The genera in the second catalogue (1833–1836) of Dejean’s Coleoptera collection

Abstract All genus-group names listed in the second edition of the catalogue (1833-1836) of Dejean’s beetle collection are recorded. For each new genus-group name the originally included available species are listed and for generic names with at least one available species, the type species and the current status are given. Names available prior to the publication of Dejean’s second catalogue (1833-1836) are listed in an appendix. The following new synonymies are proposed: Cyclonotum Dejean, 1833 (= Dactylosternum Wollaston, 1854) [Hydrophilidae], Hyporhiza Dejean, 1833 (= Rhinaspis Perty, 1830) [Scarabaeidae], Aethales Dejean, 1834 (= Epitragus Latreille, 1802) [Tenebrionidae], Arctylus Dejean, 1834 (= Praocis Eschscholtz, 1829) [Tenebrionidae], Euphron Dejean, 1834 (= Derosphaerus Thomson, 1858) [Tenebrionidae], Hipomelus Dejean, 1834 (= Trachynotus Latreille, 1828) [Tenebrionidae], Pezodontus Dejean, 1834 (= Odontopezus Alluaud, 1889) [Tenebrionidae], Zygocera Dejean, 1835 (= Disternopsis Breuning, 1939) [Cerambycidae], and Physonota Chevrolat, 1836 (= Anacassis Spaeth, 1913) [Chrysomelidae]. Heterogaster pilicornis Dejean, 1835 [Cerambycidae] and Labidomera trimaculata Chevrolat, 1836 [Chrysomelidae] are placed for the first time in synonymy with Anisogaster flavicans Deyrolle, 1862 and Chrysomela clivicollis Kirby, 1837 respectively. Type species of the following genus-group taxa are proposed: Sphaeromorphus Dejean, 1833 (Sphaeromorphus humeralis Erichson, 1843) [Scarabaeidae], Adelphus Dejean, 1834 (Helops marginatus Fabricius, 1792) [Tenebrionidae], Cyrtoderes Dejean, 1834 (Tenebrio cristatus DeGeer, 1778) [Tenebrionidae], Selenepistoma Dejean, 1834 (Opatrum acutum Wiedemann, 1823) [Tenebrionidae], Charactus Dejean, 1833 (Lycus limbatus Fabricius, 1801) [Lycidae], Corynomalus Chevrolat, 1836 (Eumorphus limbatus Olivier, 1808) [Endomychidae], Hebecerus Dejean, 1835 (Acanthocinus marginicollis Boisduval, 1835) [Cerambycidae], Pterostenus Dejean, 1835 (Cerambyx abbreviatus Fabricius, 1801) [Cerambycidae], Psalicerus Dejean, 1833 (Lucanus femoratus Fabricius, 1775) [Lucanidae], and Pygolampis Dejean, 1833 (Lampyris glauca Olivier, 1790) [Lampyridae]. A new name, Neoeutrapela Bousquet and Bouchard [Tenebrionidae], is proposed for Eutrapela Dejean, 1834 (junior homonym of Eutrapela Hübner, 1809). The following generic names, made available in Dejean’s catalogue, were found to be older than currently accepted valid names: Catoxantha Dejean, 1833 over Catoxantha Solier, 1833 [Buprestidae], Pristiptera Dejean, 1833 over Pelecopselaphus Solier, 1833 [Buprestidae], Charactus Dejean, 1833 over Calopteron Laporte, 1836 [Lycidae], Cyclonotum Dejean, 1833 over Dactylosternum Wollaston, 1854 [Hydrophilidae], Ancylonycha Dejean, 1833 over Holotrichia Hope, 1837 [Scarabaeidae], Aulacium Dejean, 1833 over Mentophilus Laporte, 1840 [Scarabaeidae], Sciuropus Dejean, 1833 over Ancistrosoma Curtis, 1835 [Scarabaeidae], Sphaeromorphus Dejean, 1833 over Ceratocanthus White, 1842 [Scarabaeidae], Psalicerus Dejean, 1833 over Leptinopterus Hope, 1838 [Lucanidae], Adelphus Dejean, 1834 over Praeugena Laporte, 1840 [Tenebrionidae], Amatodes Dejean, 1834 over Oncosoma Westwood, 1843 [Tenebrionidae], Cyrtoderes Dejean, 1834 over Phligra Laporte, 1840 [Tenebrionidae], Euphron Dejean, 1834 over Derosphaerus Thomson, 1858 [Tenebrionidae], Pezodontus Dejean, 1834 over Odontopezus Alluaud, 1889 [Tenebrionidae], Anoplosthaeta Dejean, 1835 over Prosopocera Blanchard, 1845 [Cerambycidae], Closteromerus Dejean, 1835 over Hylomela Gahan, 1904 [Cerambycidae], Hebecerus Dejean, 1835 over Ancita Thomson, 1864 [Cerambycidae], Mastigocera Dejean, 1835over Mallonia Thomson, 1857 [Cerambycidae], Zygocera Dejean, 1835 over Disternopsis Breuning, 1939 [Cerambycidae], Australica Chevrolat, 1836 over Calomela Hope, 1840 [Chrysomelidae], Edusa Chevrolat, 1836 over Edusella Chapuis, 1874 [Chrysomelidae], Litosonycha Chevrolat, 1836 over Asphaera Duponchel and Chevrolat, 1842 [Chrysomelidae], and Pleuraulaca Chevrolat, 1836 over Iphimeis Baly, 1864 [Chrysomelidae]. In each of these cases, Reversal of Precedence (ICZN 1999: 23.9) or an applicationto the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature will be necessary to retain usage of the younger synonyms.


introduction
Dejean published four catalogues of the beetles in his collection. These are straightforward lists of species in his collection, with indication of the place of collection, arranged under generic names in five major groups (Pentamères, Hétéromères, Tétramères, Trimères and Dimères). The first catalogue, published in 1802, was not for sale (Boisduval 1846: 501) and if not for the fact that Dejean distributed many copies at a meeting of the Société entomologique de France in 1837, it would probably have gone unnoticed. This catalogue is not important nomenclaturally as it contains no new available names. The other catalogues were published in 1821, 1833-1836, and 1836-1837 and were referred to by Dejean as the first, second and third editions. These are important nomenclaturally as many new genus-group names were made available for the first time by the inclusion of one or more available specific names (see ICZN 1999: Article 12.2.5). Silfverberg (1983Silfverberg ( , 1984aSilfverberg ( , 1984b commented on the genera introduced by Dejean in the first edition of his catalogue published in 1821. The objective of this paper is to summarize, for the first time, the nomenclatural status of all genus-group names listed in the second catalogue of Dejean's Coleoptera collection published between 1833 and 1836.

Biographical notice of Dejean
Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean ( Fig. 1) was born on the 10 th of August 1780 at Amiens, a manufacturing city in the department of Somme, about 115 kilometers north of Paris. His father, Jean-François Aimé, Comte Dejean , became a military officer and played an important role in the political arena of France; he became minister of administration of war under Napoleon Bonaparte (Tranié 2001: 280). Dejean was interested in entomology by the age of 13 and at that time collected mainly Lepidoptera together with André Marie Constant Duméril  who was six years his senior. However, shortly after these first entomological steps, Dejean decided to devote himself to the study of Coleoptera. By the age of 15, Citoyen Dejean enrolled in the army and until 1815 participated in a series of campaigns that brought him to several countries including Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, Poland, Germany and Russia. At Waterloo, in June 1815, he stood as general of division and aide-decamp to Napoleon Bonaparte.
Dejean was a beetle collector and, despite his military obligations, continued to build his collection through his own collecting in countries where his military activity took him and through exchanges or gifts he received. Even on the battlefield he kept his eyes open for interesting specimens. As his youngest daughter wrote in the preface of one of her poetry books (Mahul 1869) "Lui même il racontait que pendant la bataille [battle of Alcanizas, Spain, in 1809] arrêtant son cheval au fort de la mitraille il fixait à son casque un insecte léger [it was a specimen of Cebrio] puis de nouveau courait au devant du danger"[He recounted himself that during the battle he stopped his horse to attach a small insect to his helmet and then carried on forward to combat]. This anecdote is reported in biographies on Dejean although the details differ slightly from one account to another.
After the fall of Napoleon in June 1815, Dejean was one of 38 persons condemned to exile. He left France and for the next three years he traveled mostly on foot with a servant, collecting beetles in the eastern parts of the Austrian empire, visiting successively Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia and Dalmatia. He was about to leave for Hungary when his father obtained a pardon on his behalf from Louis XVIII. Dejean returned to Paris by the end of 1818 and remained lieutenant general on reserve until 1830. During that period he probably spent most of his time working on his collection and publications although he also participated in political activities in France as he became a member of the Chambre des Pairs in 1824 following the death of his father. He returned to duty briefly in 1831-1832 and was in charge of the cavalry associated with the Anvers Expedition to support the Belgians fighting for their independence against the Dutch. In January 1833 he was named Grand Officer and in April 1844 Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.
After his return to Paris in 1818, Dejean was rich and respected as were all the generals that served under Napoleon. He financed several collecting expeditions, and also bought a number of collections including that of Pierre André Latreille, around 1826, which added 1700 species to his collection (Dejean 1828: vi). At the second meeting of the Société entomologique de France, on 7 February 1832, the honorary members of the Société (which were limited to 12, including one-third from outside of France) were announced. Dejean was not selected. This probably upset the General and may be the reason why he distanced himself from the Société in its early years (Bousquet 2004: 36). However, he eventually became a member of the Société in 1837 and was elected President for the year 1840.
Around the time of the last livraison of his third catalogue, Dejean in 1837, his sight weakening, talked about selling his collection which at the time was certainly the largest beetle collection ever assembled by one person. Negotiations then started with the French government to place the collection at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Dejean asked for 50,000 francs for the beetles and 10,000 francs for the Lepidoptera and miscellaneous orders (Anonymous 1840a: 373). However, negotiations with the government failed. The King of Prussia tried to acquire the collection but Dejean refused his offer. Since nobody in France was able to raise the money, Dejean's collection was finally sold in parts, during 1840, as advertised in a prospectus published in the Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (Anonymous 1840a). At the time, his collection contained 24,643 species and more than 118,000 specimens (Anonymous 1840a: 371; Mannerheim 1842: 869). In November 1840, Dejean also offered his library for sale (Anonymous 1840b).
Dejean died on the 17 th of March 1845, aged 64, after a lengthy illness, at his residence on 17 rue de l'Université, Paris. He was survived by his wife Adèle Barthélemy, whom he married in 1802, and their five children.

Dates of publication
Dejean's second catalogue was published in five livraisons (i.e., fascicles). There are no dates inside the publication, except for the year on the cover of each part. The earliest dates on which each part of the work was demonstrated to be in existence were discussed by Madge (1988: 318). These dates are to be adopted as the date of publication for each part (ICZN 1999  , end of 1836 (for nomenclatural purposes, 31 December 1836). The dates for the first, second and fourth livraisons are taken from the Bibliographie de la France, a weekly recording journal for publications issued in France. The date for the third livraison came from the notice of new literature of the second quarter (April-June) in the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France in 1834 (p. xxxv). The date for the last livraison is more problematic. The wrapper of the last livraison on the copy we have seen, and those on two copies seen by Madge (1988: 320), are dated 1834 and can be explained by the fact that the publisher used old wrappers from the third livraison. Madge (1988: 320) noted that the last livraison was published in 1836, probably toward the end of the year, because it was noted by Erichson (1837b: 285) in his notice of the entomological literature of 1836 published in Archiv für Naturgeschichte.
As pointed out by Madge (1988), the fifth livraison of the second and third editions of Dejean's catalogues, where the chrysomélines and trimères sections appeared, were printed from the same type but published at different times. Madge (1988) commented that the most logical explanation is that both livraisons were printed in 1836 (possibly at about the same time) but the release of the last livraison of the third edition was delayed possibly to give Dejean time to complete a preface. Since the fifth livraison of the second and third editions are identical (except for the page number), a number of genera at the end of the fourth livraison of the second edition were duplicated at the beginning of the fifth livraison. The duplicated genera are Megalopus (part,pp. 358 and 361), Megascelis (pp. 358 and 361), Orsodacna (pp. 359 and 361), Syneta (pp. 359 and 361), Auchenia (pp. 359 and 361), Lema (pp. 359 and 362), and Alurnus (part, pp. 360 and 363).

Authorship
As frequently done in the first half of the 19th Century, taxonomists and collectors proposed scientific names for new species in their collections. However, specimens were often exchanged, sold or given away to collaborators before they were formally described in scientific literature. As a result, many of these species were eventually described by authors other than the original ones, although they usually retained the original scientific names and credited the person who proposed the name. Dejean received specimens from many correspondents over time and retained the original names and authors in his publications. It should be noted that since Dejean is the author of the second catalogue of his beetle collection, he is to be credited with all new available genus-group names even though they are credited to other authors in his publication (see ICZN 1999: Article 50.1). There is one exception to this and it concerns the new generic names attributed to Chevrolat in the chrysomélines [pp. 356-431] and trimères [pp. 432-440] sections. In the avertissement (i.e., preface) of the third edition of his catalogue, Dejean (1837: xiii) wrote "Quant aux chrysomélines et à la section des trimères, M. Chevrolat s'en étant particulièrement occupé, je l'ai prié de vouloir bien m'aider de ses conseils, et j'ai adopté tous les genres qu'il a créés au dépens des anciens grands genres… Je le prie de recevoir mes remercîments pour la part qu'il a bien voulu prendre à la rédaction de ce Catalogue" [As for the sections relating to the chrysomélines and the trimères, which M. Chevrolat dedicated himself to, I asked him to help me with his advice, and I have used all the genera that he created at the expense of the older large genera… I ask him to accept my thanks for the part he took in the compilation of this Catalogue]. The preface was certainly intended to be distributed with the last livraison of Dejean's second catalogue; however all the undistributed copies of the first four livraisons were destroyed in a fire in Paris on the 12 th of December 1835. Because of this, Dejean decided to release the preface only with the third edition of his catalogue which was published soon after in 1836 and 1837.
In the past decades, Chevrolat's names in Dejean's second edition for the chrysomélines and trimères sections have been attributed to Chevrolat by almost all authors we have seen. However, Konstantinov et al. (2011: 17) argued, in reference to the name Plectroscelis, that it should be credited to Dejean since it is not explicitly demonstrated in the work itself that Chevrolat alone was responsible for the availability of the name (see ICZN 1999: Article 50.1.1). Strictly speaking this is true because Dejean's comments about the involvement of Chevrolat appeared only in the third edition of his catalogue, not in his second catalogue as originally intended. However, we believe that using Dejean as the author of Plectroscelis and several other genera in the chrysomélines and trimères goes against the current trend in recent works on Coleoptera. An application to the Commission may be useful to settle this issue. In this work, the generic names attributed to Chevrolat in the chrysomélines and trimères sections are credited to Chevrolat.

Precedence
A number of works published between 1833 and 1836 have important nomenclatural significance for the names that appear in Dejean's second catalogue. These works either contain genus-group names that take precedence over names included in Dejean's catalogue or include new species-group names listed in Dejean's catalogue. In order to establish precedence, we have ascertained the dates of publication of these works.

Methods
All genus-group names listed in Dejean's second catalogue are treated. Those available prior to the publication of Dejean's catalogue are listed with their currently accepted authorship and year in the Appendix. All new genus-group names are listed, whether they are available or not. For each new genus-group name, we have determined first the originally included available species and, for available names (e.g., those that include at least one available species-group name), the type species and the current status.
Originally included available species are those that were cited by name and available at the time of publication of the livraisons of Dejean's catalogue, whether they were listed as valid or invalid. Any one of them can be selected as type species with the exception that when only one species is listed as valid, that species is the type species by monotypy regardless of any cited synonyms or varieties (ICZN 1999: Article 68.3). A species name followed by a question mark in Dejean's catalogue indicates that Dejean was uncertain if his identification was correct. Such species are considered as "species inquirenda" and are deemed not to be originally included (ICZN 1999: Article 67.2.5); they cannot be selected as type species. An author's name followed by a question mark indicates that Dejean was uncertain about the author's name; these species are, nevertheless, originally included species.
Dejean regularly misattributed the authorship of the species-group names listed in his catalogue. For example, almost all species first described by Linnaeus were attributed to Fabricius. Those described by Dalman, Gyllenhal and others in Schönherr's Synonymia insectorum were credited to Schönherr. Species described by Boisduval in the Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe were often credited to d'Urville who was in charge of the expedition. We determined the correct authorship of species-group names listed in Dejean's catalogue by checking the primary literature and the Index Animalium of Sherborn for similar scientific names with identical provenance and placed in the same taxonomic group.
We have considered all species-group names attributed by Dejean to himself as unavailable except in the following two cases. First, when an author, prior to the publication of Dejean's catalogue, proposed an identical specific name that he attributed to Dejean. This is the case, for example, with several species described by Klug (1829). Second, when an author, prior to the publication of Dejean's catalogue, proposed an identical specific name and stipulated that the specimen(s) was in the collection of Dejean. These are available species-group names in Dejean's catalogue but are attributed to the authors that made them available earlier.
Unless indicated otherwise, we have assumed correct identity for all available species-group names listed in Dejean's catalogue.

list of genus-group names in Dejean's second catalogue (1833-1836)
Below is a list of all new genus-group names proposed in Dejean's second catalogue following the taxonomic arrangement used in his catalogue. No new genera were proposed in the Pentamères: Carabiques and the Dimères. The Appendix gives all generic names listed in Dejean (1833-1836a) which were available prior to the publication of his catalogue.
Many generic names were proposed for the first time in Dejean's second catalogue as invalid synonyms. According to the ICZN (1999: Article 11.6.1), a name originally published as junior synonym of an available name can be available from its first publication as synonym if it had been treated before 1961 as an available name and either adopted as the name of a taxon or treated as a senior homonym. The originally included species are the species (cited by available names) first directly associated with the synonym (ICZN 1999: Article 67.12). Except for the name Sphaeromorphus Dejean, the species first directly associated with the synonym are the species listed by Dejean following the synonym. Three names first published as junior synonyms in Dejean's second catalogue are available: Adoretus Dejean, 1833, Sphaeromorphus Dejean, 1833, and Pterostenus Dejean, 1835 In several instances, Dejean proposed a new generic name as valid while he listed a genus name in synonymy that was already available. It is obvious that Dejean proposed replacement names or emendations in most cases, sometimes with reason because of homonymy, but on other occasions without apparent reason. In five of those cases (Ampedus, Saerangodes, Eutrapela, Plocaederus, and Amphionycha), the names were not considered as replacement names because it was self-evident that it was not Dejean's intention; these names are interpreted as new names. Two names are interpreted as unjustified emendations, Pandarus Dejean, 1834 for Dendarus Dejean, 1821 and Monohammus Dejean, 1835 for Monochamus Dejean, 1821. All other names are interpreted as replacement names.
Comments. The two species included by Dejean (1834: 184) in this genus were described earlier by Lacordaire (1830: 286) as "N… tentyrioides" and "N… antarctica" where "N…" possibly stands for "nouveau" [new] but unnamed genus, not Nyctelia as recorded by Sherborn in his Index Animalium. According to Article 11.9.3 (ICZN 1999), a species-group name must be published in unambiguous combination with a generic name. This is not the case and so Lacordaire's species are considered unavailable. The species tentyrioides was made available by Guérin-Méneville (1834: 12) in volume 4 of the Magasin de Zoologie. We were unable to find any precise date of publication for that volume. Therefore we consider that the name was not available before the publication of the third livraison of Dejean's catalogue.  (Löbl et al. 2008a: 43). Current status: junior subjective synonym of Hyperops Eschscholtz, 1831 in Tenebrionidae (fide Löbl et al. 2008b: 192).  Monrós andBechyné (1956: 1133) is invalid because of the prior valid typification by Maulik (1926: 273 Poecilonota Eschscholtz, 1829, Palmar Schaefer, 1949and Scintillatrix Obenberger, 1956