Three new species of the genus Scaphicoma Motschulsky, 1863 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae) from Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract Three new species of the genus Scaphicoma Motschulsky, 1863 from Sulawesi, Indonesia are illustrated and described: Scaphicoma subflava Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n., S. bidentia Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n., and S. quadrifasciata Ogawa & Löbl, sp. n. Lepteroscapha pallens Achard, 1921 is designated as the type species of the genus Lepteroscapha Achard, 1921.


Key to Sulawesian species of Scaphicoma
Body yellowish-brown to reddish-brown. Ventral surface not iridescent. Body 2.55-2.75 mm long. Antennomere XI about 1.6 times as long as VIII; IV and V shorter than VI. Mesotarsomere I about 1.2 times as long as II and about 2.2 times as long as IV; V about 1.5 times as long as IV. Metatarsomeres I about 1.5 times as long as II; IV almost as V length. Male sternite VII with strongly concave middle of apical margin. Parameres asymmetrical. Bursa copulatrix sclerotized (Fig. 2c) (Fig. 1a). Antennae yellowishbrown, except of antennomeres VII-XI dark yellowish-brown. Head, pronotum and elytra sparsely and finely pubescent.
Head with interocular distance almost as eye width. Punctuation sparse and fine. Antennomeres I-VI with a few macrosetae, VII-XI covered with some microsetae; VI about two times as long as III; IV and V each shorter than VI; VII almost as VIII; XI about 1.6 times as long as VIII (Fig. 2e).
Pronotum almost as wide as long, lateral keel invisible in dorsal view. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum concealed.
Elytra longer than wide, widest at basal 1/6, gradually narrowed to apex, with minute serration at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation coarser than on pronotum (Fig. 5e, f). Sutural striae extending outwards along basal margin to form basal striae, reaching humeral area and not joined with lateral striae.
Hypomeron finely punctuate. Lateral portion of mesoventrite coarsely and sparsely punctuate; medial portion finely and sparsely punctuate, with fine pubescence. Lateral portion of metaventrite from base to basal 1/3 sparsely and coarsely punctuate, with apical portion moderately concave. Mesocoxa almost six times as wide as space between them; mesocoxal area moderately broadened. Metepimeron almost as long as wide, with microsculpture. Metacoxa about eight times as wide as metacoxal process. Metanepisternum about six times as long as wide. Lateral portion of ventrite I from base to basal 1/3 densely and coarsely punctuate. Ventrite VI strongly pointed at apicomedian portion.
Meso-and metafemora with microsculpture, sparsely and coarsely punctuate. Protarsomeres I-III and V each about two times as long as IV. Mesotarsomeres I about 1.2 times as long as II and III; V about 1.5 times as long as IV. Metatarsomeres I about 1.5 times as long as II and III; II and III each about 1. 5 times as long as IV and V.

Distribution. Indonesia: northern and central Sulawesi.
Etymology. This specific name is the Latin subflava adjective meaning somewhat yellowish.
Remarks. This species was illustrated in Leschen and Lobl (2005), thought unidentified. It is very similar to the Javanese Scaphicoma pallens (Achard, 1921) by the body color and the shapes of male genitalia, but it is easily distinguished by the distinctive male genitalia with internal sac bearing sclerites. Diagnosis. Body dark reddish-brown. Body size relatively small. Antennomere XI about two times as long as VIII; IV and V each almost as VI. Protarsomeres I-III each about 1.2 times as long as IV; V about 1.7 times as long as IV. Mesotarsomeres I and V each about two times as long as II; III about 1.5 times as long as IV. Metatarsomeres I about 2.0 times as long as II; II and III each about 1. 5 times as long as IV; V about 1.7 times as long as IV. Male and female sternite VII with middle of apical margin moderately concave. Paramere symmetrical, weakly enlarged at subapical portion. Internal sac with two-pronged spear shaped sclerite.
Head with interocular distance almost as eye width. Punctuation sparse and fine. Antennomeres I-VI with a few macrosetae, VII-XI covered with some microsetae; VI about 1.5 times as long as III; IV and V each almost as VI or shorter; VII almost as VIII or shorter; XI about two times as long as VIII (Fig. 3e).
Pronotum almost as wide as long, lateral keel invisible in dorsal view. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum concealed.
Elytra longer than wide, widest at basal 1/6, gradually narrowed to apex, with minute serration at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation coarser than on pronotum. Sutural striae extending outwards along basal margin to form basal striae, reaching humeral area and not joined with lateral striae.
Propygidium and pygidium sparsely and finely punctuate. Hypomeron finely punctuate. Lateral portion of mesoventrite coarsely and sparsely punctuate; medial portion finely and sparsely punctuate, with fine pubescence. Lateral portion of metaventrite from base to basal 1/3 sparsely and coarsely punctuate, with apical portion moderately concave. Mesocoxa almost six times as wide as space between them; mesocoxal area moderately broadened. Metepimeron almost as long as wide, with microsculpture. Metacoxa about eight times as wide as metacoxal process.
Metanepisternum about six times as long as wide. Lateral portion of ventrite I from base to basal 1/3 densely and coarsely punctuate. Ventrite V emarginated at apex. Ventrite VI strongly pointed at apicomedian portion.
Meso-and metafemora with microsculpture, sparsely and coarsely punctuate. Protarsomeres I-III each about 1.2 times as long as IV; V about 1.7 times as long as IV. Mesotarsomeres I and V each about two times as long as II; III about 1.5 times as long as IV. Metatarsomeres I about 2.0 times as long as II; II and III each about 1. 5 times as long as IV; V about 1.7 times as long as IV.
Measurements (  Etymology. This specific name is derived from the Latin bidentia (two-pronged), referring to the shape of sclerites of the internal sac.
Remarks. This species is very similar to the Philippines Scaphicoma pullex (Heller, 1917) by the body color and size, and it is also very similar to Scaphicoma cincta (Pic, 1920) from Sumatra by the shape of internal sac of the aedeagus. However, S. pullex is easily distinguished from the new species by the Y-shaped sclerite of internal sac and S. cincta is also easily distinguished from the new species by the color of elytra and pronotum with black along the edges. Diagnosis. Body bicolorous: basic color yellowish-brown, elytra each with black fasciae and black along sutural and lateral margins. Ventral surface with iridescent luster due to microsculptures. Antennomere VI about two times as long as III; IV and V each shorter than VI; XI about 1.6 times as long as VIII. Protarsomeres I-III and V about two times as long as IV. Mesotarsomeres I about 1.8 to 2.0 times as long as II; II , III and V each about 1.2 times as long as IV. Metatarsomeres I about 1.5 to 1.7 times as long as II; II and III each about 1.2 times as long as IV and V; IV almost as long as V. Parameres enlarged at subapical portion and tapering to apex, weakly pointed around subapical portion in dorsal view.

Scaphicoma quadrifasciata
Description. Body shining. Head, mouthparts and antenna yellowish-brown, except for antennomeres VII-XI dark yellowish-brown. Basic color of dorsal surface yellowishbrown, pronotum ochraceous or darkened on disc, black along margins. Elytra each with two black fasciae and black along suture and lateral margins (Fig. 1c). Posterior margins of anterior fasciae extended to apex along sutural striae, not reaching to sutural striae. Posterior fasciae extended to apex, reaching to sutural striae. Propygidium and pygidium from in basal half black, pygidium from mid-length to apex brown. Ventral surface almost black and with iridescent luster due to microsculptures. Coxa, ventrite I and II and femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Head, pronotum and elytra sparsely and finely pubescent.
Head with interocular distance almost as eye width. Punctuation sparse and fine. Antennomeres I-VI with a few macrosetae, VII-XI covered with some microsetae; VI about two times as long as III; IV and V each shorter than VI; VII almost as VIII; XI about 1.6 times as long as VIII (Fig. 4e).
Pronotum almost as wide as long, lateral keel invisible in dorsal view. Punctuation sparse and fine, as on head. Scutellum concealed.
Elytra longer than wide, widest at basal 1/6, gradually narrowed to apex, with minute serration at inner part of posterior margin. Punctuation coarser than on pronotum. Sutural striae extending outwards along basal margin to form basal striae, reaching humeral area and not joined with lateral striae.
Propygidium sparsely and coarsely punctuate. Pygidium with sparse, fine and also coarse punctures.
Hypomeron finely punctuate. Lateral portion of mesoventrite coarsely and sparsely punctuate; medial portion finely and sparsely punctuate, with fine pubescence. Lateral portion of metaventrite from base to basal 1/3 sparsely and coarsely punctuate, with apical portion moderately concave. Mesocoxa almost six times as wide as space be- tween them, mesocoxal area moderately broadened. Metanepisternum about six times as long as wide. Metepimeron almost as long as wide, with microsculptures. Metacoxa about eight times as wide as metacoxal process. Lateral portion of ventrite I from base to basal 1/3 densely and coarsely punctuate. Ventrite V moderately emarginated at apex. Ventrite VI strongly pointed at apical median portion. Meso-and metafemora with microsculpture, sparsely and coarsely punctuate. Protarsomeres I-III and V each about two times as long as IV. Mesotarsomeres I about 1.8 to 2.0 times as long as II; II, III and V each about 1.2 times as long as IV. Metatarsomeres I about 1.5 to 1.7 times as long as II; II and III each about 1.2 times as long as IV and V; IV almost as long as V.
Measurements ( Distribution. Indonesia: northern Sulawesi. Etymology. This specific name is derived from the Latin quadri (four) and fasciata (band), referring to the four black elytral bands.
Remarks. This species is very similar to Scaphicoma nigrovittata (Achard, 1921) and Scaphicoma flavovittata Motschulsky, 1863 from Sri Lanka by the distinctly bicolorous body. However, both may be distinguished from the new species by the almost black venter of body, the subapically enlarged parameres and by the shape of the sclerites of the internal sac.

Discussion
Sulawesi is considered to have been formed by the collision of three continental plates, from which derive Sundaland (including Borneo, Sumatra and Java), the Philippines and Australia (e.g. Spakman and Hall 2010). Therefore, the fauna of northern Sulawesi is assumed to be associated with that of Sundaland and the Philippines (Michaux 2010, Stelbrink et al. 2012. Indeed, two Sulawesi species of beetle, S. subflava and S. bidentia, have closely related congeners in Java and the Philippines, respectively. In contrast, S. quadrifasciata is probably related to congeners from Sri Lanka. Thus its ancestors may have drifted east-wards on ocean current. As there are still many gaps in our knowledge of Scaphicoma, further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the relationships and origins of the Sulawesi species.