Corresponding author: Michael J. Skvarla (
Academic editor: Vladimir Pesic
Cunaxidae are predaceous mites found in a variety of habitats. This work provides comprehensive keys to world subfamilies, genera, and species. Diagnoses and historical reviews are provided for subfamilies and genera.
Skvarla MJ, Fisher JR, Dowling APG (2014) A review of Cunaxidae (Acariformes, Trombidiformes): Histories and diagnoses of subfamilies and genera, keys to world species, and some new locality records. ZooKeys 418: 1–103. doi:
Examples of cunaxids in ethanol illustrating how they would appear while sorting.
Part of the reason behind the lack of specific identification is the difficulty in reliably identifying cunaxids without extensive knowledge of the primary literature. Keys to cunaxid species are often regional, so of little use to researchers outside of that specific region, and scattered across countless journals. The last comprehensive attempt to present keys to world species was by
Both ambush and active hunting have evolved within the family, sometimes within the same subfamily. Within
Cunaxids occur in most terrestrial habitats, including soil and leaf litter (
While cunaxids are often often found on plants in agricultural settings, their effect on prey populations is unclear.
Cunaxids appear to be active year round.
Cunaxids have been reported to be found phoretically on bark beetles, though they were not identified to species (
Both sexual reproduction and thelytokous parthenogenesis have been reported in cunaxids (
Cunaxids spin silk, which is used for a variety of purposes.
The cunaxid fauna of Europe and North America north of Mexico fall between these extremes. Most reports have been sporadic and span more than a century, beginning with
The diagnoses and keys presented are based on published descriptions and examination of available type specimens. However, for many species the types were not available for examination. The accuracy of the keys is therefore dependent upon the accuracy of the published descriptions. This also influenced which characters were chosen for couplets. Often a character that is potentially useful and informative (such as the presence or absence of a cheliceral seta) was not reported in the original description. Thus, unlike previous keys, characters such as setal counts of leg segments were often preferred. This may prove to be problematic as extra setae are sometimes reported on leg segments; however, examination of multiple specimens in a population should help overcome this.
An effort is made to utilize terminology that is broadly applicable and well-accepted across mite taxa, despite conventions used among bdelloid researchers. Some terms widely used by bdelloid researchers are either inaccurate or outdated, and others are misleading. Therefore, we follow the suggestions outlined by
Phylogenetic analyses of large datasets that include molecular data has corroborated previous suspicions of the non-monophyly of “Acari” and provided substantial support for a clade that combines camel spiders with acariforms called
Therefore, we continue with the suggestions of
Therefore, we reject the suggestion of Den Heyer and
Setal types. Relative sizes will vary within a given setal type
Illustrations were produced using the methods outlined by
a. dorsal. b. ventral.
Generalized schematic of cunaxid idiosomal morphology.
(modified from
1 | Pedipalpal telofemoral multi-branched seta present (except |
|
– | Pedipalpal telofemoral multi-branched seta absent | 2 |
2 (1) | Pedipalps 3-segmented ( |
|
– | Pedipalps 4-segmented ( |
|
– | Pedipalps 5-segmented (basi-and telofemora may be partially fused) ( |
3 |
3 (2) | Pedipalps extend beyond the subcapitulum by at most the distal half of the tibiae ( |
4 |
– | Pedipalps extend beyond the subcapitulum by at least the distal half of the tibiae ( |
|
4 (3) | Trichobothrium on tibiae IV present; setae hg1 not geniculate; cheliceral seta usually present |
|
– | Trichobothrium on tibiae IV absent; setae |
|
(modified from
1 | Pedipalp tibiotarsal claw present; 2 pedipalp tibiotarsal spine-like tubercles present ( |
|
– | Pedipalp tibiotarsal claw absent; 2 pedipalp tibiotarsal spine-like tubercles absent ( |
Coxae I–II fused and coxae III–IV fused. Genital plates bear 4 setae; 2 pairs of genital papillae visible underneath the plates. 4 pairs of setae present on the anal plates. Trichobothrium on leg tibia IV present. Ambulacral claws occur on either side of a 4-rayed empodium.
(modified from
1 | Tibiae IV trichobothrium setose ( |
2 |
– | Tibiae IV trichobothrium smooth ( |
3 |
2 (1) | Hysterosomal shield with 2 pairs of setae; Germany | |
– | Hysterosomal shield with 3 pairs of setae; N. America, S. America, Europe (possibly cosmopolitan) | |
3 (1) | Dorsal setae spiculate ( |
|
– | Dorsal setae smooth ( |
1 | 8–9 genital setae present | 2 |
– | 6–7 genital setae present | 3 |
2 (1) | Pedipalpal telofemoral seta unbranched ( |
|
– | Pedipalpal telofemoral seta branched, with 4–5 tines ( |
|
3 (1) | Hysterosomal shield with 3 pairs of setae | 4 |
– | Hysterosomal shield with 4 pairs of setae | 6 |
4 (3) | Pedipalpal tibiotarsal sigmoid setae lightly barbed ( |
|
– | Pedipalpal tibiotarsal sigmoid setae smooth | 5 |
5 (4) | Large spur-like process present on femora III ( |
|
– | Large spur-like process absent on femora III; Ivory Coast | |
6 (3) | Coxae I–IV setal formula 7-5-6-7 sts; basifemora I–IV setal formula 4-7-3-2 sts; China: Fujian | |
– | Coxae I–IV setal formula 6-6 (sometimes 7)-7-7 sts; basifemora I–IV setal formula 5-8-3-2 sts; USA, Russia |
(modified from
1 | Pedipalpal tibiotarsi with 3 sts, 1 spls; New Zealand | |
– | Pedipalpal tibiotarsi with 5 or 6 sts, 0 spls | 2 |
2 (1) | Pedipalpal femurogenu with 5 setae; long setae ending in terminal bulb-like knob (very small) on tarsi III and IV present; telofemoral setal formula not 5-5-4-3; usually 6 setae on pedipalp tibiotarsus |
3 |
– | Pedipalpal femurogenu with 6 setae; long setae ending in terminal bulb-like knob (very small) on tarsi III and IV absent; telofemoral setal formula 5-5-4-3; usually 5 setae on pedipalp tibiotarsus |
9 |
3 (2) | Femora I and II divided; setae |
4 |
– | Femora I and II not divided; setae |
|
4 (3) | Dorsum with ill-defined weakly sclerotized dorsal plates ( |
5 |
– | Dorsum with well-defined and sclerotized dorsal plates ( |
|
5 (4) | Trichobothrium on tibiae IV present; famulus present, on distal portion of tarsus I |
|
– | Trichobothrium on tibiae IV absent; famulus present or absent | 6 |
6 (5) | Tibiae III with 1 bsl, 3–5 sts; tibiae IV with 2 or 4 sts | 7 |
– | Tibiae III with 1 lts, 4 sts; tibiae IV with 1 lsts, 4 sts | |
7 (6) | Tibiae III with 1 bsl, 3–5 sts; tibiae IV with 1 lts, 2 sts | |
– | Tibiae III with 1 bsl, 5 sts; tibiae IV setal formula not as above | 8 |
8 (7) | Tibiae IV with 1 lsts, 4 sts; famulus present | |
– | Tibiae IV with 4 sts; famulus absent | |
9 (2) | Setae |
10 |
– | Setae |
|
10 (9) | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 4-6-3-2; pedipalp tibiotarsus with one pointed process (ventral) ( |
|
– | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 4-6-3-1; pedipalp tibiotarsus with two pointed processes (1 ventral, 1 median) ( |
(modified from
1 | Basifemora I–IV with 3-3-3-0 sts; telofemora IV with 1 sts; dorsal setae fan-shaped, except for smooth |
|
– | Basifemora I–IV with 4-4-3-1 sts; telofemora IV with 2 sts; dorsal setae plumose, except for |
2 |
2 (1) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
The following species have not been included because the original descriptions and subsequent papers describing them (
1 | Dorsal hysterosomal median plate present (may be fused with proterosomal shield or only suggested by cuticular pattern) ( |
2 |
– | Dorsal hysterosomal median plate absent ( |
9 |
2 (1) | Hysterosomal median plate obvious, sclerotized ( |
3 |
– | Hysterosomal median plate not be obvious or sclerotized, may only be suggested by cuticular pattern ( |
8 |
3 (2) | Hysterosomal median plate not complemented with setae; USA | |
– | Hysterosomal median plate complemented with setae | 4 |
4 (3) | Hysterosomal median plate and proterosomal shield separate ( |
5 |
– | Hysterosomal median plate and proterosomal shield fused ( |
6 |
5 (4) | Hysterosomal median plate complemented with |
|
– | Hysterosomal median plate complemented with |
|
– | Hysterosomal median plate complemented with |
|
6 (4) | Hysterosomal shield complemented with setae |
7 |
– | Hysterosomal shield complemented with setae |
|
7 (6) | Genua IV with 1 asl, 5 sts; striae between |
|
– | Genua IV with 2 asl, 5 sts; striae between |
|
8 (2) | Dorsal striae form one “shield-like” area, similar to fused proterosomal and hysterosomal shield ( |
|
– | Dorsal striae form two “shield-like” areas, similar to separate proterosomal and hysterosomal shields ( |
|
9 (1) | Proterosomal shield present ( |
10 |
– | Proterosomal shield absent ( |
|
10 (9) | Dorsal shield reticulated ( |
|
– | Dorsal shield striated ( |
11 |
11 (10) | Telofemora I–III setal formula 4-3-3; India | |
– | Telofemora I–III setal formula 5-5-4 or 5-5-6 | 12 |
12 (11) | Telofemur III with 3 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Telofemur III with 4 sts | 13 |
– | Telofemur III with 6 sts; Pakistan | |
13 (12) | Basifemur I with 1 sts | 14 |
– | Basifemur I with 2 sts; Pakistan | |
14 (13) | Basifemora II–IV setal formula 1-1-0; Pakistan | |
– | Basifemora II–IV setal formula 4-2-0; Pakistan |
Canestrini (1885) described
1 | Coxa I with 1 sts; trochanters I–IV setal count 1-1-1-1; femora I-II setal count 2–2; gnathosoma with deep indention posterioventrally | |
– | Coxa I with 3 sts; trochanters I–IV setal count 0-0-1-0; femora I-II setal count 4–5; gnathosoma with slight indention posterioventrally |
1 | Basifemora IV with 1 sts | |
– | Basifemora IV with 2 sts | 2 |
2 (1) | Famulus on tarsus I present | |
– | Famulus on tarsus I absent |
(modified from
1 | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 3-3-3-1 sts; |
|
– | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 2-2-2-0 sts; |
2 |
2 (1) | Telofemora I–IV setal formula 4-3-1-1 sts; |
|
– | Telofemora I–IV setal formula 4-4-3-1 sts; |
As suggested by
1 | Small platelet ventromedially between edges of divided sternal plate present ( |
|
– | Small platelet ventromedially between edges of divided sternal plate absent ( |
2 |
2 (1) | Basifemora I with 4 sts | 3 |
– | Basifemora I with 5 sts; Philippines | |
3 (2) | Basifemora II with 4 sts; USA | |
– | Basifemora II with 5 sts | 4 |
– | Basifemora II with 6 sts | 7 |
4 (3) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
5 |
5 (4) | Genua I with 9 total simple setae and solenidia; Philippines | |
– | Genua I with 7 total simple setae and solenidia | 6 |
6 (5) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
|
7 (3) | Setae |
8 |
– | Setae |
11 |
8 (7) | Tibia II with 1 s, 5 sts | 9 |
– | Tibia II with 2 s (1 asl, 1 bsl), 5 sts; Ukraine | |
9 (8) | Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 4 sts; Philippines | |
– | Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 5 sts | 10 |
10 (9) | Tarsus I with 3 asl, 2 terminal solenidion, 1 fam, 20 or 21 sts; tarsus IV with 14 sts | |
– | Tarsus I with 3 asl, 1 dorsodistal solenidion, 1 terminal solenidion, 1 fam, 22 sts; tarsus IV with 16 sts | |
11 (7) | Cheliceral seta not as long as width of cheliceral digit; China | |
– | Cheliceral seta longer than width of cheliceral digit; South Africa, Brazil |
We agree with and follow Castro and
1 | Coxae I–II fused medially to form sternal shield ( |
2 |
– | Coxae I–II not fused medially (may be connected anteromedially) ( |
6 |
2 (1) | Posterior edge of coxae IV extending beyond anterior edge of genital plates ( |
3 |
– | Posterior edge of coxae IV not extending beyond anterior edge of genital plates ( |
5 |
3 (2) | Small platelet anteriomedially of genital plates present ( |
|
– | Small platelet anteriomedially of genital plates absent ( |
4 |
4 (3) | Solid or broken band of papillae on ventral subcapitulum present ( |
|
– | Solid or broken band of papillae on ventral subcapitulum absent ( |
|
5 (2) | Hysterosomal plate present, fused with proterosomal shield, and bearing |
|
– | Hysterosomal plate absent; small platelet anteriomedially of genital plates absent ( |
|
6 (1) | Median platelet between coxae II present ( |
7 |
– | Median platelet between coxae II absent ( |
13 |
7 (6) | Basifemora V with 1 sts | 8 |
– | Basifemora V with 0 sts | 11 |
8 (7) | Basifemora I with 2 sts | |
– | Basifemora I with 3 sts | 9 |
9 (8) | All setae on pedipalp of normal length, none extremely long | 10 |
