Corresponding author: Elizabeth T. Arias-Bohart (
Academic editor: L. Penev
Se describe e ilustra
Arias-Bohart ET (2014)
Up to now, the Chilean
This study is based on the specimens from multiple collecting trips of the Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley (led by E. T. Arias-Bohart) and private Chilean collections. The type specimens and loan material are indicated in the text. Acronysms of institutions and private collections follow
Australian Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia
Elizabeth Arias-Bohart, (private collection), Berkeley, California, USA
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Collections Nationales Belges d’Insectes et d’Arachnides, Institut royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium
Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris France
Juan Enrique Barriga Tuñon, (private collection), Curicó, Chile
Colección Nacional de Insectos, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
Sergio Riese, (private collection), Genova, Italy
Specimens from which the genitalia were removed were first relaxed in 10%
For examination of the male genitalia, the last abdominal segments were removed and placed in water with a few drops of soap in a Petri dish and left overnight. Then genitalia were subsequently extracted and placed into a small vial with 90% alcohol, or glued on a card, or on a vial, and pinned under the specimen. Methods outlined by
Measurements. Following measurements were made with the aid of a calibrated ocular micrometer as follows: total body length from the frontal margin to elytral apex; pronotal length and maximum width of the pronotum, when both sides are in focus, and elytral length and maximum width of the elytra, when both sides are in focus.
Terminology. Terms for adult morphology follows
Label Information. Places and names of the material studied are from the original spellings from recorded specimen labels. The following symbols are used in the recorded label information as follows:
/ indicating line separation within label, // indicating label separation. Juan Enrique Barriga’s collection labels include the following URL
Drawings were made using a camera lucida on a Leica MZ7 dissecting scope. Type material has been databased with a unique number indicated on the label information consisting of the acronym EMEC and the identification number. For example, the holotype of
The generic name Carlota (gender feminine) is dedicated to my mother Carlota Tobar Vega, who has always encouraged me in my study of nature and insects.
This genus differs from all other elaterid genera by the following characters: antennal grooves short, pronotum subquadrate; mesepisternum forming part of mesosternal cavity, mesosternal cavity shape oval; mesosternal posterior region pointed; mesocoxal distance about 4.6 times mesocoxal cavity. Wing venation with R cell short MP3+4 bent towards MP1-2 not branching towards MP4+CuA1.
Body about 3.72–4.22 times as long as wide, sides subparallel from anterior pronotal sides towards elytral sides, slightly narrowing posteriorly towards elytral apices. Dorsal vestiture short dense, fine, with some erect short well distributed hairs.
Head declined at base, transverse, ratio of median length to greatest postocular width 0.24. Eyes medium sized, protuberant in both sexes, facetted, lacking interfacetal hairs. Supra-antennal ridges strong, fossa shallow. Frontoclypeal region flattened and frontally carinate. Labrum small, transverse, sclerotised, sinuate basally. Antennae in male with antennomeres 3–10 strongly serrate, antennomere 11 elongate, much longer than preceding ones; all antennomeres clothed with long and short semi-erect and erect gold hairs. Female antennae shorter than male antennae.
Prothorax subquadrate, about 0.70–0.90 times as long as greatest width. Sides almost straight or slightly expanded posteriorly, carinate and emarginate, not visible for their entire length viewed dorsally. Posterior angles short and stout, produced posterolateraly. Posterior edge with scutellar notch broad and sharply defined. Disc punctate, clothed with dense hairs. Prosternum more or less flat with deep punctures. Notosternal suture complete, straight for most of its length, open anteriorly; curved posteriorly. Prosternal process narrow near base, then gradually expanded posteriorly, following procoxae in lateral view, extending well behind procoxae. Hypomeron simple, with deep punctures. Procoxae subglobular.
Elytra dark brown or black, about 2.79–3.18 times as long at midline as greatest width and 4.09–4.90 times as long as pronotum. Humeri well developed; parallel-sided anterior 2/3rds, gradually converging posteriorly, apices rounded. Disc with 10 weakly defined puncture rows. Mesoventrite on same plane as metaventrite. Mesocoxae slightly projecting, mesocoxal cavities narrowly separated, open laterally to mesanepisternum. Metacoxae obliquely oriented, with plates not extending to lateral edges of coxae.
Hindwing about 2.83 times as long as wide. Apical field about 0.6 times as long as total wing length, with 2 lightly pigmented oblique linear sclerites. Radial cell well developed, elongate, 3.4 time as long as wide, with inner posterobasal angle forming a right angle. Cross-vein r3 moderately short, horizontal and arising distally from r4, which is mostly linear and complete. Base of RP very long, extending to wing base. R-M loop forming a narrowly acute angle; medial spur slightly curved. Medial field with five free veins. MP3+4 not branching in 2 veins (
Tarsomeres. 1–3 elongate, tarsomere 4 smaller than precedents. Pretarsal claws simple; empodium short, not extending between claws.
Female genitalia: bursa copulatrix globular, 1.51 mm in diameter, with one sclerotised internal structure comb-shape, with numerous spinules, mostly shorts and few longs (
Aedeagus. Symmetrical, attached to parameres both dorsally and ventrally.
Chile provinces: Curicó, ñuble, Malleco, Cautín.
This species is named after the evergreen tree
Holotype ♂: Body brown; integument dull, body length 8.59 mm, width 2.16 mm (
Adult of
Head dark brown, deeply inserted into prothorax antenna same color as head. Antennomere 10 reaching apex of posterior pronotal angles, antennomere 3 smaller than antennomere 2, antennomere 5 through eighth similar in length, antennomere 11 about 1.6 times antennomere 10 (
Prothorax anteriorly black and posteriorly with a reddish triangular area, with long gold semi-decumbent hairs, 1.36 times as long as wide. Punctate, punctures separated by more than one own diameter. Pronotal hypomeron base straight posteriorly.
Scutellum orange at middle. Elytra black or dark brown, 3.04 times as long as wide. Legs brown, vestiture black. Tarsomeres 2 and 4 more or less equal in length, tarsomere 4 only half as long as 1.
Male genitalia. Length 1.89 mm, and 0.35 mm wide. Parameres apex globose with a hook, with at least 3 strong setae (
Scaning electron micrograph of frontal head of:
Scaning electron micrograph of mesoventral cavity of:
Wing venation illustration of:
Female genitalia of
Antennomeres, mandible and male genitalia of
Chile provinces: Curicó, ñuble, Malleco, Cautín.
HOLOTYPE. On a card, ♂genitalia // 15-CHILE IX Region / Flor del Lago Ranch Villarrica / 39°12'378"/ 78°08'182"312m // 12.XII.2003 /Canopy Fogging 60cc/l / Arias et al UCB // HOLOTYPE /
PARATYPES. On a card //CHILE- ÑUBLE Shangri-lá / 6-11-12, 1998 / col. J. Mondaca // Paratype/
On a card // abdomen //15-CHILE IX Region / Flor del Lago Ranch Villarrica / 39°12'378” / 78°08'182”312m / 12.XII.2003 / Canopy Fogging 60cc/l / Arias et al UCB //
Paratype/
On a card // female genitalia on a vial //15-CHILE IX Region /Flor del Lago Ranch Villarrica/ 39°12'378"/ 78°08'182"/312m / 12.XII.2003 / Canopy Fogging 60cc/l / Arias et al UCB //Paratype/
On a card //Shangrila /VIII Region/30-10-1988 /Elizabeth Arias // Paratype /
On a pin //Chile Marimenuco /Lonquimay / 10-15.XII.1986 / Coll. L.E. Peña // Paratype /
On a card //CHILE: Cautín P.R.: P.N./ Conguillío, 1.5 Km East/Laguna Captrén, guard sta.1365m, /
On a point //Chile, prov. Curicó, 15/ km. E. Potrero Grande, / Camino El Relvo, 19/ Leg. JE. Barriga T,/ S/N. alpina, N. obliqua/ 36011.14 S700 56.1W // Colección J. E. Barriga //CHILE 163778 // Paratype/
On a card // male genitalia // Chile Talca 1300 m. /Altos de Vilches/ 26.I.69 Valencia // Ex-colección / Jorge Valencia / JVCC / Chile 003660 // Colección JEBC / Juan Enrique Barriga-Tuñon / Chile 0204053 // Paratype/
On a card // on a card male genitalia // Chile Arauco / Pichinahuel / 15.I.59 / G. Barria // Ex. Colección / Jorge Valencia /JVCC /Chile 003152 /Valencia //Ex-colección / Jorge Valencia /JVCC/ Chile 003660 //Colección JEBC /Juan Enrique/Barriga-Tuñon /Chile 0204684 // Paratype/
On a point // CHILE prov. Ñuble/ Shangri-lá, 1490 mt
On a card // male genitalia // Chile, prov. Curicó, 15/ km. E. Potrero Grande, Puente Morongos, 25/ nov 2003, fogging a/ Nothofagus dombeyi/ Nothofagus dombeyi/ S36°12'58.1"/ W70°58'37.4/ leg. J. E. Barriga// Colección J. E. Barriga // CHILE 148098 //Paratype /
On a card, specimen & male genitalia //15- CHILE IX Region /Flor del Lago Ranch Villarrica /39°12'378"/78°08'182"312m / 12.XII.2003 / Canopy Fogging 60cc/l / Arias et al UCB // Paratype /
1 | Antennal groove short, less than half of length of pronotosternal suture; articulate surfaces of mesosternite not angulate ( |
2 |
– | Antennal groove more than half of length of pronotosternal suture; articulate surfaces of mesosternite angulate ( |
3 |
2 | Pronotum elongate, lacking distinctive depressions; prosternal process following procoxae; posterior region of mesosternum excavate ( |
|
– | Pronotum subquadrate, with distinctive depressions; prosternal process straight; posterior region of mesosternum pointed ( |
|
3 | Mesosternal cavity length less than three times its width ( |
|
– | Mesosternal cavity length more than three times its width; tarsomeres with ventral lobe | 4 |
4 | Antennomeres flabellate ( |
|
– | Antennomeres serrate ( |
The subfamily
In Chile the tribe
Based of the appearance of the prothorax,
Discovery of the larvae of the above genera will likely help clarify the systematic position of the tribe
Patrick Grootaert for access to the Candèze collection, type material and space to conduct my research in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (IRScNB); Julien Cillis for taking the scanning electronic micrograph photo; Yves Laurent and Isabelle Bachy for taking color photos; Jerome Constant for helping with my research at IRScNB.
Thierry Deuve, Stephane Boucher and Antoine Mantilleri kindly provided access to the type material and facilities at the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris; Charles Griswold for access to the scanning electronic micrograph lab and insect collection; Scott Serata for taking the scanning electronic micrograph photo at the California Academy of Sciences; Adam Ślipiński provided Australian click beetles for scanning electronic micrograph photos. Rosser Garrison and Sharon Lawler provided useful editing comments. Sergio Ocares Figueroa assisted in the canopy fogging collecting expeditions.
The Fulbright Commission of Educational Exchange, Brussels, Belgium, the National Science Foundation DEB 435413 to ET Arias and KW Will, and the Evert and Marion Schlinger Foundation provided financial support.