Corresponding author: Hiraku Yoshitake (
Academic editor: M. Alonso-Zarazaga
The genus
Huang J, Yoshitake H, Zhang R, Ito M (2014) Taxonomic revision of the East Asian genus
The genus
Presently,
In this study, we revise the genus
Specimens preserved in the following institutions and private collections were examined for this study: Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa/Gatineau Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Laboratory of Environmental Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China K. Izawa collection, Tajimi, Japan Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan Natural History Museum Vienna, Wien, Austria S. Miyakawa collection, Kyushu University Museum, Fukuoka, Japan Y. Shiozaki collection, Kawasaki, Japan
External structures were observed under a Leica MZ95 stereoscopic microscope. Measurements of body parts are defined and abbreviated as follows: = body length, from the apex of the pronotum to the apices of elytra = rostrum length, from a lateral view = maximum width of pronotum = pronotum length, from the base to the apex along the midline = maximum width of elytra = length of elytra, from the base of humeri to the apex of elytra
This genus is very similar to
Dark brown in general appearance. Head, rostrum, prothorax (except apical part), venter, and pygidium black; antennae, apical part of prothorax, and tarsi paler.
Rostrum (Figs
East Asia (China including Taiwan, Korea, and Japan; Figs
This species is characterized by the following characters: prothorax moderately constricted in the subapical part (Fig.
LB: 2.18–2.66 (mean, 2.41). LR: 0.96–1.11 (mean, 1.03). WP: 0.94–1.08 (mean, 1.01). LP: 0.78–0.97 (mean, 0.86). WE: 1.48–1.79 (mean, 1.61). LE: 1.50–1.82 (mean, 1.64). N = 10 for all measurements. Habitus as shown in Figs
Habitus of
Diagnostic characteristics of
Heads of
Pronotum and right elytron of
Male and female terminalia of
Male and female terminalia of
Male and female terminalia of
LB: 2.28–2.67 (mean, 2.50). LR: 1.05–1.31 (mean, 1.19). WP: 0.95–1.11 (mean, 1.03). LP: 0.80–0.97 (mean, 0.89). WE: 1.54–1.89 (mean, 1.72). LE: 1.57–1.82 (mean, 1.72). N = 11 for all measurements.
Otherwise as in male.
HOLOTYPE: 1 female (MNHN), “Mont Takao/près Hachiôji/Japon 30-5-08/Edme Gallois; MUSEUM PARIS/NIPPON MOYEN/E. GALLOIS 1912;
China (Liaoning and Heilongjiang – new record), Korea (North – new record, Central, South, and Ulreungdo Island), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Izu Islands, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Tsushima Island) (Fig.
Adults of this common species were collected from
The species is very similar to
Male and female terminalia of
Male and female terminalia of
LB: 2.27–2.63 (mean, 2.39). LR: 0.97–1.08 (mean, 1.04). WP: 0.95–1.00 (mean, 0.97). LP: 0.76–0.85 (mean, 0.82). WE: 1.49–1.62 (mean, 1.57). LE: 1.53–1.66 (mean, 1.62). N = 10 for all measurements. Habitus as shown in Figs
Otherwise as in
LB: 2.08–2.53 (mean, 2.34). LR: 0.97–1.15 (mean, 1.09). WP: 0.90–1.07 (mean, 0.97). LP: 0.74–0.86 (mean, 0.81). WE: 1.43–1.64 (mean, 1.54). LE: 1.46–1.68 (mean, 1.59). N = 10 for all measurements.
Otherwise showing almost the same sexual dimorphism as in
HOLOTYPE: 1 male (NIAES), “[Japan: Kyushu]/Mts. Sefuri-sanchi/Mt. Kusenbu-yama/8-V-2005/Hiraku Yoshitake” (printed on white card); “On
Japan (Honshu, Izu Islands, Shikoku, and Kyushu; Fig.
The species name refers to the elongate apical projection of the penis, from Latin:
In several localities in Honshu, a number of adults of this species were found on
This species differs from
Male and female terminalia of
Male and female terminalia of
Male genitalia of
LB: 2.40–2.71 (mean, 2.50). LR: 1.04–1.18 (mean, 1.12). WP: 0.94–1.10 (mean, 1.00). LP: 0.85–0.95 (mean, 0.90). WE: 1.61–1.91 (mean, 1.69). LE: 1.64–1.83 (mean, 1.69). N = 11 for all measurements. Habitus as shown in Figs
Otherwise as in
LB: 2.34–2.92 (mean, 2.68). LR: 1.06–1.36 (mean, 1.30). WP: 0.95–1.14 (mean, 1.09). LP: 0.88–1.04 (mean, 0.96). WE: 1.63–1.97 (mean, 1.82). LE: 1.62–2.03 (mean, 1.83). N = 16 for all measurements.
Female genitalia of
Otherwise showing almost the same sexual dimorphism as in
China (Chongqing and Fujian – new record, and Taiwan), Korea (Central and South – new record), Japan (Nansei Islands: Yakushima, Amami-Oshima, and Okinawajima Islands; Fig.
A number of adults were collected from
In the study, we could not examine the holotype of
Previously,
Morphologically,
On the basis of detailed morphological observations, we redefined
In contrast,
The most apparent differences between the two genera are the structure of the hind wings (character 7) and associated characters (3, 6, and 8). Apart from these differences associated with hind-wing reduction in
Our extensive and detailed examination of a large number of specimens revealed that
Additionally,
The affinity of the three
Presently, ecological information on
Localities where
Species | Locality |
---|---|
IN THE KOREAN PENINSULA: | |
GANGWONDO: Chuncheongun, Dongmyeon, Gamjeongri | |
KYEONGSANGNAMDO: Mt. Jirisan, Samjeongri | |
JEOLLABUKDO: Namwongun, Deongdongri | |
IN THE JAPANESE ARCHIPELAGO: | |
IWATE: Kawai, Tsuchisaka-touge | |
AKITA: Lake Tazawako | |
YAMAGATA: Mt. Zaousan, Yoshikari-rindou | |
FUKUSHIMA: Haranomachi, Kozikiishi-rindou; Namie | |
IBARAKI: Yamizosan, Shimokitazawa | |
TOCHIGI: Fujiwara, Midorizawa-rindou | |
GUMMA: Matsuida, Kirizumi-onsen | |
SAITAMA: Shoumaru-touge Pass | |
TOKYO: Okutama, Kurasawadani; Mt. Oodakeyama; Mt. Takaosan | |
KANAGAWA: Tanzawa Mts., Yabitsu-touge Pass; Tanzawa Mts., Mizunashigawa; Yamakita, Mikuni-touge Pass | |
CHIBA: Mt. Kiyosumiyama–Kenminnomori | |
NAGANO: Nakakawa; Tobira-onsen | |
SHIZUOKA: Shinfuji | |
AICHI: Toyota, Nishiichinonochou; Toyota, Asugawachou, Asugawa-hoan-rindou | |
MIE: Misugi, Hirakura | |
SHIGA: Mt. Ibukiyama | |
FUKUOKA: Mt. Hikosan | |
NAGASAKI: Tashirobaru; Sasebo, Mt. Hattendake |
Summary of plant association data for
Species | Host plant | Observation* | Locality | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
A | Japan |
|
|
|
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Mt. Takaosan | This study |
|
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Iwate | This study |
|
|
A | Japan, Kyushu: Mt. Kusenbuyama | This study |
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Fukushima | This study | |
|
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Gifu, Toki | This study |
|
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Aichi, Toyota, Oobora, Nikake-rindou | This study |
|
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Aichi, Asugawachou, Asugawa-hoan-rindou | This study |
|
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Mie, Komonochou, Komono | This study |
|
A | Korea | ||
|
|
A | Korea, South: Mt. Jirisan | This study |
|
|
A | Japan, Kyushu: Mt. Kusenbuyama | This study |
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Tokyo, Hachiouji, Mt. Takaosan | This study | |
|
A | Japan, Honshu: Gifu, Nakatsugawa, Nenoue-kougen | This study | |
|
A | Japan, Honshu, Aichi: Shitara, Mt. Nishinagura-Iyama | This study | |
|
A | Japan, Honshu, Aichi, Toyota: Nishiichinonochou; Asugawachou, Asugawa-hoan-rindou; Inabuchou, Noirigawa | This study | |
|
|
A | Japan, Ryukyus: Amami-Oshima I. | This study |
* A: Adults, feeding behavior was confirmed.
Generally, each species in the subfamily
The distribution of
Geographic distribution of
Geographic distributions of
Currently, a considerable gap still remains in the distribution of
1 | Subapical part of the prothorax moderately constricted (Fig. |
|
– | Subapical part of the prothorax strongly constricted (Figs |
2 |
2 | Apical half of the rostrum slightly widened in males (Fig. |
|
– | Rostrum more strongly widened in the apical half in males (Fig. |
|
We thank M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga, K.-J. Hong, U. Jinbo, K. Izawa, K. Morimoto, L. Ren, Z. Wang, H. Perrin, and O. Tadauchi for their help with this study. We also thank S. Arai, the late K. Emoto, C. Han, H. Hirano, S. Imasaka, T. Ishikawa, J. Kantoh, T. Kishimoto, H. Kojima, H. Li, K. Matsumoto, the late S. Miyakawa, Y. Notsu, S. Saito, M. Sakai, H. Schillhammer, H. Takizawa, and A. Yoshida for the loan or donation of specimens. Finally, we thank two reviewers for their helpful comments on this manuscript and R. S. Anderson for his kind help in English correction. This research was supported by NSFC programs 31172130/J0930004, ZJNSF program Y3090145, the China Scholarship Council (to J. Huang); National BioResource Project of MEXT Japan.