Corresponding author: Michael S. Caterino (
Academic editor: M. Fikácek
We revise the large Neotropical genus
The
As the original recognition of the genus rested on the pygidial sulcus, Wenzel's (1976) treatment continued to recognize this as the defining character, adding that the species also have ‘a single lateral pronotal stria, triangular prosternal keel formed by the union of the striae, anterior mesosternal margin broadly, shallowly emarginate, pygidium very densely, almost contiguously punctulate, […], tarsal grooves straight, only their inner margin well defined,’ although he acknowledged this was a tentative, and probably inadequate definition. While the present study expands the boundaries of the genus somewhat, mainly through attempting to define the genus in a more phylogenetically meaningful way, it has become clear that all of the characters listed by Wenzel as defining his concept of
Type material of all named species was examined by one or both of the authors. Conventional imaging was done using a Visionary Digital's ‘Passport’ portable imaging system, which incorporates a Canon 7D with MP-E 65mm 1–5× macro zoom lens. Images were stacked using Helicon Focus software. SEM imaging was done on a Zeiss EVO 40 scope, with most specimens sputter-coated with gold. We present only selected images as necessary to identify the species in this paper. However, multiple photographs of all species have been archived in MorphBank (
We present extensive descriptions for the majority of species. At the same time, we term these ‘diagnostic descriptions’, to emphasize the fact that they focus on those character systems in which differences among species are typically found. They are not intended to be exhaustive descriptions of each species’ morphology. We have attempted to make most of them consistent in character content and order, facilitating comparison as well as their reuse of descriptions in other contexts, such as in species pages and other media, which we would generally encourage. However, in a few cases, groups of species are so similar, separable mainly by one or two, often genitalic characters, that it seemed pointless to repeat extensive descriptions for all, in which the important differences might be easily missed. The ‘remarks’ sections attempt to highlight the few most important key characters of each species. Ordering of species within species groups is intended to reflect phylogeny to a certain degree, facilitating comparisons among closely related species and their diagnoses.
The material examined lists provide verbatim data only for holotypes and lectotypes, and summary data for all other material, whether paratypes or nontypes. Standardized (to the extent possible) type localities for each species are presented to facilitate verbatim data interpretation. Within verbatim records, data are enclosed in double quotes, with data on separate labels separated by a slash ‘/’. The summary data generally avoids excessive repetition. Each record begins with the number of specimens exhibiting identical data. Records separated by commas are largely identical, differing only in the datum presented, most frequently distinct dates or collectors. Distinct localities are separated by semicolons, and records from distinct countries are separated by periods (full-stops).
Much of the morphological terminology used is based on
Dorsal (top) and ventral habitus of generalized
Frontal (top) and lateral habitus of generalized
Dissociated male genital segments and aedeagus of
Head characters of
The convexity of the frons offers a number of useful characters, although these are difficult to adequately describe. Most often the frons and epistoma together are weakly depressed over most of the space between the eyes. There are a few species, or groups of species, like the
We utilize a few characters of the labrum in the key and the descriptions, mainly the length/width ratio and the apical shape, which varies from weakly emarginate to weakly rounded. In many species the apical margin appears emarginate across the dorsal margin, but has a distinct process emerging from the ventral surface. This is frequently associated with a pronounced asymmetry in the emargination.
The only mouthpart characters we make regular use of are the presence and shape of basal teeth on the mandibles. The majority of species have a small subacute tooth at the base of the right mandible, but nothing on the left (
The antennal club exhibits some variation, although most of that is at higher levels in the tribe. Most
Pronotal and elytral characters of
The various striae of the pronotum are also very useful in recognizing species and groups of species. The marginal stria generally runs continuously along the front and sides of the pronotum, usually immediately dorsad the actual edge. In many species it is broadly interrupted behind the head (
Many Neotropical
A number of species exhibit what are commonly termed plicae (
Other important characters of the elytra include various sculpturing of the disk, particularly along the apical margin. Some species and groups, especially the
Ventral and abdominal characters of
Beyond the anterior shape of the mesoventrite, its major characters regard the presence of marginal and discal mesoventral striae. The marginal stria is usually present, and ranges from complete and distinct to broadly interrupted. Where interrupted it is often approached by what we term the mesometaventral stria. This latter stria has its apparently plesiomorphic position coincident with the mesometasternal suture. But in most
The metaventrite exhibits a few useful characters of sculpture and striation. The most important and variable is completeness and position of the lateral metaventral stria. The commonest state is that it extends at a slight angle more or less straight and completely toward the inner anterior corner of the metacoxa, though it is commonly abbreviated apically. It may extend in a more lateral direction, toward the middle or outer corner of the metacoxa, in which case it is more often curved. Rarely it meets a recurrent stria, which recurves forward toward the metepisternum. A few species groups (especially
The main characters of the abdominal ventrites are related to the lateral striae of the first visible ventrite (morphologically the 3rd sternite), which run anteroposteriorly along the inner edge of the metacoxa. There may be one or two of these, termed the inner and outer, and they may be variably complete to obsolete. Frequently the outer stria is abruptly curved laterad behind the metacoxa. Essentially all
The male 8th sternite (S8) comprises two halves, usually divided along the midline, though they may be fused for some of that length. The sides of the sternites curve upward, usually curving over dorsally, forming a internally open troughs referred to as apical guides. These are quite varied in degree of dorsal enclosure, as well as in shape of the upper inner edge, and are described for most species. The apices of S8 generally bear some setae, though these may be difficult to see, and are not comprehensively described (or illustrated). In a few species the apices are divergent, and may be broadly membraneous, forming a velum, presumably used in maintaining hold and position on the female.
The male T9 and T10 are intimately associated, with the apices of T9 nearly enclosing T10 dorsally. T9 itself shows little variation among groups, with a couple notable exceptions: in the
The aedeagus itself comprises the basal piece, the tegmen, and the (internal) median lobe. The proportion of total length accounted for by the basal piece and the tegmen varies among species, less so among groups. The basal piece exhibits some variation in its apical shape, related to tegmen articulation, but we have not made extensive reference to this. The shape of the tegmen is quite variable, though it is most frequently simply narrowly tubular, narrowed and weakly downturned at the apex. Its most important character is the position, shape, and strength of what we term the medioventral process This is a usually dentiform process that may or may not be articulated with the ventrolateral membrane of the tegmen, projecting beneath the tegmen at some distance from its base. In most cases the shape of this process is described as seen in a dorsal view, visible through the body of the tegmen, though the degree of projection is best appreciated in lateral view. The median lobe consists of a pair of proximal apodemes and an apical gonopore. The proximal apodemes may be simple thin rods extending toward the base of the aedeagus, may be uniformly thickened, or are frequently differentiated, with the gonopore ends thicker, and the more proximal portion of the rods thin. The gonopore itself varies primarily in width relative to the tegmen width. The position of the gonopore relative to the apex of the tegmen is probably uninformative due to its presumed mobility for extrusion.
Collectively diagnosing the group of related species that we assign to
Much harder is placing those true
Taking a different perspective, it is more or less possible to diagnose some other groups of New World
1 | Outer subhumeral stria subcarinate to strongly carinate, forming a lateral elytral margin of varying strength ( |
|
– | Outer subhumeral stria variously impressed, but rarely carinate; if elytra with lateral carina, then body is densely and uniformly punctate throughout; lateral submarginal pronotal stria, if close to margin, rarely carinate, and pronotal disk not depressed along its inner edge | 2 |
2 | Pronotum with a single pair of anterior gland openings, located along pronotal margin behind eye | 3 |
– | Pronotum with two pairs of anterior gland openings, at least one along the anterior margin laterad eye, the second, median opening variable in position, may be close to anterolateral opening or displaced posterad on pronotal disk by as much as three-fourths the pronotal length | 4 |
3 | Body size <3 mm; pronotum with strong basal plicae; frontal striae abruptly bent dorsad near antennal bases, sinuate across middle ( |
|
– | Body large, >5 mm, subquadrate ( |
|
4 | Median pronotal gland openings close to anterior pronotal margin, within approximately 10 diameters ( |
5 |
– | Distance between median pronotal gland openings and anterior pronotal margin greater than, usually much greater than, 10 diameters ( |
41 |
5 | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria continuous with lateral submarginal stria, joined smoothly, without postocular angulation; both pronotal gland openings very close to anterior margin ( |
|
– | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached from lateral submarginal stria, or meeting at distinct postocular angulation; median pronotal gland openings ranging from 4-10 diameters from anterior pronotal margin | 6 |
6 | Distinct pronotal plicae present ( |
7 |
– | Pronotal plicae absent, pronotum at most weakly flattened across base | 8 |
7 | Frons flat to convex, with frontal stria complete, transverse; body not unusually large | |
– | Frons strongly impressed at middle ( |
|
8 | Metaventrite and first abdominal ventrite with coarse punctures ( |
|
– | Metaventrite (and usually first abdominal ventrite) lacking coarse punctures; other characters variable | 9 |
9 | Body elongate, parallel-sided ( |
|
– | Body form varied; left mandible usually without, or with only small tooth; prosternal lobe rounded, never subtruncate apically; secondary lateral metaventral stria rarely present | 10 |
10 | Body small (usually <2mm), usually elongate, more or less parallel-sided; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae, usually well separated ( |
11 |
– | Body usually larger, rounded or elongate; 1st abdominal ventrite with one or two lateral stria, but rarely with both complete – if two present then close together near metacoxa; prescutellar impression varied, but rarely thin and elongate | 12 |
11 | Left mandible with small but distinct basal tooth ( |
|
– | Left mandible usually lacking tooth, or with minute denticle; antennal club smaller, more elongate; mesoventral emargination varied; lateral metaventral stria more oblique, extending toward middle or outer third of metacoxa; pygidium generally longer; male genitalia varied, but never as above | |
12 | Body small (~2mm), rounded; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, strongly crenulate on inner edge ( |
|
– | Marginal pygidial sulcus rarely strongly crenulate on inner edge (may be absent); other characters varied | 13 |
13 | Frons convex, not at all depressed at middle ( |
|
– | Frons at least weakly depressed in middle; other characters variable, but very rarely with both subhumeral striae complete | 14 |
14 | Epistoma, prosternal lobe, prosternal keel, mesoventral disk with dense ground punctation (often other body surfaces as well, esp. pronotum, frons, metaventrite; |
|
– | Epistoma and prosternal lobe lacking dense ground punctation; central portion of frontal stria usually present (may be detached and/or interrupted); apex of elytra rarely with fine series of apical punctures | 15 |
15 | Central portion of anterior pronotal margin outwardly arcuate or angulate | 16 |
– | Central portion of anterior pronotal margin not produced | 20 |
16 | Frons very strongly depressed at middle ( |
|
– | Frons not so strongly depressed at middle; central portion of anterior pronotal margin more weakly angulate or arcuate; base of prosternal keel varied, rarely weakly emarginate | 17 |
17 | Frontal stria complete, central portion connected to sides; pygidial sulcus finely impressed, may be abbreviated basally | 18 |
– | Frontal stria interrupted at sides, central portion detached; pygidial sulcus strongly impressed, crenulate | |
18 | Outer subhumeral stria complete, inner absent; abdominal ventrites 3 and 4 with single series of large deep punctures ( |
|
– | Outer subhumeral stria not complete, interrupted at middle or present only in apical half; abdominal ventrites 3 and 4 with more numerous smaller punctures not forming a single series; marginal pygidial sulcus obsolete basally | 19 |
19 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria absent from basal half; outer subhumeral elytral stria present only in apical half; inner subhumeral stria absent; body form strongly narrowed, sides subparallel ( |
|
– | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete along side; outer subhumeral stria reaching base and apex, but interrupted at middle; fragments of inner subhumeral stria generally present; body moderately narrowed, but sides weakly rounded ( |
|
20 | Coarse punctures of propygidium discretely limited to central part of disk (though fine series may also be present along extreme lateral margin; |
21 |
– | Propygidium with coarser secondary punctures more or less uniformly distributed | 23 |
21 | Outer subhumeral stria present only in apical half; body shape distinctly rounded ( |
|
– | Outer subhumeral stria complete; body shape subcylindrical, with sides narrow and subparallel ( |
22 |
22 | 5th dorsal elytral stria present in apical half and represented by a distinct basal puncture ( |
|
– | 5th dorsal elytral stria present in apical half only, lacking basal puncture; marginal pronotal bead widening toward the front; apex of aedeagus with thin, membranous, ventrolateral processes ( |
|
23 | Elytra coarsely punctate, partially obliterating otherwise mostly complete elytral striae, particularly the apices of 4th and 5th striae ( |
|
– | Elytra not coarsely punctate, except rarely along apical margin; other characters variable | 24 |
24 | Outer subhumeral stria complete | 25 |
– | Outer subhumeral stria abbreviated, interrupted, or absent | 32 |
25 | Inner subhumeral stria complete | |
– | Inner subhumeral stra abbreviated or absent | 26 |
26 | Marginal pygidial stria fragmented, abbreviated, or absent | 27 |
– | Marginal pygidial stria complete, well impressed | 28 |
27 | 4th dorsal elytral stria abbreviated; pygidium with dense ground punctation, lacking coarse secondary punctures ( |
|
– | 4th dorsal stria complete; pygidium with only sparse ground punctation, with or without secondary punctures | |
28 | Pronotum with numerous, conspicuous coarse punctures at sides ( |
|
– | Pronotum lacking coarse lateral punctures; abdominal ventrites 3 and 4 without single dominant series of large deep punctures | .29 |
29 | Elytron with two complete and one partial epipleural striae; pronotal marginal bead wide, convex ( |
|
– | Elytron with one complete epipleural stria (often a second, incomplete); pronotal marginal bead varied, weakly convex; body smaller, ~2–3mm | 30 |
30 | Elytron with single epipleural stria, with wide smooth epipleuron below; 4th dorsal elytral stria abbreviated from base | 31 |
– | Elytron with one complete upper epipleural stria, and an abbreviated lower stria; 4th dorsal elytral stria complete | |
31 | Punctures of propygidium small, deep, and rather dense; marginal pygidial sulcus very deep and strongly crenulate ( |
|
– | Punctures of propygidium rather large, shallow, and sparse ( |
|
32 | Marginal pygidial sulcus absent (rarely with few weak apical fragments present) | 33 |
– | Marginal pygidial sulcus present, generally well impressed and complete | 34 |
33 | Pygidium with dense, fine ground punctation only, lacking any coarser punctures ( |
|
– | Pygidium with dense, fine ground punctation and markedly coarser punctures uniformly interspersed ( |
|
34 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria obsolete in basal half | 35 |
– | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete along side | 36 |
35 | Elytral epipleuron elevated, flat below strong subhumeral swelling, with numerous coarse punctures on side in anterior half ( |
|
– | Elytral epipleuron normally rounded, subhumeral region less strongly swollen, lacking coarse punctures; outer subhumeral stria present in apical half and as isolated basal fragment | |
36 | Marginal pygidial stria strongly impressed, diverging from margin toward apex ( |
|
– | Marginal pygidial stria following margin throughout, marginal bead uniform in width; prescutellar impression varied (may be absent) | 37 |
37 | Body small, ~1.5 mm, broadly rounded ( |
|
– | Body larger, >2 mm, more distinctly elongate oval; lateral metaventral stria extending posterad toward metacoxa | 38 |
38 | Elytron with 4 complete dorsal striae, with only one complete (and possibly additional abbreviated) epipleural stria | 40 |
– | Elytron with 4th dorsal stria abbreviated from base, present in apical half only | 39 |
39 | Base of prosternal keel truncate ( |
|
– | Base of prosternal keel outwardly produced; pygidial sulcus weak, obsolete at base ( |
|
40 | Body large, ~4 mm, piceous; frontal stria distinctly interrupted above antennal bases (and often also at middle); pygidium with both dense ground punctation and very dense secondary punctation ( |
|
– | Body smaller, rufescent; frontal stria complete or very narrowly interrupted over antennal base; pygidium with dense, fine ground punctation with coarser punctures very sparsely intermingled ( |
|
41 | Median pronotal gland openings associated with elaborations of pronotal striae, including anterolateral tubercles and shallow, sinuate channels ( |
|
– | Median pronotal gland openings never associated with secondary sexual modifications, generally simple in both sexes; elytral apices with or without apical punctures, but 4th and 5th dorsal striae rarely both abbreviated apically | 42 |
42 | Pronotal plicae present; head disproportionately large ( |
|
– | Pronotal plicae absent | 43 |
43 | Body large (>7mm), strongly convex; legs broadly expanded, the meso- and metathoracic legs about two-thirds as wide as long ( |
|
– | Body smaller, convex or not; legs elongate, no more than one-third as wide as long | 44 |
44 | Median pronotal gland openings obscured by dense pronotal punctation ( |
|
– | Median pronotal gland openings distinct, situated one-third or more pronotal length behind anterior margin; prosternal lobe not elevated along midline; other characters variable | 45 |
45 | Median pronotal gland openings at or just in front of pronotal midline ( |
|
– | Median pronotal gland openings behind pronotal midline; ventral surface of tarsi with setae organized in distinct lateral rows; 9th tergite of male never with apices flattened and divergent | 46 |
46 | Mandibles strongly dentate ( |
|
– | Left mandible with at most a very weak tooth; epistoma flat to subdepressed; other characters varied | 47 |
47 | Base of prosternal keel weakly emarginate; pygidial sulcus weak, never complete and rarely absent; microsculpture generally present on propygidium ( |
|
– | Base of prosternal keel subtruncate to posteriorly arcuate, rarely emarginate; pygidial sulcus varied from absent to strong, rarely weak and abbreviated; propygidium lacking microsculpture (microsculpture may be present on parts of the venter); anterior and lateral submarginal pronotal striae continuous across anterior margin, anterior portion rarely detached; pygidium frequently with dense, fine ground punctation; elytral striation frequently reduced; body color darker, generally rufopiceous | 48 |
48 | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria narrowly detached from lateral, barely recurved posterad at sides ( |
|
– | If anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached from lateral stria, then anterior pronotal margin not projecting; other characters varied | 49 |
49 | Outer subhumeral stria complete or interrupted at middle, present in basal and apical halves; pygidial marginal sulcus usually deep and coarse, often ending in basal foveae, though sulcus and/or foveae may be lacking | 50 |
– | Outer subhumeral stria present in apical half only or absent; pygidial sulcus fine, without basal pygidial foveae | |
50 | Pygidium with deep marginal sulcus widened in basal half, but not abruptly enlarged ( |
|
– | Pygidium with or without marginal sulcus, but sulcus never gradually widened in basal half; basolateral pygidial foveae present or absent; 3rd dorsal elytral stria complete; aedeagus short and broad (e.g., |
The
The four species of this group are known from a total of ten specimens, from localities scattered through much of tropical South and Central America, so are extremely rare. Nothing is known of their biology.
1 | 5th dorsal elytral stria complete | 2 |
– | 5th dorsal stria abbreviated from base | |
2 | 5th dorsal and sutural elytral striae united in basal arch | 3 |
– | 5th dorsal and sutural elytral striae free anteriorly | |
3 | Anterior pronotal margin strongly elevated behind head; supraorbital stria interrupted at middle; inner subhumeral stria present in apical half | |
– | Anterior pronotal margin weakly elevated behind head; supraorbital stria complete; inner subhumeral stria absent |
Unspecified, somewhere along the Amazon in Brazil.
Length: 2.59 mm, width: 1.68 mm; body rufescent; frontal stria strongly impressed, complete to sides and continuous with supraorbital. Lateral pronotal stria complete, close to margin and carinate, continuous to front through strongly depressed anterior corners, meeting anterior portion of anterior submarginal stria, which is recurved about 1/4 the length of the pronotal disk; pronotal disk moderately convex, punctate throughout, with numerous larger punctures toward sides. Elytra with outer subhumeral and dorsal striae 1-5 complete, strongly impressed, stria 5 attached to sutural stria by basal arch, only the inner subhumeral stria absent. Prosternum with striae meeting in a narrow arch anteriorly, ending well behind presternal suture. Propygidium flat, with many close large, elongate punctures; pygidium with only a few large punctures along basal margin, finely but distinctly punctate elsewhere; apical sulcus well impressed and crenulate around apical margin. Male genitalia as described for the species group (
This species is only known from the type specimen, from somewhere along the Amazon River (‘fleuve’).
This species can be separated from the others in this group by its basally connected 5th and sutural striae (shared with
PANAMA: Colón: San Lorenzo Forest [
This species is very similar to
Among members of the
Records of the
We name this species in honor of Johannes Schmidt, the great 19th century German histerid specialist, describer of numerous species of Neotropical
FRENCH GUIANA:Itoupé Table Mountain [
This species has the most strongly exaggerated sculputuring in the group, but otherwise is very similar to both of the above. It differs in the following characters: length: 2.65–2.68 mm, width: 1.81–1.83 mm; body piceous; frontal stria carinate, continuous with supraorbital stria, which is interrupted medially; pronotal disk strongly depressed along inner edges of lateral and anterior submarginal striae, marginal bead being strongly elevated and subcarinate; anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved about one-fourth pronotal length (although varied in type material); elytra with inner subhumeral stria present in apical half or more, with the interval between it and dorsal stria 1 strongly elevated; dorsal striae 1-5 and sutural complete, 5th and sutural striae often joined by basal arch; prosternal striae nearly reaching presternal suture anteriorly, joined in a broad arch; propygidium depressed on either side (and correspondingly elevated along lateral edges), punctures large, only slightly elongate, separated by less than half their widths; pygidium as in
The strongly exaggerated dorsal sculpturing, especially the elevated anterior pronotal margin (
This species’ name refers to its exaggerated, subporrect mandibles, reminiscent of a small stag beetle.
BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia [
While this species shares most of the characters of the group, it is relatively unmodified in terms of sculpturing. Pronotal and elytral striae are all relatively shallowly depressed, with little exaggeration of interstrial intervals. This brief description will distinguish it from other species: length: 2.43 mm, width: 1.53 mm; body rufo-brunneus; anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved slightly more than one-fourth pronotal disk length; lateral submarginal pronotal stria slightly abbreviated at base; pronotal disk with short, sublinear prescutellar impression, disk relatively impunctate with only small elongate group of punctures near sides, not at all depressed along inner edges of submarginal striae; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present only in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-4 complete, 5th present in apical third, sutural very slightly abbreviated at base; prosternal striae nearly reaching presternal suture anteriorly, joined in a broad arch; propygidium evenly convex with large punctures separated by about their widths at the base becoming smaller and more widely separated apically; pygidium with fine ground punctation throughout, with larger scattered punctures confined to basal third. Male: unknown.
This species is unique in the group in having rather simple pronotal striation, without any depression in the anterolateral corners, and in having the outer subhumeral and 5th dorsal elytral striae abbreviated from base.
This species is named for its relatively simple sculpturing and striation compared with other members of the group.
The
1 | Inner subhumeral stria present; pronotal plicae present, strong | 2 |
– | Inner subhumeral stria absent; pronotal plicae present or absent | 5 |
2 | Secondary, outer lateral metaventral stria present in addition to inner | 3 |
– | Only a single lateral metaventral stria present | 4 |
3 | Marginal pygidial stria present, distinct | |
– | Marginal pygidial stria absent | |
4 | Male median pronotal gland opening borne on tubercle surrounded by shallow depression in anterolateral pronotal corner, depression displacing anterior half of lateral submarginal pronotal stria ( |
|
– | Male median pronotal gland opening borne on minute tubercle but without surrounding depression ( |
|
5 | Pygidial stria absent; propygidium with only very few punctures; male median pronotal gland opening borne on minute tubercle laterad apices of recurved anterior submarginal stria ( |
|
– | Pygidial stria present;male median pronotal gland position varied | 6 |
6 | Frontal stria abruptly bent near antennal bases, strongly sinuate across front ( |
|
– | Frontal stria more or less transverse, at most weakly sinuate at sides; male median pronotal gland opening found at end of sinuate depression extending posterolaterad from anterior margin | 7 |
7 | Male median pronotal gland opening found at posterior end of shallow, sinuate impression extending posterad from granulate depression along anterior pronotal margin ( |
|
– | Male median pronotal gland opening found at end of short impression extending obliquely from anterior pronotal margin, depression smooth, not granulate ( |
COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: Puerto Salgar [
Length: 1.90–1.97 mm, width: 1.50–1.68 mm; Body rufo-brunneous, sides rounded, moderately convex; lower part of frons and epistoma weakly depressed at middle, frontal stria outwardly arcuate, faintly sinuate at middle, rarely interrupted at sides; supraorbital stria absent; labrum rather narrow, about 1.5× as wide as long, shallowly emarginate at apex; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with very weak basal incisor tooth; pronotum with strong plicae in basal half, in front of 3rd elytral stria, lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete in female, in male ending one-third behind anterior corner in anterolateral pronotal depression; anterior submarginal stria detached, with ends recurved about one-sixth pronotal length; anterior marginal pronotal stra narrowly interrupted behind head; male with depression in anterolateral corner with central tubercle bearing median pronotal gland opening at its apex; female with median pair of gland openings just laterad ends of recurved anterior submarginal stria, about 8 diameters from anterior margin; pronotal disk with few coarse punctures intermingled with fine ground punctures toward sides; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria briefly interrupted at midpoint, otherwise complete, inner subhumeral stria present, obsolete at anterior and posterior ends, all other dorsal elytral striae complete, 5th and sutural striae connected by an angulate basal arch; few coarse punctures present near elytral apex; prosternum with carinal striae complete, sinuate, close at midpoint, diverging slightly to front, connected by narrow anterior arch, keel with faint secondary carinal striae laterad primary striae; prosternal keel weakly produced posteriorly; anterior mesoventral margin broadly emarginate in continuous arc from corner to corner, marginal mesoventral stria complete, mesometaventral stria arched forward to middle of mesoventral disk, crenulate, extending posterad to middle of each metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, outer stria abbreviated posteriorly; propygidium with sparse fine ground punctation and coarser punctures scattered, separated by about 2× their diameters; pygidium with similar ground punctation, and very few coarser punctures, particularly near anterolateral corners; pygidial marginal stria absent. Male genitalia (
The nominate species in this group is the most easily recognized, at least based on males. The distinctive depression bearing the median pronotal gland opening on a small tubercle (
The holotype was reportedly collected in a ‘rubbish heap of
Records of the
Male genitalia of
COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 9 km S Santa Cecilia, Pitilla Research Station [
This species is very similar in most characters to
This species and
This species’ name refers to the raised gland opening of the male pronotum.
BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia [
This species is very similar in most characters to
The males of
The species is named for famed German collector Fritz Plaumann (1902–1994), who made his home in Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina.
PANAMA: Colón: San Lorenzo Forest [
This species is very similar in most characters to
Males of
This species’ name refers to the sinuous track of the male gland opening on the pronotal disk.
BRASIL: Mato Grosso:Fazenda Mutuca [
Length: 1.72–1.87 mm, width: 1.44–1.62 mm; frons flat, with complete frontal stria; supraorbital stria absent; pronotum with strong plicae in basal third; lateral submarginal pronotal striae complete, curving inward anteriorly nearly to meet recurved anterior submarginal stria; anterior marginal stria interrupted for width of head; median pronotal gland openings situated alongside of recurved submarginal stria; elytra with all dorsal striae elevated, subcarinate, with three complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria barely interrupted at middle, inner subhumeral stria more or less complete, just abbreviated at base and apex, striae 1-5 and sutural complete, 5th and sutural connected by a basal arch; apices of elytra with numerous coarse punctures tending to obscure apices of striae; prosternal keel truncate at base, with complete carinal striae united in a narrow arch just short of presternal suture, secondary carinal striae absent; mesoventral margin very weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria complete, mesometaventral stria weakly arched onto mesoventrite, turned posterad well mediad mesocoxa, with secondary lateral metaventral stria present from inner edge of mesocoxa nearly to metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, outer stria abbreviated at inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium with sparse fine ground punctation and coarser punctures scattered, separated by about 2× their diameters; pygidium with similar ground punctation, and very few coarser punctures, particularly near anterolateral corners; pygidial marginal stria barely traceable along sides as an incomplete marginal crease. Male not known.
Even lacking male specimens,
This species’ name refers to its type locality, Fazenda (farm) Mutuca, near Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, which the authors had the good fortune to visit during a 2011 field trip. It is a noun in apposition.
Not specified beyond Bahia State, Brazil.
BRAZIL: Pará: Monte Alegre [
Length: 1.37–1.40 mm, width: 1.09–1.10 mm; Very small species, frons markedly convex, frontal stria complete or barely interrupted, supraorbital stria absent; pronotal disk with short basal plicae, extending forward no more than one-fourth pronotal length; lateral submarginal pronotal stria close to marginal, ending just short of anterolateral corner; anterior submarginal pronotal stria close to margin, obliquely divergent at sides, displacing marginal stria for entire width of anterior emargination; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, not interrupted, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-5 complete, 5th stria subacutely hooked anteriorly, not meeting sutural stria, which is obsolete in basal third; prosternal keel truncate at base, striae extending entire length of keel, connected by anterior arch, secondary lateral strioles absent; anterior mesoventral margin shallowly arcuate, marginal stria complete; 1st abdominal ventrite with only a single lateral stria; propygidium and pygidium with only very fine, sparse ground punctures, lacking coarser punctures; propygidium with conspicuous transverse waves of microsculpture; pygidium lacking apical marginal stria. Male not known.
Although males are most highly distinctive in this group, these specimens are adequately distinguishable to justify recognition as a distinct species. The specimens were poorly preserved, losing their genitalia prior to mounting. However, both have very weak tubercles on each side of the anterior submarginal pronotal stria, which would appear to represent the median pronotal gland openings of the male. The discovery of definite males would permit a more confident characterization of the species. In any case,
This species is named for the Brazilian state where it is found.
PERU: Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Monson Cave [
Length: 1.53–1.56 mm, width: 1.31–1.33 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, with conspicuous ground punctation throughout, especially on pronotum; frons flat, sides of frontal stria convergent anteriorly, abruptly bent dorsomediad above antennal bases, continuous but strongly bisinuate across middle of frons; epistoma weakly emarginate; labrum narrow, only slightly wider than long, apex rounded; mandibles markedly narrowed to apices, left untoothed, right with small, acute basal tooth; pronotum with sides relatively straight in basal two-thirds, convergent to front; pronotal disk with strong basal plicae extending forward from base of 3rd dorsal stria, with only very faint prescutellar impression, ground punctation very conspicuous, with numerous coarser punctures toward sides; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria close to margin, complete, joined with anterior submarginal stria (male) or free anteriorly (female); pronotum with only single pair of anterior gland openings, in female located along anterior margin close to anterior pronotal corners, in male apparenly displaced onto hypomeron in the vicinity of an anterolateral groove formed by marginal stria; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-5 complete, 5th stria weakly arched to sutural at base, 4th and 5th striae weakly fragmented toward apex, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; elytral disk with conspicuous, disorganized punctures along apical margin; prosternal keel trunctate at base, carinal striae complete, free basally, united in rather broad anterior arch; prosternal lobe narrowed, subtruncate apically, with marginal stria obsolete at middle, but well impressed and diverging from margin to presternal suture at side in male, female prosternal lobe with fine marginal stria apically, not impressed at side; mesoventral margin shallowly emarginate, marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward on mesoventrite, reaching about one-third behind anterior margin, continued posterad by lateral metaventral stria to inner third of metacoxa; metaventral disk with ground punctation only; 1st abdominal ventrite with one complete lateral stria; propygidium with sparse but conspicuous ground punctation, small coarse punctures evenly interspersed, separated by 1–2× their diameters; pygidium with conspicuous ground punctation and few slightly coarser punctures intermixed; marginal pygidial sulcus well impressed, complete to base, interrupted apically in holotype, complete in paratype. Male genitalia (
The unique frontal stria of
We name this species for one of its collectors, Dr. Evert Schlinger, also in recognition of his support of entomology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
This group contains three more or less cryptic species, most easily distinguished by aedeagus shape. The most distinctive external character they share is a flat to moderately convex frons (
1 | Marginal pygidial sulcus absent ( |
|
– | Marginal pygidial sulcus present; pronotum with or without coarse lateral punctures | 2 |
2 | Marginal pygidial sulcus weak, often fragmented or abbreviated basally ( |
|
– | Marginal pygidial sulcus complete; aedeagus with sides evenly rounded to base and apex ( |
Unspecified, somewhere along the Amazon in Brazil.
Length: 2.40–2.87 mm, width: 2.18–2.46 mm; body rounded at sides, moderately convex dorsally; frons slightly convex; frontal stria interrupted on each side; supraorbital stria complete across vertex, barely separated from portion of frontal stria in front of eyes; pronotum with lateral submarginal stria complete, free anteriorly; anterior submarginal pronotal stria present; median pronotal gland openings slightly behind anterior margin, near apices of recurved submarginal stria; pronotal disk with few or no coarse lateral punctures; antescutellar fovea present, small, ovoid; elytra with outer subhumeral, inner subhumeral, and striae 1-3 complete, striae 4 and 5 usually subequal, present in apical third to one-half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel striae convergent and connected anteriorly, keel projecting posteriorly; marginal mesoventral stria complete; mesometaventral stria outwardly arcuate, nearly in contact with marginal mesoventral stria at middle; central portion of metaventral disk impunctate, small fragment of secondary lateral metaventral stria generally present; propygidium uniformly covered with round punctures separated by one-fourth their diameters; pygidium with dense, fine ground punctation, with small but coarser punctures sparsely intermingled, apical marginal stria complete, finely crenulate. Male genitalia (
Of two specimens in ZMHB, one bears a label
The type locality is merely the Amazon region. Beyond that it is widespread in much of the Amazonian basin, except where it is replaced by its close relatives, described below.
Male genitalia of
Records of the
BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: 67.5 km E Villa Tunari, Valle Sajta Biological Station [
This species is difficult to separate from
This species may only be separated from
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní Research Station [
As with the previous, this species is nearly identical to
This species may only be separated from
This species’ name refers to its flat frons, shared generally by members of the
The three species in this group are united primarily by the presence of very dense ground punctation on atypical parts of the body (as opposed to its common presence on the pygidium in many
1 | Dense ground punctation limited to epistoma, prosternal lobe, prosternal keel, pygidium, and mesoventrite ( |
|
– | Dense ground punctation present on most body surfaces, including on pronotum and metaventrite (but excluding elytra) | 2 |
2 | Body bicolored ( |
|
– | Body uniformly rufobrunneus; venter with single mesometaventral stria arched onto mesoventrite |
BRAZIL: Pará: Santarém [
Length: 2.00–2.34 mm, width: 1.68–2.00 mm; body ovoid, widest behind middle, rufobrunneus, with fine, dense ground punctation on frons, pronotum, and all sterna. Frons and epistoma convex; frontal stria present only along inner edge of eye, absent across front, not joining fine supraorbital; pronotum with marginal stria complete across anterior margin; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete at side, curving inward at front but ending freely; anterior submarginal stria crenulate, weakly recurved at sides; pronotal disk with few larger punctures towards sides; median pronotal gland openings difficult to detect amidst ground punctation, but present about one-third of pronotal length behind anterior margin, directly behind ends of anterior submarginal stria; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th present in basal half, arched inward at base but not reaching sutural stria, also represented by apical fragments, occasionally complete, 5th stria only present in apical fourth, often fragmented, sutural stria in apical 2/3; elytral disk with narrow band of small punctures sparsely scattered along apical margin; prosternal keel broad, flat, truncate at base, carinal striae evenly convergent, joined by broad anterior arch and fine basal line; prosternal lobe with marginal stria complete, strongly impressed; anterior margin of mesoventrite shallowly, inwardly arcuate, not distinctly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched to midpoint of mesoventral disk, crenulate, posteriorly extending toward inner third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer abbreviated posteriorly; propygidium with fine, rather sparse ground punctation, with small ocellate punctures irregularly separated by about their diameters, denser toward base; pygidial ground punctation fine, moderately dense, additional small punctures very sparsely interspersed; apical sulcus fine but nearly complete to base. Male genitalia (
The presence of very conspicuous fine, dense ground punctation on the head, pronotum (
The published type locality of Ulster Co., New York, USA has been convincingly discredited (
Records of the
Male genitalia of
FRENCH GUIANA: Itoupé Table Mountain [
This species is very similar in many respects to
The red coloration of the elytra (
This species’ name refers to its bicolored appearance.
BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro:Nova Friburgo [
Length: 2.56–2.60 mm, width: 2.22–2.25 mm; body piceous, elongate oval, widest at humeri, convex; frons generally convex, but slightly depressed at middle, finely but densely punctate, increasingly so towards epistoma; lateral portions of frontal striae divergent anterad, slightly rounded, meeting complete supraorbital dorsally, frontal portion weak, both detached from lateral portions and interrupted at middle; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, weakly emarginate at middle; pronotum faintly depressed in prescutellar region, with a few small punctures near depression, ground punctation overall fine, sparse, though becoming more conspicuous at sides, with ~15 coarser lateral punctures; anterior marginal pronotal stria complete; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete at sides, incurved anteriorly but ending free; anterior submarginal stria present, with ends briefly recurved posterad; median pronotal gland openings laterad apices of recurved anterior stria, about 8 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytron with apical transverse row of small punctures; prosternal keel truncate at base, with carinal striae complete, convergent anteriorly, united by narrow anterior arch, enclosed area of keel with dense fine punctation, similar punctation on prosternal lobe and mesoventral disk; prosternal lobe with marginal stria strongly abbreviated at sides; mesoventrite broadly and shallowly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria weakly arched forward onto basal third of mesoventral disk, continued by lateral metaventral stria to inner one-third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with one complete lateral stria, disk with few small punctures near this stria; propygidium with fine ground punctation sparse at base, denser apically, with small round punctures separated by about 1.5× their widths; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation not quite reaching basal margin, coarser punctures fairly dense at base, sparser toward apex; apical marginal stria fine, ranging from a dense series of punctures to a complete stria. Male: not known.
The patterns of fine punctation on this species is unique, with the frontal punctation grading to denser toward the epistoma, the increasingly dense pygidial ground punctation toward the apex, and the fine punctures within the prosternal striae and on the prosternal lobe (
These three similar species are all rather small, with a generally coarsely sulcate marginal pygidial stria, which is particularly crenulate along the inner margin (
1 | Frontal stria interrupted at sides, central portion detached; marginal pygidial sulcus very strongly crenulate on inner edge, all the way to base ( |
|
– | Central portion of frontal stria not detached from sides; marginal pygidial sulcus varied, but more weakly crenulate along inner edge | 2 |
2 | Marginal pygidial sulcus very strongly incised at bases, inner edge not crenulate along this basal portion ( |
|
– | Marginal pygidial sulcus not strongly incised at bases, inner edge distinctly crenulate to base ( |
BRAZIL: Pará: Santarém [
Length: 1.62–2.15 mm, width: 1.44–1.84 mm; body rufescent, rounded, moderately convex; frons flat, very finely and sparsely punctate; frontal stria interrupted over antennal bases, rarely complete; epistoma notably convex near apex, weakly emarginate apically; labrum short, almost three times as wide as long; left mandible untoothed, right with acute basal tooth; pronotum with sides fairly straight, convergent in basal two-thirds, curved inward to anterior angles; pronotal disk (and elytral bases) flattened near scutellum, with faint, linear prescutellar impression, pronotal ground punctation very fine, sparse, some individuals with <5 coarser punctures at sides; lateral marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal stria complete, incurved anteriorly, ending freely behind eye; anterior submarginal stria close to anterior margin, crenulate, barely or not recurved behind eye; median pronotal gland openings situated beyond apices of recurved anterior stria, about one-fourth pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with single complete, strongly sinuate epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical third, inner subhumeral absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th present in apical half, 5th stria present in about apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, all elytral striae, especially sutural, markedly wider anterad; prosternal keel with base broad, weakly, arcuately produced, carinal striae slightly abbreviated in front, united anteriorly; prosternal lobe rather short, marginal stria abbreviated at sides; anterior mesoventral margin broadly, shallowly emarginate, marginal mesoventral stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward at middle, sinuate near mesocoxa, extending obliquely toward outer corner of metacoxa, slightly abbreviated at apex; metaventral disk finely punctate; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria displaced mediad, abbreviated, with broad gap between it and more nearly complete outer lateral stria; propygidium relatively long, about two-thirds pygidium length along midline, with medium punctures in middle part of disk, separated by about their diameters; pygidium with very dense, fine ground punctation and a few, slightly coarser punctures interspersed; apical sulcus deeply impressed, crenulate along inner margin, more strongly impressed towards sides, with narrow flat marginal bead.Male genitalia (
The nominate species of the
Male genitalia of
Records of the
BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, INPA/Smithsonian Reserve [
This species is extremely similar to
The basally deep pygidial sulcus (
This species is named to recognize the contributions of the Natural History Museum, London, to this study. All the specimens of the type series of this species were found among this museum's collections, and the museum hosted the senior author for a two year postdoc in 1999–2001 that continues to pay dividends.
PERU: Madre de Dios: Pantiacolla Lodge on Alto Madre de Dios River [
This species is extremely similar to
The short and displaced inner lateral stria of the 1st abdominal ventrite, and the rather finely crenulate marginal pygidial sulcus (
We name this species in honor of Heinrich von Bickhardt (1873–1920), the German histerid specialist who established the tribe
The
1 | Central portion of anterior pronotal margin distinctly outwardly arcuate behind head ( |
|
– | Central portion of anterior pronotal margin not strongly arcuate behind head, at most very faintly projecting at middle ( |
PANAMA: Panamá: Barro Colorado Island [
Length: 2.18–2.84 mm, width: 1.75–2.37 mm; body rufo-brunneus; frons with median portion of frontal stria well impressed; supraorbital stria briefly interrupted at vertex; pronotum with anterior submarginal stria detached from lateral portion, slightly recurved posterad at apices, more or less parallel to outwardly arcuate anterior emargination, anterior marginal stria interrupted for short distance at middle; elytra generally lacking any fragments of inner subhumeral stria, sutural stria nearly or fully complete, frequently with the 4th stria arched over at the base nearly meeting it; pygidium with punctation mainly fine, dense, with larger punctures interspersed only near the base, marginal sulcus complete, deep, crenulate. Male genitalia (
The best characters for separating
Records of the
Male genitalia of
PANAMA: Chiriquí: Barú Volcano [
Length: 2.25–2.62 mm, width: 1.93–2.28 mm; body piceous; median portion of frontal stria weaker, occasionally absent across middle; supraorbital stria complete across vertex; anterior submarginal pronotal stria generally attached to lateral submarginal stria (angulate behind median pronotal gland opening); anterior emargination of pronotum barely or not outwardly angulate, with a complete marginal stria; elytra with a few fragments of inner subhumeral stria generally present, sutural stria from two-thirds to three-quarters complete; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation and with coarser secondary punctures uniformly interspersed, apical sulcus complete, crenulate, shallower than in
See above for characters distinguishing
The most distinctive character of this closely related group of seven species is the presence of numerous punctures on each side of the metaventrite and first abdominal ventrite (
1 | Apical elytral punctures absent; metaventral punctures discretely limited to posterior one-third of metaventral disk ( |
|
– | Apical elytral punctures present; aedeagus more evenly rounded to straight near apex; other characters variable | 2 |
2 | Supraorbital stria complete; apical elytral punctures mostly restricted to apical margin | 3 |
– | Supraorbital stria interrupted; apical elytral punctures extending forward between striae up to one-third from apical margin | 4 |
3 | Outer lateral metaventral stria well developed, extending from mesometaventral suture to at least metaventral midpoint ( |
|
– | Outer lateral metaventral stria weaker, frequently not reaching forward to mesometaventral suture ( |
|
4 | Marginal pronotal bead convex, widening toward front | 5 |
– | Marginal pronotal bead not distinctly convex, similar in width throughout length | 6 |
5 | Male metaventrite depressed and setose ( |
|
– | Metaventrite not sexually dimorphic, convex and lacking setae in both sexes; outer metaventral stria shorter, usually present as only a short fragment near middle of inner metaventral stria; aedeagus elongate, narrow, medioventral process less strong ( |
|
6 | Dorsum faintly bicolored, with pronotum rufescent ( |
|
– | Dorsum unicolorous; aedeagus with apex simply subacute ( |
BRAZIL: Paraíba: Santa Rita [
Length: 1.97–2.56 mm, width: 1.72–2.18 mm; body piceous; frons and epistoma very weakly depressed, with fine but conspicuous ground punctation; frontal stria variably impressed at middle, interrupted on each side, at sides continuous with complete supraorbital stria; right mandible with weak tooth, left with very weak basal tooth; pronotum broadly depressed across base, lacking discrete prescutellar impression; pronotal disk with discrete group of ~16 coarse punctures on each side; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, weakly crenulate; central portion of anterior pronotal emargination weakly produced; anterior marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind head; anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached, recurved slightly behind eyes, median pronotal glands near its apices, about 8 puncture widths from anterior margin. Elytra with complete inner epipleural stria, and apical half of outer epipleural stria; outer subhumeral stria present in apical half and with variable detached fragment in basal half; inner subhumeral stria nearly complete, just slightly abbreviated at both ends; dorsal striae 1-4 complete; 5th present in apical half, sutural stria in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with coarser punctures confined to very narrow band near apex. Prosternal keel produced posterad into mesoventral emargination, carinal striae complete and connected at both ends, prosternal interspace with conspicuous microsculpture; prosternal lobe elongate, apically rounded, marginal stria well impressed at middle, variably obsolete laterally. Mesoventrite emarginate at front, marginal stria interrupted by broadly anteriorly arched mesometaventral stria; mesoventral disk with fine ground punctation only; postmesocoxal stria curved forward to mesepimeron; lateral metaventral stria extending to hind coxa, with a very short secondary lateral metaventral stria parallel to it just behind coxa; metaventral disk with inconspicuous ground punctation, with coarse punctures anteromediad metacoxae in a relatively discrete band in posterior one-fourth of disk; first abdominal ventrite with coarse punctures between metacoxae (mostly in anterior half of central portion of disk); all tibiae rather narrow and elongate, protibia with 5 weak marginal teeth, the meso- and metatibiae with 4-5 marginal spines, and well developed submarginal ridge. Propygidium with fine ground punctation and with uniformly placed coarser, crescent-shaped punctures, these set about half a puncture width apart; fine ground punctation of pygidium denser than propygidium, with slightly coarser punctures more or less uniformly spaced about 1–1.5 puncture widths apart, these denser toward basal margin; marginal pygidial stria present, complete, but very fine and close to margin. Male genitalia (
The nominate species in the
Male genitalia of
Records of the
BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 5 km SSE Buena Vista, Flora y Fauna Hotel [
This species is extremely similar to
This species can be separated from others in the
We name this species in honor of Dr. Stewart Peck, collector of most of the type specimens of this species, as well as many others in this study.
PERU: Junín: ca. 1 km N Satipo, Sector San Isidro [
This species is extremely similar to
This species is very similar externally to
We name this species for Junín department, Peru, where the type specimen was collected.
FRENCH GUIANA:Saint-Laurent du Maroni [
1:
This species is extremely similar to
FRENCH GUIANA: Itoupé Table Mountain [
(4 females): same data as type, except as noted: 1: 17.iii.2010 (CHND), 1: 24.iii.2010, FIT, SEAG (FMNH);
This species is extremely similar to
The distinctly depressed and setose male metaventrite (
Male genitalia of
The name of this species refers to the setose meso- and metaventrites of the males.
FRENCH GUIANA:Itoupé Table Mountain [
This species is extremely similar to
The abbreviated 4th dorsal elytral stria, lack of apical elytral punctures, and discrete posterolateral patch of metaventral punctures (
This species is named for its type locality, the table mountain Itoupé, as a noun in apposition.
COSTA RICA: Heredia: LaSelva Biological Station [
This species is extremely similar to
In addition to being the only species of the
The name of this species refers to the punctures on the metaventrite, unusual to members of the
This small group of three species is quite distinctive. They are larger in size than average, and more generally rounded and convex than many (
1 | 5th dorsal stria complete to base ( |
|
– | 5th dorsal stria obsolete in basal third; pronotal plical ridge with punctures concentrated along its length ( |
2 |
2 | Inner subhumeral elytral stria well impressed | |
– | Inner subhumeral elytral stria present only as an incomplete series of punctures |
COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Miravalles Volcano [
Length: 3.00 mm, width: 2.81 mm; body piceous, sides rounded, moderately convex above; head with frons depressed along midline, frontal stria present in middle, interrupted at sides; supraorbital stria absent; labrum about twice as wide as long, its apical margin strongly emarginate; left mandible untoothed, right with small tooth at base of incisor; pronotum with strong plicae opposite 3rd elytral stria in basal half; marginal pronotal stria continuous, complete along anterior edge; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, just curved inward at front; anterior submarginal stria present, recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings laterad ends of submarginal stria; pronotal disk with numerous elongate, coarse punctures toward sides; elytra with three complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, although barely broken at sinuation at middle, inner more or less complete, barely abbreviated at base and apex, striae 1-5 complete, 2-5 noteably bent inward near base, sutural abbreviated one-fourth from base; elytral disk with numerous coarse punctures near apex; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, with carinal stria enclosing a triangular space about two-thirds length of keel (though not meeting basally); mesoventrite projecting weakly at middle, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria arched forward in middle, continued by sinuate lateral metaventral stria to middle of metacoxa; postmesocoxal stria curving forward to mesepisternum; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, the outer abbreviated; propygidium with uniform coarse punctures separated about their diameters; pygidium with coarse punctures finer, diminishing to apex; marginal pygidial stria entire, finely but deeply impressed. Male not known.
In addition to the characters distinguishing this small species group, this species can be recognized by its simple (not punctate) pronotal plicae (
The name of this species means ‘dead bird’, to which the sole specimen was attracted, and is a noun in apposition.
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní Research Station [
This species is very similar to the preceding, differing as follows: length: 2.40–2.65 mm, width: 2.25–2.50 mm; body rufopiceous; head with fragments of supraorbital stria present; pronotal plicae with concentration of coarse punctures along its length; lateral submarginal pronotal striae deeply impressed; coarse punctures of pronotal disk occurring in lateral one-third of each side; elytra with two or three complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria interrupted or not, stria 5 fragmented to obsolete in basal half, usually with a distinct basal point; striae 2–5 obliterated apically in coarse apical punctures of elytral disk; mesometaventral stria arched far forward, nearly contacting marginal mesoventral (which remains complete); 1st abdominal ventrite with complete anterior stria uniting inner lateral striae; punctures of propygidium and pygidium denser; marginal pygidial stria less deeply impressed, particularly near bases. Male genitalia (
The complete stria across the anterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1 separates this species from the others in this group (and from many other
The name of this species refers to its apparent association with army ants of the genus
PARAGUAY: San Pedro: Cororô [
As above, this species is very similar to
The very weak inner subhumeral stria provides the most straightforward character for separating this species from the preceding.
This species is named for the country from which it is exclusively known.
Male genitalia of
Records of the
The
1 | Apical tarsomere swollen apically, subtriangular in lateral view ( |
2 |
– | Ultimate tarsomere simple, cylindrical to very slightly expanded to apex | 3 |
2 | Elytron with apical marginal stria uniting apices of dorsal striae ( |
|
– | Elytron lacking apical marginal stria; inner and outer subhumeral striae free throughout their lengths ( |
|
3 | Junction of anterior and lateral submarginal pronotal striae smooth ( |
|
– | Anterior and lateral submarginal pronotal striae meeting at angulate postocular junction ( |
ECUADOR: Orellana: Tiputini Biodiversity Station [
Length: 1.90 mm, width: 1.59 mm; body rufo-piceous, elongate oval, prolonged anteriorly, depressed, coarsely punctate over most of pronotum, less strongly so on elytra; head deeply recessed into prothorax at rest, frons broad, punctate, frontal striae straight, divergent between eyes, with central portion transverse, complete; epistoma weakly depressed, apical margin shallowly emarginate; labrum two-thirds as long as wide, apical margin outwardly rounded; mandibles strong, left with small basal tooth, right with stronger one; prothorax with sides convergent, straight in basal two-thirds, abruptly narrowed, sinuate in apical third; lateral marginal pronotal stria present along side, ending freely in a small inward hook in anterior corner; lateral submarginal stria close to marginal, strongly impressed along inner edge, bent inward and continuous with anterior marginal stria across front, marginal bead broad and slightly elevated; pronotal disk strongly punctate throughout, punctures becoming smaller and sparser anterad, lacking plicae or prescutellar impression; median pronotal gland openings difficult to discern among punctures but present, simple, about head-width apart, nearly one-fourth pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, with all dorsal striae elevated, sides of each stria subcarinate with relatively broad, flat inner depression; all striae complete except inner subhumeral, barely abbreviated at apex; elytral disk with numerous small punctures in elytral intervals; prosternal keel trunctate posteriorly, narrowing strongly toward presternal suture, carinal striae fragmented to absent; lateral prosternal striae curving inward toward front; prosternal lobe with strong median ridge continuous with prosternal keel, apical marginal stria interrupted at middle where ridge reaches edge; mesoventrite shallowly emarginate at middle, marginal stria interrupted at middle by strongly arched meso-metaventral stria; postmesocoxal stria arched to mesepimeron, lateral metaventral stria extending nearly to metacoxa, meeting recurrent stria, which extends anterad to meet anterior part of metepisternum; meso- and metaventral disks, as well as 1st abdominal ventrite with numerous punctures separated by about their widths; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; protibiae very strongly toothed, each tooth with a long spine; all tarsi with apical tarsomere expanded, laterally flattened, pretarsal claws small, straight, parallel, approximate, extending from ventral corner of tarsomere (rather than apex); propygidium transverse, about half length of pygidium along midline, with intermixed punctures of various sizes, gland openings present in anterolateral corners, small; pygidium with uniform small punctures throughout, lacking apical marginal stria. Male not known.
This species is more elongate, especially markedly in pronotal shape, than other species of the group (
This species is named for its somewhat diving beetle-like body form.
GUYANA: Region 8: Iwokrama Forest Reserve [
This species is similar in most characters to the proceeding, differing as follows: length: 1.59–1.75 mm, width: 1.47–1.65 mm; body rufo-brunneus, more nearly rectangular, sides of elytra less strongly rounded, basal two-thirds of pronotal sides only barely convergent to front, abruptly narrowed but not sinuate to anterior corners; surfaces generally more densely punctate, especially pronotum, with large punctures becoming subconfluent posterolaterally; elytra similar to above, but with inner subhumeral stria merging with outer stria one-third from apex, each elytron with apical marginal stria running from apex of outer subhumeral stria to sutural; prosternal keel with carinal striae present, meeting anteriorly near midpoint of keel; prosternal lobe with marginal stria present or absent; mesoventral disk with mesometaventral stria composed of arched series of large punctures, barely connected to each other; metaventral disk with larger punctures, narrowly separated by half their diameters, lateral metaventral stria not or barely separated from recurrent stria in front of the metacoxa; pygidium with fine punctures more densely scattered, marginal stria complete, fine. Male not known.
This species’ name refers to the elevated ridge of the prosternal lobe.
BRAZIL: Pará: Tucuruí [
Length: 1.93–2.00 mm, width: 1.34–1.56 mm; body rufobrunneus, broad, depressed, subquadrate, densely punctate on all surfaces; frons depressed at middle, frontal stria divergent, rounded between eyes, complete, transverse across front, continuous with complete supraorbital stria; epistoma broadly depressed, elevated at sides and along apical margin; labrum about half as long as wide, with sides rounded, apex shallowly emarginate; left mandible with prominent, acute basal tooth, right mandible untoothed, with apex frequently narrow, elongate; pronotal disk with indistinct prescutellar impression; marginal stria interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, very close to margin, subcarinate, curving inward at front, meeting anterior submarginal stria at distinct postocular angulation; anterior submarginal stria transverse, ends not recurved posterad; median pronotal gland openings within postocular angulation of striae; elytra with all striae impressed as pair of dense rows of interconnected punctures; one complete epipleural stria present, outer subhumeral complete beneath strong lateral elytral margin (apparently representing complete inner subhumeral stria), dorsal striae 1-5 complete, sutural stria and marginal carina connected by a complete, fine apical marginal stria; prosternal keel produced posteriorly, truncate at base, carinal striae deeply impressed, meeting at acute angle in front; prosternal lobe with midline elevated, apex distinctly, narrowly emarginate, marginal stria interrupted by emargination; mesoventrite deeply emarginate anteriorly, marginal stria interrupted by anteriorly arched, deeply impressed, crenulate mesometaventral stria; lateral metaventral stria reaching middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium and pygidium similarly densely, uniformly covered with small punctures; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, fine. Male genitalia (
This species is generally very similar to
Male genitalia of
The name of this species refers to its distinctly quadrate body form.
BRAZIL: Amapá:Serra do Navio [
This species is similar in most characters to the preceding two, differing as follows: length: 1.72 mm, width: 1.44 mm; body rufescent, with sides rounded, not particularly elongate, finely punctate, lacking coarse punctures on pronotum and elytra; pronotal sides moderately convergent in basal two-thirds, curving inward to anterior corners; central portion of anterior marginal stria strongly crenulate, marginal bead not markedly elevated; elytral striae not so broadly impressed, with only a single epipleural stria, inner subhumeral stria completely absent, 5th stria obsolete in basal third, sutural stria obsolete in basal fourth, other striae complete; apical marginal elytral stria absent; prosternal keel more distinctly rounded at base, with fine, complete carinal striae remaining separate to presternal suture; marginal stria of prosternal lobe present, interrupted at middle by median ridge; mesoventrite emarginate in front, with fine, complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria weakly and narrowly arched forward at middle, central arch isolated from lateral metaventral striae, which are fine, continuous with recurrent stria; propygidium with sparse coarse punctures separated by slightly more than their diameters; pygidial punctures finer, uniform; apical marginal stria of pygidium complete; apical tarsomeres more or less cylindrical, not expanded or laterally flattened; pretarsal claws longer, divergent.
This species is quite distinct in the group, not so distinctly punctate (
The name of this species refers to its crenulate anterior marginal pronotal stria.
The two species in this group can be recognized fairly easily by overall body shape alone, being rather broadly oval and subdepressed (
1 | Epistoma depressed, margined at sides by oblique strioles continuous with frontal stria | |
– | Epistoma convex, lacking lateral striae; frontal stria simple across front |
BRAZIL: Amazonas: Tefé [
Length: 2.46–2.53 mm, width: 2.03–2.15 mm; body rufo-brunneus, broadly elongate oval, subdepressed, weakly convex above; frons broad, with sides of frontal stria divergent anterad, frontal disk depressed behind carinate, arcuate, complete frontal stria; epistoma depressed between fragments of oblique lateral striae which vaguely meet frontal stria; labrum short, emarginate; mandibles without strong inner teeth; pronotal sides weakly convergent in basal two-thirds, rounded to frontal angles, with a shallow prescutellar depression bearing a single median puncture; lateral marginal pronotal stria complete at sides and continuous across front; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete at sides, deeply depressed along its inner edge, ending freely after turning mediad at front; anterior submarginal stria present, with sides weakly divergent from anterior margin; median pronotal gland openings anterad ends of submarginal stria, about 5 puncture widths from anterior margin; pronotal disk shallowly punctato-rugose along sides; elytra with two complete epipleural striae; inner and outer subhumeral striae, as well as dorsal striae 1-5 complete to front (4 and 5 slightly fragmented at apices), 5th arched toward suture at base, sutural stria absent from basal fourth; elytral disks with coarse apical punctures in apical fourth; prosternal keel truncate at base, with carinal striae in basal three-fourths meeting in narrow anterior arch, faint secondary striae present alongside carinal striae; prosternal lobe short, wide, extending to hypomera, its marginal stria present only at middle; mesoventrite very shallowly emarginate in front, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria arched strongly forward, nearly meeting marginal mesoventral, continued by lateral metaventral stria nearly to metacoxa, then curved laterad, ending short of metepisternum; metaventral disk with fine ground punctures and very fine, transverse microsculpture; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria; propygidium with conspicuous, more or less transverse waves of microsculpture, with fine ground punctures sparse, and coarser, round punctures uniformly separated by about their diameters; pygidium similar to propygidium with slightly higher density of coarse punctures, with marginal stria complete or slightly fractured near basal corners. Male not known.
This species may be easily distinguished from the following by its depressed epistoma with oblique lateral strioles.
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [0°40.5'S, 76°24'W].
This species is extremely similar to
This species can be distinguished from the former primarily by the convex epistoma and simple frontal stria.
This species is named, as a noun in apposition, for the Yasuní Research Station, the type locality for this species, and the source for numerous specimens of a great diversity of
The two species of this group are rather large and convex, with their frons very strongly depressed in the middle (
Male genitalia of
1 | Dense ground punctation of propygidium especially evident at sides, where coarse punctures are few ( |
|
– | Dense ground punctation of propygidium not especially evident at sides, coarse punctures uniformly dense throughout ( |
FRENCH GUIANA: 27.4 km SSE Roura [
Length: 2.25–2.50 mm, width: 1.87–2.06 mm; body rufo-piceous, elongate oval, widest near middle of elytra; head with frons strongly and narrowly depressed at middle, especially behind frontal stria but also onto epistoma, with pronounced swellings above antennal bases; frontal stria diverging anterad at sides, sinuate over swellings, strongly arcuate at middle; supraorbital stria fragmented, not connected to frontal stria; epistoma elevated above labrum and mandibles, flat anteriorly becoming concave; labrum twice as wide as long, sides convergent, apex emarginate; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with acute basal tooth; sides of pronotum evenly narrowed in posterior two-thirds, rounded to apices; pronotum with shallow but distinct prescutellar impression, irregularly oval, about size of scutellum, disk with fine but conspicuous ground punctation, with ~15 coarse punctures close to sides; lateral marginal stria sinuate two-thirds from base, rising from side to dorsum of pronotum, continuous anteriorly along acutely projecting anterior pronotal margin; lateral submarginal stria complete at sides, curved inward at front, ending freely behind eye; anterior submarginal stria more or less straight across front, ends barely recurved posterad at sides, median pronotal gland openings laterad its ends; elytra with sides strongly swollen laterad 1st dorsal stria, most intervals markedly convex, with one complete epipleural stria; outer subhumeral stria present in posterior half, interrupted at middle, with isolated fragment in basal half, rarely uninterrupted; inner subhumeral stria usually absent, rarely represented by short fragment near middle, striae 1- 4 complete, 4th stria usually with small anterior ‘hook’, 5th stria present in apical half to two-thirds, with isolated basal arch, sutural stria present in apical four-fifths, distinctly more broadly impressed toward front; prosternal keel broad at base, shallowly emarginate, with carinal striae sinuately convergent, united near presternal suture, with short, faint secondary striae present behind prosternal gland openings; prosternal lobe rather short, with complete marginal stria, and prominent marginal bead; anterior mesoventral margin sinuate, bluntly projecting at middle, with marginal stria interrupted for about width of prosternal keel; central part of mesometaventral stria detached from lateral metaventral, arched strongly forward at sides, arcuate just behind marginal mesoventral stria; postmesocoxal stria extended slightly inward along mesometaventral suture, lateral metaventral stria replacing it medially, median ends of lateral metaventral nearly meeting at midline, posterolaterally extending toward inner corner of metacoxa; central part of metaventral disk impunctate; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria, outer stria obsolete in posterior half; ventrites 2-4 with single, very regular series of small punctures along their posterior margins; propygidum about half length of pygidium along midline, with dense ground punctation, especially evident at sides, with large punctures separated by about one-fourth their diameters mainly concentrated in middle half and along anterior margin; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, and small punctures sparsely intermixed; marginal stria fine, present only at extreme apex of pygidium. Male genitalia (
This distinctive species is easily distinguished by the very strongly projecting pronotal margin and the strongly depressed frons (
Records of the
Male genitalia of
This species’ name refers to the distinctively angulate anterior pronotal margin.
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [0°40.5'S, 76°24'W].
This species is very similar to
This species can best be distinguished from the preceding by its less deeply impressed frons (
This species’ name refers to its impressed frons.
The
Externally, on the other hand, the
1 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria absent or represented by few fragments at anterior corner | 3 |
– | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete | 2 |
2 | Central portion of frontal stria present (may be interrupted at sides); body narrowly elongate; weakly depressed | |
– | Central portion of frontal stria absent; body, especially pronotum, broad, subdepressed ( |
|
3 | Recurved ends of anterior submarginal pronotal stria long, reaching around midpoint of pronotal length, may be interrupted by median pronotal gland openings | 5 |
– | Recurved ends of anterior pronotal stria short, abbreviated in anterior fifth of pronotal length | 4 |
4 | No fragments of lateral submarginal pronotal stria present; pygidium with coarse punctures interspersed with ground punctation throughout; Ecuadorian Andes | |
– | Few fragments of lateral submarginal pronotal stria present in anterior corners; pygidium lacking coarse punctures beyond basal third; Panama | |
5 | Pronotal prescutellar mark represented by long striole occupying posterior fifth of pronotal length ( |
|
– | Pronotal prescutellar mark represented by short striole reaching at most posterior eighth of pronotal length | 6 |
6 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria completely absent | |
– | At least a few fragments of lateral submarginal pronotal stria present near anterior corners | 7 |
7 | Frontal stria complete | |
– | Central portion of frontal stria detached from sides | 8 |
8 | Aedeagus parallel-sided to near apex (as in |
|
– | Aedeagus widened to near apex ( |
9 |
9 | 4th dorsal stria more distinctly (though variably) abbreviated at base; sides of pronotum with few or no coarse punctures; apices of T9 subquadrate, apices blunt ( |
|
– | 4th dorsal stria nearly complete to base; sides of pronotum generally with numerous coarse punctures; apices of T9 bluntly triangular ( |
GUATEMALA: Guatemala: El Zapote Ranch [
Length: 1.44–1.59 mm, width: 1.06–1.15 mm; body rufescent, nearly parallel sided and depressed; frons depressed and finely punctate, frontal stria absent across middle or represented by few rudimentary fragments, sides forming a continuous arch with complete supraorbital stria; epistoma weakly convex along apical margin; labrum 1.5× as wide as long; both mandibles with similar, subacute basal teeth; prescutellar impression present, elongate, almost linear, 2–3× length of scutellum; pronotum finely punctate throughout; without coarser punctures laterally; lateral submarginal pronotal stria absent; marginal stria interrupted behind head; anterior submarginal stria present, recurved obliquely posterad about one-third to one-half pronotal length; median pronotal glands about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin, alongside recurved anterior stria; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, with outer subhumeral stria fine, present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete to base, the apices of 1st and 2nd striae slightly abbreviated in some individuals, 5th stria present in apical two-thirds, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths, widened anteriorly; prosternal keel produced and rather broadly rounded at base, carinal striae complete, connected anteriorly and basally, narrowly separated at middle; prosternal lobe subtruncate apically, with complete marginal stria; mesoventrite deeply emarginate; mesoventral marginal stria narrowly interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria arched forward about halfway to mesoventral margin, sinuate, then angulate near mesocoxa, posteriorly nearly reaching middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with 2 complete striae on each side; propygidial punctures small and sparse, major punctures separated by a little more than their diameters; pygidium with ground punctures not extremely dense, separated by a puncture width or more, with slightly coarser punctures intermingled, principally in basal third; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, ranging in appearance from a connected series of deep punctures to a deeply crenulate sulcus. Male genitalia (
The small size, lack of lateral submarginal pronotal stria, and long, oblique recurved anterior pronotal stria (
Male genitalia of
Records of the
ECUADOR: Pichincha: 7 km S Nanegalito [
This species is extremely similar to
The very short recurved arms of the anterior submarginal pronotal stria and male genitalia will distinguish this species from
Male genitalia of
The name of this species refers to fact that all specimens are known from the Ecuadorian Andes.
PARAGUAY: Itapúa: San Rafael Reserve [
This species is extremely similar to
The combination of an interrupted anterior submarginal pronotal striae (similar to that shown in
This species’ name refers to the interruption of the anterior submarginal stria by the pronotal gland openings.
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní National Park, Maxus Road at Piraña Bridge [0°39.5'S, 76°26'W].
This species is extremely similar to
The aedeagus of this species is somewhat similar to that of
This species’ name refers to its notable variability in a few characters, especially the lateral pronotal punctation and length of the 4th dorsal elytral stria.
PERU: Ucayali: km 205 of Tingo Maria-Pucallpa Road [
This species is extremely similar to
This species is most confidently distinguished by its aedeagus, having a tegmen that broadens toward the apex (
This species’ name means ‘strong’ or ‘active’, consistent with all specimens being caught in flight traps.
PANAMA: Colón: San Lorenzo National Park, Achiote [
This species is extremely similar to
The short recurved arms of the anterior submarginal stria (
The name of this species refers to the continuous, crescent-like arch formed by the frontal and supraorbital striae.
PANAMA: Darién: Cana, Pirre Camp [
This species is extremely similar to
Male genitalia of
Records of the
This species can only be recognized by the combination of characters given above.
This species’ name refers to the remoteness of its type locality.
ECUADOR: Orellana:
This species is very similar to
This species can only confidently be recognized by the male genitalia (
This species’ name refers to the fact that hidden characters must be observed for identification.
BRAZIL: Pará: Tucuruí [
Length: 1.15–1.34 mm, width: 0.84–1.03 mm; body elongate oval, widest behind humeri; frons and upper two-thirds of epistoma weakly depressed, frontal stria complete; labrum about twice as wide as long, straight across apical margin; both mandibles with subacute marginal teeth; prescutellar impression about half as broad, slightly longer than scutellum; pronotal disk with fine sparse ground punctation only, lacking coarser lateral punctures; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete; anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved obliquely posterad slightly more than half length of pronotum; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in half to two-thirds, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel projecting at base, carinal striae complete, narrowed between coxae, slightly divergent posterad and anterad, connected by anterior arch; mesoventrite deeply, narrowly emarginate at front, marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria arched forward just behind emargination, sinuate at sides, extended posterolaterally toward outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium with narrow impunctate band along base, with small, round, rather deep discal punctures in posterior two-thirds; pygidium with fine dense ground punctation, coarser punctures densest along basal margin, sparsely scattered in apical two-thirds; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, coarsely crenulate. Male genitalia (
This species is unusual among species in the
This species’ name refers to the difficulty of recognizing its true relationships.
PERU: Loreto: Iquitos [
Length: 1.40 mm, width: 1.12 mm; body rufobrunneus, broad, subquadrate, subdepressed, with relatively conspicuous ground punctation, particularly on pronotal disk; frons depressed at middle; frontal stria rounded at sides, absent across front; labrum short, apex truncate; left mandible with subacute tooth, right mandible not visible in type; pronotal sides sinuate (appearing weakly pinched) at base; pronotal disk with elongate but faint prescutellar impression, almost 3× scutellar length; ground punctation sparse but well impressed, with numerous coarser lateral punctures; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete; anterior marginal stria complete behind head; anterior submarginal stria also present behind anterior margin, obliquely recurved posterad about half pronotal length; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria nearly complete, barely abbreviated at base; prosternal keel projecting basally, short carinal striae united in narrow arch just anterad midpoint, joined at base; mesoventrite emarginate anteriorly, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria broadly arched to near mesoventral marginal stria, extending posterolaterally to near outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae which converge both anteriorly and posteriorly; propygidium with moderately large, very shallow punctures separated by slightly less than their diameters, sparser and smaller in apical half; pygidium with fine dense ground punctation, coarser punctures very inconspicuous, few evident near basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, very fine, even and shallow. Male not known.
This species is only known from a single female, but is quite distinct regardless. This species’ broad, depressed body form (
This species’ name refers to its uncertain relationships.
As discussed above under the
1 | Outer subhumeral stria complete | 2 |
– | Outer subhumeral stria abbreviated, present only in posterior half | 6 |
2 | 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria; propygidium with larger, sparse punctures, their diameters equal to about one-fifth of propygidial length; lateral submarginal pronotal stria distant from margin; prosternal carinal striae widely separated, weakly converging, almost parallel; Costa Rica | |
– | 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae; propygidium with much smaller punctures, their diameters less than one-eighth of propygidial length | 3 |
3 | Species from Central America | 4 |
– | Species from South America | 5 |
4 | Outer lateral stria of 1st abdominal ventrite complete, reaching posterior margin; pronotum with at least a few coarse lateral punctures; lateral metaventral stria extending toward outer corner of metacoxa; pygidial punctures larger, shallow, ocellate ( |
|
– | Outer lateral stria of 1st abdominal ventrite abbreviated, sinuate near midpoint of ventrite length around postcoxal fovea; pronotum lacking coarse lateral punctures; metaventral stria extending obliquely toward metepisternum; pygidial punctures small, deep ( |
|
5 | Propygidial punctures small, deep, and dense, separated by less than one-half puncture diameter ( |
|
– | Propygidial punctures sparser ( |
|
6 | Marginal sulcus of pygidium absent | 7 |
– | Marginal sulcus of pygidium present | 8 |
7 | Sternite 8 of male genitalia with apices narrow, parallel, only weakly curved downward ( |
|
– | Sternite 8 of the male genitalia with apices broader, divergent, strongly downturned ( |
|
8 | Pygidial sulcus normally developed, well-incised (may be inconspicuous in specimens with pygidium retracted), rarely abbreviated basally | 10 |
– | Pygidial sulcus very thin, striiform, complete or not | 9 |
9 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, well impressed; numerous coarse lateral pronotal punctures present; sutural stria obsolete in anterior one-fourth | |
– | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria represented by short, thin fragments near anterior corners; sutural stria complete or only very slightly abbreviated at base ( |
|
10 | