateral sides to the head margin, thus posterior head margin is sinuous (Figure |
|
3b | Anterior and posterior margins of prothorax dorsally parallel, thus posterior head margin arcuate (Figure |
1a | Submedian row of setae absent on abdomen; caudal setae shorter or as long as body; posterior margin of labium emarginated; ventral sublateral bristle on sternite IX; posterior margin of thoracic tergites with spinulae | other |
1b | Submedian row of setae present on abdomen; caudal setae longer then body; posterior margin of labium continuous; ventral sublateral bristle absent; posterior margin of thoracic tergites smooth | 2, |
2a | Sternal figs at posterior margin with spinulae; interstitial and supralateral row of setae on dorsum absent; coxal tooth with two to four tips at apex; coxal bristle in fore leg with multiple tips at apex; coxal bristles in mid and hind leg extensively bifid; numerous cuticular outgrowths on precoxal pleural membrane and coxae; caudal setae slightly longer then body | |
2b | Sternal figs smooth on posterior margin; interstitial and supralateral row of setae on dorsum; coxal tooth bifid at apex; coxal bristles bifid on each leg; few cuticular outgrowths on precoxal pleural membrane and coxae; caudal setae distinctly longer then body |
Among all, the newly described genus,
We would like to thank John Ascher for determination of bee species, Michael S. Engel and especially Jerome G. Rozen Jr., who provided most of the material and help during the stay of JS in New York. We also thank Hans Pohl, and two referees for their valuable comments to the manuscript. This project was supported by the Grant Agency of Charles University in Prague, project no. 380411; and SVV project (Integrative Animal Biology) no. SVV 260 087/2014.