– | 2 setae on pedipalp femurogenu extremely long, nearly as long as segment; 1 distal pedipalp tibiotarsal setalong, longer than segment ( |
|
10 (9) | Basal subcapitular polygonal pattern elongate ( |
|
– | Basal subcapitular polygonal pattern not elongate ( |
|
11 (7) | Small platelet anteriomedially of genital plates present ( |
|
– | Small platelet anteriomedially of genital plates absent ( |
12 |
12 (11) | Coxae I connected anteromedially ( |
|
– | Coxae I not connected anteromedially ( |
|
13 (6) | Femora I (basifemora I + telofemora I) with 6 setae | |
– | Femora I (basifemora I + telofemora I) with 9 setae | 15 |
14 (13) | Coxae I-IV setal formula 2-3-3-1; combined femora (basifemora + telofemora) II-IV setal formula 11-7-5 | |
– | Coxae I-IV setal formula 2-2-3-2; combined femora (basifemora + telofemora) II-IV setal formula 10-7-4 |
The following were species assigned to
1 | Sternal plate divided medially ( |
2 |
– | Sternal plate not divided medially ( |
23 |
2 (1) | Median platelet between coxae II–III present ( |
3 |
– | Median platelet between coxae II–III absent ( |
7 |
3 (2) | Dorsal shield with surface smooth anteriorly and broken striae or lobes posteriorly; Ukraine | |
– | Dorsal shield with surface patterned (broken striae/lobes or dotted) on entire surface | 4 |
4 (3) | Dorsal shield patterend with dots; Pakistan | |
– | Dorsal shield patterned with broken striae/lobes | 5 |
5 (4) | Genua II with solenidia present | 6 |
– | Genua II with solenidia absent; Pakistan | |
6 (5) | Genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; genua III with 2 asl, 5 sts; South Africa | |
– | Genua II with 2 asl, 4 sts; genua III with 1 asl, 5 sts; Iran | |
7 (2) | Setae |
8 |
– | Setae |
20 |
8 (7) | Pedipalp femurogenu at least 6 times as long as wide; Philippines | |
– | Pedipalp femurogenu at most 4 times as long as wide | 9 |
9 (8) | Genua II with 0 solenidia; Pakistan | 10 |
– | Genua II with 1 solenidion | 12 |
– | Genua II with 2 solenidia; Philippines | |
– | Genua II with 3 solenidia | 17 |
– | Genua II with 4 solenidia | 19 |
10 (9) | Genua I wth 2 bsl, 6 sts; tibia I with 1 bsl, 6 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Genua I with 2 asl, 3 bsl, 3 sts; tibia I with 1 bsl, 7 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Genua I with 3 bsl, 6 sts; tibia I with 1 asl, 1 bsl, 6 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Genua I with 4 asl, 4 sts; tibia I with 1 asl, 6 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Genua I with 5 bsl, 4 sts; tibia I with 1 bsl, 6 sts; Pakistan | 11 |
11 (10) | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 5-5-4-3; Pakistan | P. silicula Muhammad & Chaudhri, 1991 |
– | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 4-6-3-1; Pakistan | |
12 (9) | Basifemora I with solenidion present; telofemora I–IV setal formula 5-5-3-2; Pakistan | |
– | Basifemora I with solenidion absent; telofemora I–IV setal formula not as above | 13 |
13 (12) | Basifemora II with 5 (rarely 4) sts; Ukraine | |
– | Basifemora II with 6 sts | 14 |
14 (13) | Genua II with solenidia present | 15 |
– | Genua II with solenidia absent; Pakistan | |
15 (14) | Genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; Ukraine | |
– | Genua II with 1 bsl, 6 sts | 16 |
16(15) | Genua III–IV setal formula 5 sts–5 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Genua III–IV setal formula 5 sts–6 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Genua III–IV setal formula 1 bsl, 4 sts–2 bsl, 4 sts; Pakistan | |
17 (9) | Setae |
18 |
– | Setae |
|
18 (17) | Coxa IV with 2 sts; basifemora IV with 2 sts; Brazil | |
– | Coxa IV with 3 sts; basifemora IV with 1 sts; Pakistan | |
19 (9) | Dorsal shield with punctuations ( |
|
– | Dorsal shield with flat broken striae ( |
|
20 (7) | 4 pairs of setae on integument between coxal and genital plates | |
– | 5 pairs of setae on integument between coxal and genital plates | 21 |
– | 6 pairs of setae on integument between coxal and genital plates | 22 |
21 (20) | Coxae II with 2 sts; telofemora II with 5 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Coxae II with 2 sts; telofemora II with 4 sts; Philippines | |
22 (20) | Sensillum |
|
– | Sensillum |
|
23 (1) | Ventral medial platelet present ( |
|
– | Ventral medial platelet absent ( |
24 |
24 (23) | Posterior pedipalpal tibiotarsal seta bifurcate ( |
|
– | Posterior pedipalpal tibiotarsal seta not bifurcate | 25 |
25 (24) | Pedipalp femurogenua at most 4 times as long as wide; setae |
|
– | Pedipalp femurogenua at least 6 times as long as wide; setae |
(modified from
As suggested by
1 | Coxae I–II faintly or totally divided ( |
2 |
– | Coxae I–II fused medially ( |
7 |
2 (1) | Coxae I–II faintly divided ( |
3 |
– | Coxae I–II totally divided ( |
4 |
3 (2) | Sternal shield bearing 6 pairs of setae; setae |
|
– | Sternal shield bearing 5 pairs of setae; setae |
|
4 (2) | At least 2 pairs of thick rod-like setae on the dorsum ( |
|
– | Rod-like setae on dorsal shield absent | 5 |
5 (4) | Coxae II with 2 sts | 6 |
– | Coxae II with 3 sts; Pakistan | |
6 (4) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
|
7 (1) | Dorsal shield smooth and/or punctate ( |
8 |
– | Dorsal shield sparse granulate, rugose, or reticulate ( |
12 |
8 (7) | Coxae II and IV with 2 setae | 9 |
– | Coxae II and IV with 3 setae | 11 |
9 (8) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
10 |
10 (9) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
|
11 (8) | 4 pairs of hysterosomal setae around genital shield; long slender platelet laterad genital shield present; with a narrow transverse sclertie behind main shield; Philippines | |
– | 3 pairs of hystersomal setae around genital shield; long slender platelet laterad genital shield absent; dorsal sclerites absent; Philippines | |
12 (7) | 1 or more dorsal sclerites present (behind or laterad dorsal shield); dorsal shield rugose or reticulate ( |
13 |
– | Dorsal sclerites absent; dorsal shield sparsely granulate; basifemora IV with 2 setae; pedipalpal tibiotarsus with 5 setae and a rod-shaped dorsal apophysis present; Taiwan | |
13 (12) | Dorsal shield rugose ( |
|
– | Dorsal shield reticulate ( |
This is a monobasic subfamily, with the single genus containing two described and one undescribed species. The subfamily and genus are therefore treated together.
1 | Hysterosomal shield present ( |
|
– | Hysterosomal shield absent ( |
(modified from
1 | Anal seta |
2 |
– | Anal seta |
6 |
2 (1) | Dorsal plates never reticulated ( |
|
– | Dorsal plates usually reticulated ( |
3 |
3 (2) | Pedipalpal telofemora with one or more apophyses ( |
|
– | Pedipalpal telofemora without apophyses ( |
4 |
4 (3) | Tibiae IV trichobothrium present | 5 |
– | Tibiae IV trichobothrium absent | |
5 | Articulation joint between pedipalpal telofemora and genua functional ( |
|
– | Articulation joint between pedipalpal telofemora and genua fused/non-functional ( |
|
6 (1) | Pedipalpal basifemora with simple seta ( |
|
– | Pedipalpal basifemora with spine-like seta ( |
The first
(modified from
1 | Hysterosomal median shield present ( |
2 |
– | Hysterosomal median shield absent ( |
30 |
2 (1) | Median shield complemented with setae, small or large ( |
3 |
– | Median shield not complemented with setae, small ( |
22 |
3 (2) | One pair of setae ( |
4 |
– | Two or more pairs of setae on hysterosomal median shield ( |
18 |
4 (3) | Lateral hysterosomal platelets present ( |
5 |
– | Lateral hysterosomal platelets absent ( |
15 |
5 (4) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
6 |
6 (5) | The distance between caudal parts of hysterosomal lateral platelets wider than the distance between their frontal parts ( |
7 |
– | The distance between caudal parts of hysterosomal lateral platelets shorter than the distance between their frontal parts ( |
9 |
7 (6) | Lateral hysterosomal platelets equal to or longer than hysterosomal median shield ( |
|
– | Lateral hysterosomal platelets shorter than hysterosomal median shield ( |
8 |
8 (7) | Pedipalpal genua with 3 spls, 1 sts; important leg I–IV sts chaetotaxy: coxae 3-1-3-2, basifemora 4-5-3-1, genua 8-8-6-5, tibiae 5-6-6-6, tarsi 15-12-8-9; Pakistan | |
– | Pedipalpal genua with 3 spls; important leg I–IV sts chaetotaxy: coxae 3-2-3-3, basifemora 4-4-3-3, genua 8-4-6-7, tibiae 6-5-6-5, tarsi 11-10-9-7; Pakistan | |
9 (6) | Venter caudally from coxae II with 4 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); Brazil | |
– | Venter caudally from coxae II with 6 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae) | 10 |
– | Venter caudally from coxae II with 7 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae) | 14 |
– | Venter caudally from coxae II with 8 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); South Africa | |
10 (9) | Tarsus I with more than 27 setae; tarsus II with at least 24 setae | 11 |
– | Tarsus I with less than 25 setae; tarsus II with less than 23 setae | 12 |
11 (10) | Leg genua I with 4 bsl, 4 sts; genital valve with random dot-like lobes; tarsal sts chaetotaxy I–IV 29-25-23-22; Pakistan | |
– | Leg genua I with 2 asl, 4 bsl, 3 sts; genital valve longitudinal rows of dot-like lobes; tarsal sts chaetotaxy I–IV 29-24-22-21; Pakistan | |
12 (10) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 2 spls; pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 2 spls, 2 sts; South Africa | |
– | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 1 spls; pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 3 spls, 1 sts | 13 |
13(12) | Genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; genua IV with 2 asl, 5 sts; cosmopolitan | |
– | Genua II with 1 asl, 6 sts; genua IV with 1 asl, 4 or 5 sts; USA | |
14 (9) | Median shield pointed caudally ( |
|
– | Median shield truncated caudally ( |
|
15 (4) | Hysterosomal median shield with a straight or concave frontal margin and with very acute anterior lateral corners (angle less than 45°) ( |
16 |
– | Hysterosomal median shield with convex frontal margin and with rounded anterior lateral corners ( |
17 |
16 (15) | Pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 2 spls, 1 sts; legs I–IV sts formulae (excluding solenidia): basifemora 1-2-1-0; telofemora 4-4-4-4; genua 6-7-5-6; |
|
– | Pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 3 spls, 1 sts; legs I–IV sts formulae (excluding solenidia): basifemora 2-2-1-1; telofemora 4-4-4-3; genua 8-6-6-6; |
|
17 (15) | Apophysis adjoining genu and tibiotarsus shorter than pedipalpal tibiotarsus; pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses three times longer than spine-like seta; distance between the bases of |
|
– | Apophysis adjoining genu and tibiotarsus longer than pedipalpal tibiotarsus; pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses three times longer than spine-like seta; distance between the bases of |
|
18 (3) | Hysterosomal median shield with 2 pairs of setae ( |
19 |
– | Hysterosomal median shield with more than 3 pairs of setae ( |
20 |
19 (18) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 2 ap, 1 spls; pedipalpal genua with 2 spls, 2 sts; venter caudally from coxae II with 6 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); tarsi I–IV with 21-20-15-13 sts (excluding solenidia); the distance between bases of |
|
– | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 ap, 1 spls; pedipalpal genua with 3 spls, 1 sts; venter caudally from coxae II with 5 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); tarsi I–IV with 19-13-13-13 sts (excluding solenidia); the distance between |
|
20 (18) | Apophysis adjacent to pedipalpal genua and tibiotarsi present | |
– | Apophysis adjacent to pedipalpal genua and tibiotarsi absent | 21 |
21 (20) | 5 pairs of genital setae; pedipalp claw bifid ( |
|
– | 4 pairs of genital setae; pedipalp claw entire, not bifid ( |
|
22 (2) | Lateral hysterosomal platelets present ( |
23 |
– | Lateral hysterosomal platelets absent ( |
27 |
23 (22) | Hysterosomal median shield width: length 1:1; venter caudally from coxae II with 6 or 7 pairs of sts (excluding genital and anal setae) | 24 |
– | Hysterosomal median shield width: length 2:1; venter caudally from coxae II with 5 or 6 pairs of sts (excluding genital and anal setae) | 25 |
24 (23) | Hysterosomal platelets large, as long as median shield ( |
|
– | Hysterosomal platelets about 1/3 the length of median shield; venter caudally from coxae II with 6 sts; pedipalp telofemur with 2 apophysis | |
25 (23) | Hysterosomal platelets as long as median shield ( |
26 |
– | Hysterosomal platelets ½ as long as median shield ( |
|
26 (25) | Hysterosomal plate concave on lateral edges ( |
|
– | Hysterosomal plate not concave on lateral edges ( |
|
27 (22) | Apophysis on pedipalp telofemur extends to distal margin of segment; 2 pairs of ventral pregenital setae thickened and spiculate; |
|
– | Apophysis on pedipalp telofemur extends well beyond distal margin of segment; ventral pregenital setae not thickened and spiculate; |
28 |
28 (27) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 2 ap, 1 spls; the distance between the bases of |
|
– | Pedipalp telofemora with 1 ap, 1 spls; the distances between the bases of |
29 |
29 (28) | Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 1 spls, 4 sts; USA | |
– | Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 1 spls, 3 sts; Canada | |
30 (1) | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses long, reaching apical apophysis on pedipalpal genu; lateral platelets present | 31 |
– | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses short, not reaching apical apophysis on pedipalpal genu; lateral platelets present or absent | 32 |
31 (30) | Pedipalpal basifemora with 1 subrectangular apophysis; pedipalp tibiotarsal spls 3 times the length of terminal claw; hysterosomal platelets small, equal in length to |
|
– | Pedipalpal basifemora without subrectangular apophysis; pedipalp tibiotarsal spls equal in length to terminal claw; hysterosomal platelets long, 2–3 times the length of |
|
32 (30) | Coxal setal count I–IV 3-2-3-3 | 33 |
– | Coxal setal count I–IV 3-2-3-2 | 35 |
– | Coxal setal count I–IV 3-3-3-3 | |
33 (32) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 2 spls, 1 sts; the distance between |
|
– | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 2 spls; the distance between |
34 |
34 (33) | Hysterosomal platelets present ( |
|
– | Hysterosomal platelets absent ( |
|
35 (32) | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses as long as width of telofemora; pedipalpal genu with 1 apophysis, 2 spls, 2 sts; USA | |
– | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses only 1/3 width of telofemora; pedipalpal genu with 1 apophysis, 3 spls, 1 sts; Philippines |
(modified from
1 | Venter with 5 or fewer pairs of setae, excluding genital, anal, and adanal setae; setal formula of coxae I–IV not as below; setal formula of basifemora I–IV not as below | 2 |
– | Venter with 6 pairs of setae, excluding genital, anal, and adanal setae; setal formula of coxae I–IV 3-2-3-3; setal formula of basifemora I–IV 5-5-4-2; cosmopolitan | |
2 (1) | Setal formula of basifemora I–IV 5-5-4-1; Pakistan | |
– | Setal formula of basifemora I–IV not as above | 3 |
3 (2) | Coxae I–IV setal formula 3-1-3-3; papillae on circular region anterior to setae |
|
– | Coxae I–IV setal formula 3-2-3-3; papillae on circular region anterior to setae |
4 |
4 (3) | Setal formula of basifemora I–IV 5-4-3-0; papillae on circular region anterior to setae |
|
– | Setal formula of basifemora I–IV not as above; papillae on circular region anterior to setae |
5 |
5 (4) | Genua I with 3 asl, 5 sts; South Africa | |
– | Genua I with 2 asl, 1 mst, 5 sts; Ukraine |
As suggested by
1 | Setae |
2 |
– | Setae |
|
2 (1) | Setae |
3 |
– | Setae |
|
3 (2) | Basifemora I with 1 sts | 4 |
– | Basifemora I with 2 sts | 5 |
– | Basifemora I with 3 sts | 7 |
– | Basifemora I with 4 sts | 14 |
– | Basifemora I with 5 sts | 43 |
4 (3) | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 1-2-3-0; telofemora I–IV setal formula 2-2-4-3; India | |
– | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 1-1-1-2; telofemora I–IV setal formula 2-2-1-1; India | |
5 (3) | Basifemora II-IV setal formula 2-1-0 | 6 |
– | Basifemora II-IV setal formula 3-3-1 | |
6 (5) | Tibia II with 5 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Tibia II with 7 sts; Pakistan |
|
7 (4) | Genua I with 3 solenidia | 8 |
– | Genua I with 4 solenidia | 9 |
8 (7) | Genua II with 1 solenidion; setae |
|
– | Genua II with 2 solenidia; setae |
|
9 (7) | Coxae I–IV setal formula 3-1-3-2 sts | 10 |
– | Coxae I–IV setal formula 3-2-3-1 sts | |
10 (9) | Dorsal setae short ( |
|
– | Dorsal setae longer (19-40) | 11 |
11 (10) | Oval area formed by broken striae around setae |
|
– | Oval area formed by broken striae around setae |
12 |
12 (11) | Genua II proximal solenidion extremely short, its length subequal to the diameter of its alveolus; ventral surface of the coxal region of hypognathum smooth | |
– | Genua II proximal solenidion long, its length several times longer than the diameter of its alveolus; ventral surface of the coxal region of the hypognathum with numerous papillae | 13 |
13 (12) | Length of setae |
|
– | Length of setae |
|
14 (3) | Basifemora III with 2 sts | 15 |
– | Basifemora III with 3 sts | 17 |
– | Basifemora III with 4 sts | 41 |
15 (14) | Telofemoral apophysis uncinated (e.g., bent, hook-shaped) ( |
|
– | Telofemoral apophysis straight, not uncinated | 16 |
16 (14) | Basifemora IV with 1 sts; cheliceral longitudinal striations present ( |
|
– | Basifemora IV with 0 sts; cheliceral longitudinal striations absent ( |
|
17 (14) | Basifemora IV with 0 sts | |
– | Basifemora IV with 1 sts | 18 |
– | Basifemora IV with 2 sts | |
– | Basifemora IV with 5 sts | |
18 (17) | Median plate present (may be indistinctly defined) ( |
19 |
– | Median plate absent ( |
36 |
19 (18) | Telofemoral apophysis uncinated (e.g., bent, hook-shaped) ( |
20 |
– | Telofemoral apophysis present or absent; if present, not uncinated ( |
25 |
20 (19) | Setae |
21 |
– | Setae |
22 |
21 (20) | Tibiae I with 3 asl, 4 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Tibiae I with 2 asl, 4 sts; Pakistan |
|
22 (20) | Setae |
23 |
– | Setae |
24 |
23 (22) | Tibia III with 5 sts | |
– | Tibia III with 6 sts | |
24 (22) | Genua I with 2 asl, 5 sts | |
– | Genua I with 3 asl, 3 sts; tibia I with 2 asl, 4 sts; Pakistan |
|
– | Genua I with 3 asl, 4 sts; tibia I with 2 asl, 4 sts; Pakistan | |
25 (19) | Telofemoral apophysis truncated ( |
|
– | Telofemoral apophysis not truncated ( |
26 |
26 (25) | Line of small sharp spines on pedipalp tibiotarsi present ( |
|
– | Line of small sharp spines on pedipalp tibiotarsi absent ( |
27 |
27 (26) | Median plate complemented with |
28 |
– | Median plate not complemented with |
|
28 (27) | Median plate indistinctly defined ( |
29 |
– | Median plate distinctly defined ( |
30 |
29 (28) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
|
30 (28) | Median shield complemented with |
|
– | Median shield complemented with |
31 |
31 (30) | Coxae IV with 1 sts | 32 |
– | Coxae IV with 2 sts | 33 |
32 (31) | Broken striae that form cell-like structures on median shield present ( |
|
– | Broken striae that form cell-like structures on median shield absent ( |
|
33 (31) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
34 |
34 (33) | Genua I–IV with 4-2-1-1 solenidia | |
– | Genua I–IV with 3-1-1-1 solenidia | 35 |
35 (34) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
|
36 (18) | Telofemoral apophysis uncinated ( |
37 |
– | Telofemoral apophysis not uncinated ( |
38 |
37 (36) | Genua I–IV setal formula 1 asl, 6 sts-7-6-6; Philippines | |
– | Genua I–IV setal formula 1 asl, 4 sts-5-6-6; Pakistan | |
38 (36) | Proterosomal shield striated ( |
39 |
– | Proterosomal shield smooth ( |
|
39 (38) | Setae |
40 |
– | Setae |
|
40 (39) | Pedipalp telofemoral apophysis short and cone-like ( |
|
– | Pedipalp telofemoral apophysis short and finger-like ( |
|
41 (14) | Median plate present ( |
|
– | Median plate absent ( |
42 |
42 (41) | Basifemora IV with 1 sts | |
– | Basifemora IV with 2 sts | |
43 (3) | Basifemora III with 4 sts | |
– | Basifemora III with 6 sts |
(modified from
1 | Pedipalpal tibiotarsi and genua with adjoining apophyses present ( |
2 |
– | Pedipalpal tibiotarsi and genua with adjoining apophyses absent ( |
21 |
2 (1) | Dorsal hysterosomal lateral platelets present ( |
3 |
– | Dorsal hysterosomal lateral platelets absent ( |
15 |
3 (2) | Pedipalp telofemora with one or two apophyses ( |
4 |
– | Pedipalp telofemora without an apophysis; distribution unknown | |
4 (3) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis ( |
5 |
– | Pedipalpal telofemora with 2 apophyses: 1 basal, flattened and disc-shaped, 1 apical, short, thick and bulbous ( |
|
5 (4) | Lateral platelets inconspicuous, length less than 2 times the length of |
|
– | Lateral platelets large, length greater than 2 times the length of |
6 |
6 (5) | Dorsal setae |
7 |
– | Dorsal setae |
11 |
7 (6) | Apophysis adjoining pedipalpal genua and telofemora shorter than length of genu, blunt distally ( |
8 |
– | Apophysis adjoining pedipalpal genua and telofemora as long or longer than length of genu, blunt or pointed distally ( |
10 |
8 (7) | Median shield present | 9 |
– | Median shield absent; Japan | |
9 (8) | Coxa IV with 2 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Coxa IV with 3 sts; South Africa | |
10 (7) | Apophysis adjoining pedipalpal genua and telofemora pointed distally ( |
|
– | Apophysis adjoining pedipalpal genua and telofemora blunted distally ( |
|
11 (6) | Apophysis adjoining pedipalpal genua and telofemora inconspicuous: circular, minute and hyaline ( |
|
– | Apophysis adjoining pedipalpal genua and telofemora conspicuous, blunt apically ( |
12 |
12 (11) | Coxa IV with 2 sts | 13 |
– | Coxae IV with 3 sts | 14 |
13 (12) | Tibiae I with 1 asl, 4 sts; tibiae III with 1 asl, 5 sts | |
– | Tibiae I with 2 asl, 4 sts; tibiae III with 2 asl, 4 sts | |
14 (12) | Genital setae |
|
– | Genital setae |
|
15 (2) | Dorsal hysterosomal median shield present ( |
16 |
– | Dorsal hysterosomal median shield absent ( |
18 |
16 (15) | Median shield complemented with |
|
– | Median shield complemented with |
18 |
– | Median shield complemented with |
|
17 (18) | Apophysis adjacent to pedipalpal genua and tibiotarsi blunt distally ( |
|
– | Apophysis adjacent to pedipalpal genua and tibiotarsi tapering and pointed distally ( |
|
18 (17) | Pedipalpal telofemora without apophysis ( |
|
– | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 or 2 apophyses ( |
19 |
19 (18) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apical apophysis ( |
20 |
– | Pedipalpal telofemora inner surface with 2 apophyses: 1 basal, flattened and disc-shaped, 1 apical, short, thick and bulbous ( |
|
20 (19) | Basal pair of adoral setae very long, more than 4 times the distal pair; pedipalp telofemoral apophysis about as long as width of segment ( |
|
– | Basal pair of adoral setae not unusually long, subequal to distal pair; pedipalp telofemoral apophysis short, less than width of segment ( |
|
21 (1) | Median shield present ( |
22 |
– | Median shield absent ( |
23 |
22 (21) | Median shield complimented with |
|
23 (21) | Coxa I with 2 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Coxa I with 3 sts | 24 |
24 (23) | Pedipalp tibiotarsal claw trifid ( |
|
– | Pedipalp tibiotarsal claw entire, unbranched ( |
25 |
25 (24) | Coxal setal formula II–IV 1-3-2 sts; Peshawar, Pakistan | |
– | Coxal setal formula II–IV 2-3-1 sts; Brazil |
(modified from
1 | Five pairs of genital setae | |
– | Four pairs of genital setae; tibiae IV with 1 T, 4 sts; tibiae II with {1 asl, 1 sts}, 4 sts | 2 |
2 (1) | Pedipalpal genu with 3 sts | 3 |
– | Pedipalpal genu with 4 sts | |
3 (2) | Pedipalpal tibiotarsus with 1 spls, 3 sts, 1 dorsoterminal solenidion | |
– | Pedipalpal tibiotarsus with 5 sts, 1 dorsoterminal solenidion (original description states 6 sts present; one of these is assumed to be a solenidion here) |
1 | Basifemora I with 3 sts | 2 |
– | Basifemora I with 5 sts | |
2 (1) | Basifemora III with 1 sts | 3 |
– | Basifemora III with 2 sts; Pakistan | |
3 (2) | Basifemora IV with 1 sts | 4 |
– | Basifemora IV with 2 sts; Mexico, Central America, USA | |
4 (3) | Coxae I with 2 sts; Taiwan | |
– | Coxae I with 3 sts | 5 |
5 (4) | Coxae II with 1 sts | 6 |
– | Coxae II with 2 sts | 16 |
6 (5) | Coxae IV with 1 sts | 7 |
– | Coxae IV with 2 sts | 12 |
7 (6) | Genua I with 1 asl, 5 sts; Ukraine | |
– | Genua I with 2 asl, 4 or 6 sts | 8 |
– | Genua I with 3 asl, 5 or 6 sts | 10 |
– | Genua I with 3 asl, 1 bsl, 5 sts; Pakistan | |
8 (7) | Genua I with 2 asl, 4 sts; genua IV with 1 asl, 5 sts | 9 |
– | Genua I with 2 asl, 6 sts; genua IV with 2 asl, 5 sts; USA | |
9 (8) | Genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; China | |
– | Genua II with 1 asl, 6 sts; Brazil | |
10 (7) | Genua I with 5 sts; genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; USA | |
– | Genua I with 6 sts; genua II with 2 asl, 5 or 6 sts | 11 |
11 (10) | Genua II with 2 asl, 5 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Genua II with 2 asl, 6 sts; Pakistan | |
12 (6) | Genua I with 7 sts; Phillipines | |
– | Genua I with 2 asl, 5 or 6 sts | 13 |
– | Genua I with 3 asl, 4 sts; China | |
– | Genua I with 4 asl, 5 sts; USA | |
13 (12) | Genua I with 2 asl, 5 sts; genua II with 2 asl, 5 sts; genua IV with 1 asl, 5 sts | 14 |
– | Genua I with 2 asl, 6 sts; genua II with 6 sts; genua IV with 6 sts; Philippines | |
14 (13) | Genua III with 1 asl, 5 sts; setae c1, c2, d1, e1, f1, and h1 smooth | 15 |
– | Genua III with 2 asl, 5 sts; setae c1, c2, d1, e1, f1, and h1 spiculate; Costa Rica | |
15 (14) | Minute thorn-like seta adjacent to median spine-like seta on pedipalp tibiotarsus present; New Zealand | |
– | Minute thorn-like seta adjacent to median spine-like seta on pedipalp tibiotarsus absent; USA | |
16 (5) | Basifemora I with 1 asl, 5 sts; basifemora II with 1 asl, 5 sts; basifemora III with 1 asl, 5 sts; basifemora IV with 1 asl, 5 sts; South Africa | |
– | Basifemora I with 2 asl, 5 sts; basifemora II with 1 asl, 5 sts; basifemora III with 1 asl, 5 sts; basifemora IV with 2 asl, 5 sts | 17 |
– | Basifemora I with 3 asl, 5 sts; basifemora II with 1 asl, 5 sts; basifemora III with 1 asl, 5 sts; basifemora IV with 1 asl, 5 sts; South Africa | |
– | Basifemora I with 4 asl, 5 sts; basifemora II with 2 asl, 5 sts; basifemora III with 2 asl, 5 sts; basifemora IV with 1 asl, 5 sts; South Africa | |
17 (16) | Setae c1, c2, d1, e1, f1, and h1 smooth; India | |
– | Setae c1, c2, d1, e1, f1, and h1 spiculate; Australia, Cominican Republic |
(modified from
1 | Idiosomal plates well-developed and defined; hysterosomal shield present and fused to proterosomal plate ( |
2 |
– | Idiosomal plates poorly developed and sometimes ill-defined; hysterosomal plate absent ( |
3 |
2 (1) | Idiosoma with 15 to 19 plates, including 4 pairs of dorsolateral plates ( |
|
– | Idiosomal with no more than 8 plates; dorsolateral plates absent ( |
|
3 (1) | Pedipalp tibiotarsus short and nearly cone-like ( |
|
– | Pedipalp tibiotarsus long and usually narrow and S-shaped ( |
4 |
4 (3) | Subcuticular reticulated pattern present on proterosomal, coxal, and genital plates: usually very conspicuous, even proximal leg segments may possess such pattern ( |
Pseudobonzia Smiley, 1975 |
– | Subcuticular reticulated pattern absent or restricted to the edge of coxae ( |
Males similar, except up to three shields or plates may occur on the dorsal idiosoma (that is the proterosomal shield may not be fused to a hysterosomal plate and up to two hysterosomal plates may be present) and coxae I–IV may be fused into a holoventral shield.
1 | Basifemora I with 4 setae | 2 |
– | Basifemora I with 5 setae | 4 |
2 (1) | Basifemora II-IV setal formula 5-4-2 | 3 |
– | Basifemora II-IV setal formula 6-4-2; Pakistan | |
– | Basifemora II-IV setal formula 6-5-2; Pakistan | |
3 (2) | Telofemora I-IV setal formula 4-4-4-3; Pakistan | |
– | Telofemora I-IV setal formula 4-5-4-3; Pakistan | |
4 (1) | Basifemora II with 5 setae | 5 |
– | Basifemora II with 6 setae | 12 |
5 (4) | Basifemora III with 4 setae | 6 |
– | Basifemora III with 5 setae | 8 |
6 (5) | Basifemora IV with 2 setae | 7 |
– | Basifemora IV with 3 setae; Java, South Africa | |
7 (6) | Horizontal reticulations on dorsal shield present ( |
|
– | Horizontal reticulations on dorsal shield absent; Taiwan | |
8 (5) | Basifemora I-IV setal formula 4-5-3-3; Argentina | |
– | Basifemora I-IV setal formula not as above | 9 |
9 (8) | Sternal shield bilobed posteriorly; Philippines | |
– | Sternal shield not bilobed posteriorly | 10 |
10 (9) | Extensive reticulations on gnathosoma present ( |
|
– | Extensive reticulations on gnathosoma absent | 11 |
11 (10) | Hysterosomal shield present, complemented with |
|
– | Hysterosomal shield absent; Philippines | |
12 (4) | Basifemora III with 4 setae | 13 |
– | Basifemora III with 5 setae | 17 |
– | Basifemora III with 6 setae | 20 |
13 (12) | Telofemora I-IV setal formula 4-4-4-3; USA, South Africa, Japan | |
– | Telofemora I-IV setal formula 5-5-4-3 | 14 |
14 (13) | Setae |
15 |
– | Setae |
|
15 (14) | Sternal plate rounded posteriomedially ( |
|
– | Sternal plate truncated posteriomedially ( |
16 |
16(15) | Light reticulation on dorsal shield present; dorsal shield evenly sclerotized ( |
|
– | Light reticulation on dorsal shield absent; dorsal shield unevenly sclerotized ( |
|
17(12) | Sternal shield indented posteriomedially ( |
|
– | Sternal shield not indented posteriomedially ( |
18 |
18 (17) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
19 |
19 (18) | Integumental dots on legs I-IV forming rows ( |
|
– | Integumental dots on legs I-IV forming random ( |
|
20 (12) | Basifemora IV with 2 setae; Philippines | |
– | Basifemora IV with 3 setae; Philippines |
As suggested by
1 | Sensilla |
2 |
– | Sensilla |
3 |
2 (1) | Sensilla |
|
– | Sensilla |
|
3 (1) | Coxae I–IV setal formula 2-2-3-2 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Coxae I–IV setal formula 3-3-3-3 sts | 4 |
4 (3) | Basifemora I with 2 sts | 5 |
– | Basifemora I with 3 sts; Philippines | |
– | Basifemora I with 4 sts | 7 |
– | Basifemora I with 5 sts | 12 |
5 (4) | Basifemora II–IV setal formula 2-2-1 sts; USA | |
– | Basifemora II–IV setal formula 2-1-0 sts; Pakistan | |
– | Basifemora II–IV setal formula 3-3-1 sts | 6 |
– | Basifemora II–IV setal formula 4-4-1 sts | |
6 (5) | Telofemora I–IV setal formula 4-6-4-2 sts; China | |
– | Telofemora I–IV setal formula 5-5-4-3 sts; South Africa | |
7 (4) | Basifemora II with 4 sts | 8 |
– | Basifemora II with 5 sts | |
– | Basifemora II with 6 sts | 10 |
8 (7) | Basifemora III–IV setal formula 4-2 sts | 9 |
– | Basifemora III–IV setal formula 6-1 sts; New Zealand | |
9 (8) | Pedipalp tibiotarsal tubercle present; Brazil | |
– | Pedipalp tibiotarsal tubercle absent; South Africa | |
10 (7) | Basifemora III–IV setal formula 3-0 sts; South Africa | |
– | Basifemora III–IV setal formula 3-1 sts; South Africa | |
– | Basifemora III–IV setal formula 4-2 sts | 11 |
11 (10) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
|
12 (4) | Basifemora II with 5 sts | 13 |
– | Basifemora II with 6 sts | 14 |
13 (12) | Coxae I–II nearly touching medially ( |
|
– | Coxae I–II widely separated medially ( |
|
14 (12) | Basifemora III–IV with 5-2 sts | 15 |
– | Basifemora III–IV with 6-2 sts; Pakistan | |
15 (14) | Setae |
|
– | Setae |
1 | Coxae I–II fused to form a sternal shield | 2 |
– | Coxae I–II separated | 6 |
2 (1) | Cheliceral seta present | 3 |
– | Cheliceral seta absent | 5 |
3 (2) | Pedipalp basifemoral dorsal seta spine-like ( |
|
– | Pedipalp basifemoral dorsal seta simple ( |
4 |
4 (3) | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing present ( |
|
– | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing absent ( |
|
5 (2) | Chelicerae with dorsomedial reticulations present ( |
|
– | Chelicerae dorsomedial reticulations absent ( |
|
6 (1) | Pedipalp genua hook-like apophysis present ( |
|
– | Pedipalp genua hook-like apophysis absent ( |
7 |
7 (6) | Pedipalp tibiotarsal claw a tooth present, giving bifid appearance ( |
8 |
– | Pedipalp tibiotarsal claw a tooth absent ( |
13 |
8 (7) | Cheliceral seta present; pedipalp tibiotarsal tubercle present ( |
9 |
– | Cheliceral seta absent; pedipalp tibiotarsal tubercle absent ( |
|
9 (8) | Basifemora II with 4 setae; telofemora I–II 4-4 setae; hypognathum with ventroapical shield-like process present ( |
|
– | Basifemora II with 5 or 6 setae; telofemora I–II 5-5 setae; hypognathum with ventroapical shield-like process absent ( |
10 |
10 (9) | Basifemora II with 5 setae | 11 |
– | Basifemora II with 6 setae | 12 |
11 (10) | Basifemora I with 4 setae; telofemora III with 4 setae; 7 pairs of setae between coxae III–IV (excluding genital setae); Jalisco, Mexico | |
– | Basifemora I with 5 setae; telofemora III with 3 setae; 5 pairs of setae between coxae III–IV (excluding genital setae); Luzon Is., Philippines | |
12 (10) | Chelicerae tapering gradually ( |
|
– | Chelicerae tapering suddenly ( |
|
13 (7) | Pedipalp basifemoral dorsal seta spine-like ( |
14 |
– | Pedipalp basifemoral dorsal seta simple ( |
18 |
14 (13) | Telofemora I–II with 4-4 setae; New Zealand | |
– | Telofemora I–II with 5-5 setae | 15 |
15 (14) | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing present ( |
|
– | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing absent ( |
16 |
16 (15) | Cheliceral seta short, less than half the length of movable digit; South Africa | |
– | Cheliceral seta long, nearly as long or longer than movable digit | 17 |
17 (16) | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 5-5-4-3; Iran | |
– | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 4-4-3-1; Brazil | |
18 (13) | Coxae I–II with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing present (as in |
19 |
– | Coxae I–II with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing absent (as in |
23 |
19 (18) | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing present ( |
20 |
– | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing absent ( |
21 |
20 (19) | Basifemora II with 4 setae; telofemora I–II 4-4 setae; Maryland, USA | |
– | Basifemora II with 5 setae; telofemora I–II with 5-5 setae; Leyte Is., Philippines | |
21 (19) | Hypognathal setae |
|
– | Hypognathal setae |
22 |
22 (21) | Chelicerae basally narrow, less than three times the width of the distal end; hypognathum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; Uzbekistan | |
– | Chelicerae basally broad, four times the width of the distal end; hypognathum wide, nearly as wide as long; South Africa | |
23 (18) | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing present | 24 |
– | Proterosomal shield with polygonal subcuticular sculpturing absent; Luzon Is., Philippines | |
24 (23) | Subcapitulum with row of basal polygonal subcuticular sculpturing present ( |
25 |
– | Subcapitulum with row of basal polygonal subcuticular sculpturing absent ( |
|
25 (24) | Basifemora II with 4 setae; telofemora I–II with 4-4 setae; Western Transvaal, South Africa | |
– | Basifemora II with 5 setae; telofemora I–II with 5-5 setae; Luzon Is., Philippines |
(modified from Den Heyer and
1 | Pedipalp basifemora and telofemora with similar setae, either spine-like or simple ( |
2 |
– | Pedipalp basifemora with simple seta, pedipalp telofemora with spine-like seta ( |
|
2 (1) | Pedipalp basifemora and telofemora with simple setae ( |
3 |
– | Pedipalp basifemora and telofemora with spine-like setae ( |
|
3 (2) | Setae |
4 |
– | Setae |
5 |
4 (3) | Proterosomal shield concave posteromedially ( |
|
– | Proterosomal shield straight posteromedially ( |
|
– | Proterosomal shield convex posteromedially ( |
|
5 (3) | Proximal leg podomeres reticulated; Malaysia | |
– | Proximal leg podomeres not reticulated; USA |
1 | Tubercle on inner margin of pedipalp tibiotarsus not branched ( |
2 |
– | Tubercle on inner margin of pedipalp tibiotarsus bifurcate ( |
5 |
– | Tubercle on inner margin of pedipalp tibiotarsus trifurcate ( |
|
2 (1) | Telofemora III-IV setal formula 4-3 | 5 |
– | Telofemora III-IV setal formula 5-2; Philippines | |
3 (2) | Genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; dorsum with lateral scutella absent; Pakistan | |
– | Genua II with 2 asl, 1 bsl, 5 sts; dorsum with lateral scutella present; Malaysia | |
4 (1) | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 4-6-4-2; Telofemora I–IV setal formula 5-5-4-3; 4 pairs of dorsolateral hysterosomal plates present ( |
5 |
– | Basifemora I–IV setal formula 5-5-4-3; Telofemora I–IV setal formula 5-5-5-2; 5 pairs of dorsolateral hysterosomal plates present ( |
|
5 (4) | Pedipalp with entire tibiotarsus projecting past entomalae; bifurcate tubercle positioned halfway along the length of the tibiotarsus ( |
|
– | Pedipalp with distal 2/3 of tibiotarsus projecting past entomalae; bifurcate tubercle positioned on distal third of tibiotarsus ( |
(in part modified from
1 | Pedipalpal basifemora seta simple |
|
– | Pedipalpal basifemora seta spine-like | 2 |
2 (1) | Dorsal shields with large subcuticular reticulations; 2 pairs of dorsolateral plates present |
|
– | Dorsal shield with extremely small subcuticular reticulations; 5 pairs of dorsolateral plates present |
|
The specimens examined represent the first report of
The specimens examined expand the range of this species within the Interior Highlands and are a new state record for Missouri.
(2 individuals on slides). 1 adult female (APGD 11-1129-002), ex litter, USA, Arkansas, Bradley/Drew Co, Warren Prairie Natural Area, 21 June 2010, col. L. C. Thompson ● 1 adult female (APGD 10-0523-004), ex litter, USA, Missouri, Taney Co (
The specimens examined significantly expand the range of this species within the United States. The Ouachita specimens correspond to
(3 individuals on slides). 1 adult female (APGD 13-0304-041, #131238), ex. Malaise trap in marsh, USA, Fairfax Co, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve, 11 April 2009, col. E. M. Barrows ● 2 adult females (APGD 12-0706-002, #135716), ex very dry oak.pine litter in small, rocky depression, USA, Arkansas, Polk Co, Ouachita National Forest, Black Fork Mountain Wilderness, Black Fork Trail (
The specimens examined significantly expand the range of this species within the United States.
(3 individuals on slides). 2 adult females (APGD 12-1020-012, #135721), ex. deciduous litter (maple, sweet gum, poison ivy) in disturbed area, USA, Virginia, Fairfax Co, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve (