Annotated checklist of fishes from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with notes on extralimital species

Abstract Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is a federal, marine protected area located off the central coast of California, USA. Understanding biodiversity, and how it is changing, is necessary to effectively manage the sanctuary. The large size of this sanctuary, which contains a variety of habitats and is influenced by several water masses, provides for a diverse fish fauna. The central California coast has a rich history of ichthyological research and surveys, contributing to a unique repository of information on fish diversity. Herein, we provide a checklist of fishes that occur within the sanctuary, including justification for each species. Ancillary record information including name-bearing type specimens, historic species, cold- or warm-water event species, introduced species, and occurrence at Davidson Seamount or Elkhorn Slough are also provided. This represents the first comprehensive annotated checklist of 507 fishes known to occur within the sanctuary. In addition, 18 species are considered to be extralimital. This annotated checklist of fishes can be used by those interested in zoogeography, marine protected areas, ichthyology, regional natural history, and sanctuary management.


Introduction
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS or sanctuary) is a federal, marine protected area located off the central coast of California, USA (Fig. 1). Spanning the area from Rocky Point (Marin County) to Cambria (San Luis Obispo County), it encompasses 444 km of shoreline, 4,601 square nm of ocean, and extends from mean high tide to a seaward boundary that averages 48 km offshore. At its deepest point within the Davidson Seamount Management Zone, MBNMS reaches a depth of 3,875 m. The sanctuary contains a variety of habitats including estuaries (largest is Elkhorn Slough), sandy beaches, rocky shores, kelp forests, continental shelf and slope, deep submarine canyons (largest is Monterey Canyon), open ocean, and Davidson Seamount (Fig. 1). These habitats, individually and collectively, harbor an incredible variety of marine life.
It is an inconvenient truth that managing areas for ecosystem sustainability is impossible without knowledge of the species that compose it (Wilson 2014). Moreover, to demonstrate ecological significance or from simple curiosity the question is often asked, "How many species occur in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary?" It may be specific to particular taxa, such as algae, invertebrates, fishes, seabirds and shorebirds, or marine mammals. The answer, however, is not absolute. Species distributions are dynamic (Lonhart 2009) shifting over time due to natural and/or anthropogenic mechanisms, or due to oceanic and atmospheric events (e.g., El Niño/Southern Oscillation, global change). In addition, species continue to be discovered and described from less sampled areas (e.g., deep sea).
The large size of MBNMS, influenced by several water masses and its proximity to Point Conception, provides for a diverse fish fauna. The central California marine fish fauna is influenced by water masses from the north, south, and west; and these water masses converge to create a major transition zone centered around Point Conception (south of MBNMS, Horn et al. 2006). Two distinctive fish faunas intermingle in this transition zone, a warm-temperate, southern component (San Diegan Province) and a cool-temperate, northern component (Oregonian Province). The fish fauna in the southern end of the sanctuary may at times be influenced by this transition zone, especially during warm-water events such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation. The Davidson Seamount lies well offshore (ca. 121 km due west of San Simeon, San Luis Obispo County), and the fish fauna there may be influenced by oceanic water masses to the west, such as the Subarctic-Transitional and Central Pacific water masses.
The central California coast has a rich history of ichthyological research and surveys, including: early biological expeditions to describe the California fish fauna (e.g., Pacific Expeditions of the US Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross", Pacific Railroad Surveys); early institutions involved in specimen collections and subsequent study (e.g., California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University, California Department of Fish and Game, currently California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography); and the more recent expansion of marine research institutions in central California. These early and recent surveys, preserved specimen collections, and scientific publications provide a wealth of information to create an inventory of fishes that occur within MBNMS.
A comprehensive inventory of fish species occurring within MBNMS is unavailable. Disparate lists are available for subsets of fishes, including commonly occurring species, fished species, and species within a particular habitat of MBNMS (e.g., Guerrero and Kvitek 1996, Monterey Bay Aquarium 1999, Starr et al. 2002, SIMoN 2019. We created a comprehensive annotated checklist of fishes occurring within MBNMS based on critical analyses of material from ichthyological collections at natural history museums, the literature, and visual records. The checklist presented here provides sources of basis (i.e., justification), occurrence of fishes during cold-or warm-water events, records of historically occurring fishes, reference to original species descriptions from within MBNMS, special places of occurrence (i.e., Elkhorn Slough, Davidson Seamount), and introduced species. Our goal was to compile a defensible checklist of fishes known to occur within the sanctuary.

Materials and methods
We first generated a draft list of fishes that should occur within MBNMS based on regional guidebooks and checklists of fishes, including: Fitch and Lavenberg (1968), Miller and Lea (1972), Hubbs et al. (1979), Eschmeyer et al. (1983), Love et al. (2002), Yoklavich et al. (2002), Ebert (2003), Love et al. (2005), and . The majority of these guidebooks encompass broader regions (e.g., California, eastern North Pacific) than investigated here. From these lists, we examined basis within MBNMS for each species.
In an effort to provide defensible justification for each species, we considered the following sources as basis for inclusion, in order of importance: 1) museum specimen; 2) publication; and/or 3) expert-verified visual record. In addition, we followed a general rule for inclusion: the occurrence of any life history stage of the species within the current boundaries of MBNMS (including warm-water event, cold-water event, or historic record).
To determine a basis for inclusion (if any), we investigated ichthyological collections at natural history museum collections with online databases including California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography at University of California San Diego, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Burke Museum at University of Washington, and the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. In addition, we consulted the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories fish collection, which is primarily a teaching resource. Where records were few and/or questionable, we examined specimens that were readily accessible to confirm identification. If museum specimens were lacking, we then consulted publications, where primary sources of peer-reviewed scientific literature carried the most weight. Finally, if taxonomic experts could verify species from imagery (i.e., photos or video), we sparingly used these visual record(s) for basis. With technological advancements, video observations of deep-sea species are on the rise. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's (MBARI) online Deep Sea Guide (Jacobson Stout et al. 2017) provides an excellent source of in situ imagery observations of regional species, particularly for rarely collected deep-sea species.
In addition, we conducted a midwater trawl survey during May 2015 aboard NOAA Ship "Bell M. Shimada", which included the following areas of MBNMS: Davidson Seamount, Sur Ridge, Monterey Canyon, and off Monterey (unpublished data, Burton, Lea, and DeVogelaere). Juvenile and adult specimens were deposited at California Academy of Sciences (CAS), and larval specimens were stored as uncatalogued specimens at Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), La Jolla, California.
The checklist is organized in taxonomic order, following "Fishes of the World" (Nelson 2006), unless otherwise stated. Species names are alphabetized within family. Authority is included following current usage in "Catalog of Fishes" (Eschmeyer et al. 2017) and "Common and Scientific Names of Fishes" (Page et al. 2013), unless otherwise stated. If a species was originally described from within MBNMS boundaries, the original publication (therefore authority) is included in the references section (as basis). Official common names follow Page et al. (2013) or Hubbs et al. (1979), unless otherwise stated; and are capitalized following Page et al. (2013). Where no official common name was available, a generic common name (lowercase) was used, based on family name.
Terms used to describe species inclusion are defined below. Symbolic museum codes used in the checklist are listed in Table 1; full museum names and location information were sourced from Sabaj (2016). Other institution codes and acronyms are listed in Table 2. Table 1. Symbol codes for natural history museum collections, including names of institutions and locations. Source: Sabaj (2016).

Basis categories and definitions
Museum specimens: Specimens were collected within MBNMS and catalogued at a natural history museum. Specimens listed do not necessarily represent all catalogued specimens occurring within MBNMS, but merely as examples to provide a basis for inclusion. We attempted to list three records (where available); and for those records to span a geographical range of occurrence within MBNMS, identified by known experts.
Records are listed in alphabetical order, according to museum symbolic code (list of natural history museum collections and symbolic codes used for this checklist are provided in Table 1); type specimens are listed first. Collection location and name of who identified specimen are included. Identifier's first initial, middle initial (if provided), and last name are provided; names are transcribed as provided and no assumptions are made to refine or match to others. Year of collection may be noted, especially if species occurred during an unusual oceanographic event. Type specimens (name-bearing and non-name-bearing) may be denoted (see ancillary record categories, below). Museum specimen(s) notated in checklist as follows: Museum code and catalog number (collection location, identifier).
Publications: Peer-reviewed information that provides a basis for occurrence within MBNMS. Other supporting publications may also be listed. Location observed is in parentheses. Year of collection may be noted, especially if species occurred during an unusual oceanographic event. Publication(s) notated in checklist as follows: Author (year) (location, additional information if available).
Visual records: Species observed with imagery (video or photo) and verified by expert or authority. Year of collection may be noted, especially if it occurred during an unusual oceanographic event. Visual record(s) are listed in checklist as institution code and dive number (observed location, identifier).
Several species occurring within MBNMS are anadromous (i.e., move up streams and rivers from the sea to spawn). Records of species occurring in fresh or brackish water (adjacent to MBNMS) are included where no marine records are available, because part of the life cycle requires movement between fresh and marine water bodies, thereby traversing MBNMS waters.

Ancillary record categories and definitions
Type specimens: Name-bearing type specimens (holotype, neotype, syntype, or lectotype) collected within MBNMS. Type specimen(s) are listed in checklist as namebearing type (museum code and catalog number).
Historic specimens: Specimen(s) collected many years before present, but not known from recent years; and not otherwise collected during unusual oceanographic events (i.e., warm or cold-water events).
Cold-water events: Specimen(s) collected during, or soon after, unusually coldwater events (e.g., cold phase of El Niño/Southern Oscillation: La Niña), but otherwise unknown or rare during normal oceanographic conditions. Several references were consulted to determine the occurrence of cold-water events, including Wolter and Timlin (2011)  Introduced species: Non-native to MBNMS, and either accidentally or deliberately transported to the area.
Extralimital: Species known to occur from areas to the north and south of MB-NMS, but no basis could be found within MBNMS (yet likely to occur within MB-NMS). Extralimital species are not considered part of the primary checklist, and are listed separately.

Results and discussion
The annotated checklist includes 507 fish species, representing 325 genera and 148 families ( Table 3). The number of taxa supported by specific sources of basis are as follows: museum specimens (465); publications (230); and visual records (44). Original descriptions of 57 species (type specimens, 11%) originated from within current MBNMS boundaries.
Seven species are considered historic: Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha); Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta); Spotted Sand Bass (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus); Salema (Haemulon californiensis); California Corbina (Menticirrhus undulatus); Garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus); and Pacific Sandfish (Trichodon trichodon). These species have not been observed within MBNMS for many years, and/or have rarely been observed. Their recent rarity can be attributed to local extinction (i.e., salmon), or otherwise a northern or southern species that has rarely been observed in sanctuary waters. Although rarely observed or not observed for some time, they could potentially occur again and remain on the checklist. At least 50 species are known to occur during unusual oceanographic events (e.g., warm or cold phases of El Niño/Southern Oscillation). The 49 species occurring during warm-water events do not necessarily occur solely during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño), but they are more likely to be observed at these times (see Table 3). The occurrence of the Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) was reported during several cold-water events (La Niña, Ebert et al. 2004). These observations seem counterintuitive, as R. typus typically occupies tropical waters (Miller and Lea 1972, Ebert 2003, Love et al. 2005, Castro 2011. We include the cold-water categorization here, as reported by Ebert et al. (2004).
Species occurring within two specific habitats of the sanctuary, Elkhorn Slough and Davidson Seamount, are noted due to the uniqueness of each habitat compared to the rest of MBNMS. Of the 507 species in MBNMS, 79 species are found in the Elkhorn Slough area, and 83 species in the Davidson Seamount area. The majority of these species are not restricted to these habitats within MBNMS, although Elkhorn Slough may be the exception. This is not surprising due to the mixture of brackish and saltwater habitats, and the life history requirements of some species. Elkhorn Slough also provides habitat for marine species from nearshore waters to feed, mate, and spawn . Five species are less likely to occur in marine environments: Threadfin Shad (Dorosoma petenense; introduced species); Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus); Yellowfin Goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus; introduced species); Arrow Goby (Clevelandia ios); and Longjaw Mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis). The Davidson Seamount Management Zone occurs far offshore and the fish fauna there is influenced by oceanic water masses to the north and west, such as the Subarctic-Transitional and Central Pacific water masses. The 83 species occurring at Davidson Seamount are not restricted to the seamount and occur elsewhere in deep-sea or oceanic habitats.
Five species are non-native, that were either purposefully or inadvertently introduced to California: American Shad (Alosa sapidissima); Threadfin Shad (Dorosoma petenense); Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis); Barred Knifejaw (Oplegnathus fasciatus); and Yellowfin Goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus). The Barred Knifejaw is the most recent introduction to MBNMS (2014, one confirmed living specimen), and it remains to be seen if it will establish itself as a viable resident.
Four species are listed with reservation: waryfish (Scopelosaurus adleri); lanternfish (Lampanyctus tenuiformis); Spotted Sand Bass (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus); and California Corbina (Menticirrhus undulatus). Reservation with the first two of these species is due to lack of confidence with identification; the latter two are categorized as historic and/or occurring during warm-water events, and evidence is scant (see checklist for explanation). We include these species on the checklist with the basis as cited.
Eighteen species are considered to be extralimital, are not considered part of the primary checklist, and are listed separately. The geographic ranges for these species encompass MBNMS boundaries. They are likely to occur within MBNMS; however, no verifiable records occur from within MBNMS. These species should be anticipated during future MBNMS surveys and deposited and catalogued at a natural history museum.
In recent years erroneous geographical distributions were introduced in the literature for two species: Basketweave Cusk-eel (Ophidion scrippsae) and Spotted Turbot (Pleuronichthys ritteri). Both errors were based on misidentifications in the field that were then perpetuated in the literature. Once these sorts of mistakes occur and are repeated, these myths become difficult to eradicate. Our purpose in emphasizing these examples is to shed light on such problems and resolve these misrepresentations. First, the northern limit for Ophidion scrippsae has been reported as "Central California" (Love et al. 2005;Kells et al. 2016) based on NOAA trawl survey field identifications off the Santa Cruz County coast (lat. 37°38'N, 209 m;Lauth 2001). This represented the first record north of Point Arguello (34°34'38"N, 120°39'2"W; 11.75 nautical miles NW of the Point Conception faunal boundary) and from a depth greatly exceeding its known bathymetric limit. The accessioned specimens (UW 47375) were examined by RN Lea and re-determined as Spotted Cusk-eel (Chilara taylori), with both location and depth well within the limits for Chilara taylori. The known northern limit for Ophidion scrippsae is off the vicinity of Point Arguello (SIO 48-304, 3 specimens) and the maximum confirmed depth is 135 m (off central Baja California). Similarly, the northern limit for Pleuronichthys ritteri was reported off Northern California (Love et al. 2005;Kells et al. 2016) based on field-identified specimens (lat. 37°55'N; Weinberg et al. 2002). The accessioned material (UW 47438) was examined by RN Lea and JW Orr (NOAA, NMFS) and re-determined as Hornyhead Turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis), a species relatively common within MBNMS. Pleuronichthys ritteri is primarily a southern California-Baja California shallow water species (Fitch 1963) with a known northern limit of Morro Bay (LACM 33703-1). We bring these emendations to the attention of the reader to avoid further confusion and note there are no confirmed records of either Ophidion scrippsae or Pleuronichthys ritteri from MBNMS. This is the first annotated checklist of fishes that occur within Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (see Table 3). All fishes listed here also occur outside of MB-NMS boundaries, and full species ranges can be found from other sources (e.g., Miller and Lea 1972, Eschmeyer et al. 1983, Love et al. 2002, Ebert 2003, Love et al. 2005, and Kells et al. 2016. Species checklists or inventories can be used by various user groups for different reasons. A simple checklist can teach and inform users of what to expect within a geographic area, including educators, students, and those interested in regional natural history. This annotated checklist includes name-bearing type specimen information for students and ichthyologists interested in species discoveries (and original descriptions) that occurred within today's MBNMS boundaries. Those interested in zoogeography of fishes may be interested in historic and recent occurrence information for fishes within MBNMS. In addition, warm-water and cold-water event information is included to help explain potentially temporary occurrence patterns, or sporadic events. An inventory of known sanctuary resources is a basic requirement of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) of 1972, as amended (16 U.S.C. § 1431 et seq.). Species inventories provide evidence of occurrence and estimates of species richness. Establishing an inventory is a crucial first step to further identify those species that are endemic, threatened, introduced (provided herein), or socio-economically important, information which may be useful for sanctuary managers. It is our hope that this checklist will be useful for many readers and serve as a model for species inventories for the National Marine Sanctuary System. Table 3. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Fishes Checklist summary. Species are listed in taxonomic order, and include scientific name, authority, and common name. Categories to summarize basis and occurrence are provided, including: Basis for Inclusion (i.e., museum specimen, publication, visual record); Ancillary Record (i.e., type specimen, historic, warm-water event, cold-water event); and Occurrence of Note (i.e., Davidson Seamount area, Elkhorn Slough area, Introduced Species). Symbols denote the following: X (basis provided by); M (museum specimen); P (publication); V (visual record). Column subtotals are provided after line 507. See Methods for explanation of basis.

Order Chimaeriformes Family CHIMAERIDAE -shortnose chimaeras
Hydrolagus colliei (Lay & Bennett, 1839 Stout et al. 2017). Naming convention follows Reichert et al. (2016); specimens cannot yet be confirmed as Hydrolagus trolli until morphometric data and/or DNA samples from preserved specimens have been collected and analyzed. Common name follows Didier and Séret (2002).

Order Carcharhiniformes Family SCYLIORHINIDAE -cat sharks
Based on molecular data and morphology, Iglesias et al. (2005) proposed resurrection of family Pentanchidae, and assigned the content of Pentanchinae (i.e., including the genera Apristurus and Parmaturus) as in Compagno (1988). This proposed change is not yet widely accepted; therefore, we chose to keep deepwater catsharks in the family Scyliorhinidae.

Family ARHYNCHOBATIDAE -softnose skates
Bathyraja previously recognized in family Rajidae. We follow Last et al. (2016b), Last et al. (2016c), and current usage in Catalog of Fishes (Eschmeyer et al. 2017); with placement in family Arhynchobatidae.

Order Myliobatiformes Family UROTRYGONIDAE -round stingrays
Urobatis halleri (Cooper, 1863 RN Lea, and L Lundsten;Jacobson Stout et al. 2017). Specimen observed at Davidson Seamount (video) was identified to the family level by EJ Burton (MBNMS), RN Lea (CAS), and L Lundsten (MBARI); . This is the only known record of Synaphobranchidae in MBNMS and may represent a new species . No official common name.

Family OPHICHTHIDAE -snake eels
Ophichthus triserialis (Kaup, 1856). Pacific Snake Eel. Museum specimen: MLM-LF0139 (Moss Landing Harbor during Nov 1967, R Parrish; re-examined by RN Lea, 2017; 1002 mm). Miller and Lea (1972) consider rare from California. This species has also been taken from San Francisco Bay (Hopkirk 1965) and WSW of the Klamath River (Quirollo and Dinnel 1975). Jordan and Gilbert, 1882. Yellow Snake Eel. Museum specimen: MLMLF0140 (powerplant intake screen at Moss Landing Harbor during Apr 1969, D Varoujean). This species is rather common in southern California waters (Hopkirk 1965). Other specimens were collected from San Francisco Bay in 1964 (CAS-ICH 23683, Hopkirk 1965) and 1999 (leptocephalus stage, Lea and Rosenblatt 2000). Specimens were most likely transported northward, through the MBNMS area, during a warm-water event (Lea and Rosenblatt 2000). This species has also been taken from Humboldt Bay during Jan 1971 (Quirollo and Dinnel 1975).

Family CLUPEIDAE -herrings
Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811 Yoklavich et al. (1991) are based on otter trawl studies by Barry (1983) and . Native to southeastern U.S., and along eastern coast of Mexico and Central America; introduced into California freshwater lakes Lea 1972, Dill andCordone 1997). Live mainly in fresh water and become progressively less abundant as salinity increases; however, can survive and grow in seawater (Moyle 2002). Gilbert, 1890 TN Fast). Recognized by some researchers as Microstoma microstoma. We follow Ahlstrom et al. (1984), and Moser and Butler (1996), where North Pacific is represented by a single undescribed species (Microstoma sp.). No official common name. Cohen, 1958. Bluethroat Argentine. Museum specimen: LACM-36264.001 (west of Monterey, identifier unknown).

Family SCOPELARCHIDAE -pearleyes
Benthalbella dentata (Chapman, 1939 Phillips (1930a) "This fish is taken only when it is forced above its natural deep sea strata."
Himantolophus sagamius (Tanaka, 1918 RN Lea). Found in warm seas (Miller and Lea 1972), rare north of Point Conception (Moyle 2002); and found in San Francisco Bay and as far north as Humboldt Bay (Wallace et al. 2015) during warm water years (e.g. El Niño). Categorized as occurring during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño).

Family SCOMBERESOCIDAE -sauries
Cololabis saira (Brevoort, 1856 Sandknop and Watson (1996). Specimen may be Melamphaes parvus; however, not in good enough condition to be certain. This species is known to occur off California (Ebeling 1962, Sandknop and Watson 1996, Kotlyar 2004. This provisional identification of M. parvus is not included in the total number of species in MBNMS. Common name follows Hubbs et al. (1979).
Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Steindachner, 1868). Spotted Sand Bass. Listed with reservation; possibly an historic record and/or occurring during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño). Publications: Boulenger (1895); Miller and Gotshall (1965); Miller and Lea (1972). Miller and Lea (1972) reported the northern limit at Monterey and noted a record from San Francisco in the late 1800s. The 1800s record references Boulenger (1895, British Museum) who described the distribution of P. maculatofasciatus as "Coast of California and Mexico, from San Francisco to Mazatlan." Boulenger (1895) listed three young specimens from San Francisco. However, no specimen currently exists at the British Natural History Museum (BMNH, Mar 2017) as indicated in 1895 publication. We assume these three young specimens were originally misidentified and subsequently removed from the collection. In addition, Jordan and Evermann (1896a, b) did not recognize the San Francisco record, and considered San Pedro as the northern limit (as did Gilbert 1882, andEigenmann 1890).
The northern limit at Monterey, noted by Miller and Lea (1972), was likely in reference to Miller and Gotshall (1965) who suggested a range extension for P. maculatofasciatus per a sportfish party boat capture in Monterey during Feb 1963(El Niño occurred during 1957-1959. The specimen was confirmed by Dan Miller (California Department of Fish and Game biologist), but not accessioned in a museum. (Girard, 1854). Barred Sand Bass. Described from Monterey. Museum specimens: Syntypes [USNM 282 (2)]. Publication: Girard (1854) (original description).

Family MALACANTHIDAE -tilefishes
Caulolatilus princeps (Jenyns, 1840). Ocean Whitefish. Publications: Miller and Gotshall (1965); Miller and Lea (1972). Typically occurs in warmer water; however, can move north during El Niño years. During 1957, Miller and Gotshall (1965 reported Ocean Whitefish catches as far north as San Francisco. Miller and Lea (1972) list the species as occurring as far north as Vancouver Island, British Columbia; common in southern California, rare north of Monterey. Categorized as occurring during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño).  Herald, 2 Sept 1997). Typically occurs in warmer water; however, can move north during El Niño years. Categorized as occurring during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño).

Family SCIAENIDAE -drums and croakers
Atractoscion nobilis (Ayres, 1860). White Seabass. Publication: Radovich (1961) (Monterey during 1958and 1959. Categorized as occurring during warmwater events (e.g., El Niño). (Ayres, 1855). White Croaker. Museum specimens: CAS-ICH 19866 (Pacific Grove, DA Simpson); CAS-ICH 66670 (Monterey Bay, MG Bradbury); MLMLF1086 (near Sandholdt Road Bridge at Moss Landing, LT Ackerman). Publication: Phillips (1936) (southern Monterey Bay). (Girard, 1854). California Corbina. Listed with reservation; possibly an historic record and/or occurring during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño). Publication: Starks (1919). In a review of the croakers (Sciaenidae) of California, Starks (1919) noted "This fish is rather common on sandy shores of southern California and is known southward into the Gulf of California, while individuals are sometimes taken as far northward as San Francisco." Stark's information may be based on CAS-SU 21232, from San Francisco, collected by Charles H. Gilbert. No date is listed, but it was likely taken in the late 1800s to early 1900s based on catalog number. We know of one recent record from north of Point Conception, a 474 mm TL fish caught off Morro Rock in Jan 1986 (CAS-ICH 58470); south of MBNMS. During warm-water events, occurrence of this species needs to be verified off the sandy beaches of central California. Ayres, 1860 (Miller and Lea 1972). We include the San Francisco specimens here, because they presumably traversed MBNMS waters.

Family POMACENTRIDAE -damselfishes
Chromis punctipinnis (Cooper, 1863 Hypsypops rubicundus (Girard 1854 . We cannot rule out the possibility the Garibaldi specimen was released from the aquarium kelp tank by way of the filtration system (i.e., as larvae). We categorize the listing here as Historic, and possibly occurring during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño).

Family ISTIOPHORIDAE -billfishes
Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887). Striped Marlin. Publication: Hill and Haight (1985) (32 km SW of Santa Cruz during 1983, El Niño, examined by RN Lea). Hill and Haight (1985) reported a striped marlin capture 32 km southwest of Santa Cruz by sport fisherman on 5 Sept 1983 (during an extensive El Niño event, specimen examined and identified by RN Lea). Categorized as occurring during warm-water events (e.g., El Niño). There are no catalogued records collected within MBNMS; however, large fish are less commonly stored in museums.

Extralimital species
The geographic ranges for the following 18 species encompass MBNMS boundaries. They are likely to occur within MBNMS; however, no verifiable records occur from within MBNMS. Until further evidence is found, we consider these extralimital species.

Order Scorpaeniformes Family SCORPAENIDAE -scorpionfishes
Sebastes alutus (Gilbert, 1890). Pacific Ocean Perch. Literature indicates the species occurs from central Baja to Bering Sea and Japan (Miller and Lea 1972, Love et al. 2002, Butler et al. 2012. Records nearest to MBNMS occur off Point Arena (north) and SE of Santa Cruz Island (south).

Order Perciformes Family ZOARCIDAE -eelpouts
Lycodapus endemoscotus Peden and Anderson, 1978. Deepwater Eelpout. Known from lower continental slope waters between British Columbia to northern Mexico and the Gulf of California in depths from 933 to 2,225 m (Peden and Anderson 1978). Those habitats are found in MBNMS; and based on published range, is likely to occur in MBNMS (personal communication, ME Anderson). Common name follows Mecklenburg et al. (2002). Anderson and Peden, 1988. Nakednape Eelpout. Known from off Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia to off Guadalupe Island, Mexico and in the Gulf of California in depths from 1,829 to 3,219 m over brown and green mud bottoms (Anderson and Peden 1988). Those habitats are found in MBNMS; and based on published range, is likely to occur in MBNMS (pers. comm. ME Anderson). Records off California include Mendocino Ridge (3,225 m) and off Cordell Bank (2,707-3,219 m). Common name follows Mecklenburg et al. (2002). Anderson and Peden, 1988. Scalynape Eelpout. Known from off Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia to off Guadalupe Island, Mexico in depths from 1,728 to 2,970 m over brown and green mud bottoms (Anderson and Peden 1988). Those habitats are found in MBNMS; and based on published range, is likely to occur in MBNMS (pers. comm. ME Anderson). Records off California include off Cape Mendocino (2,940 m), off Farallon Islands (1,800 m), and San Clemente Basin (1,829-2,027 m). Common name follows Mecklenburg et al. (2002).

Family GEMPYLIDAE -snake mackerels
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1843). Escolar. Although range occurs from Peru to Washington (Miller and Lea 1972), it is rare, found deep, and is a more tropical species.

Family ISTIOPHORIDAE -billfishes
Tetrapturus angustirostris Tanaka, 1915. Shortbill Spearfish. Found in eastern Pacific from Chile to 40 miles west of Cape Mendocino (Miller and Lea 1972). Radovich 1961 reported a sport-catch record off Morro Bay in Aug 1959 (El Niño). In addition, two collected outside of MBNMS: 100 miles offshore, halfway between San Francisco and Morro Bay (SIO, Jul 1959); and ~120 miles west of Monterey (CAS, K Peterson, Sept 1981).

Order Pleuronectiformes Family PLEURONECTIDAE -righteye flounders
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792). Greenland Halibut. Found in the northern part of the Pacific, from Sagami Bay northward, in the Sea of Japan, the Okhotsk Sea, the Bering Sea, and off the Pacific coast of North America south to Mexico (Dyck et al. 2007). It is uncommon off California (Miller and Lea 1972); several records off Eureka. The Mexican record (SIO) was captured during 1962; a cold-water year.

Order Tetradontiformes Family TETRAODONTIDAE -puffers
Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Oceanic Puffer. Published range in eastern Pacific is Galapagos Islands to Alder Creek Beach, Mendocino County; rare off California (Miller and Lea 1972). Five California museum specimens exist (4 at southern CA, 1 at Mendocino during 1958 El Niño, CAS). Typically occurs in warmer seas; however, can move north during El Niño years.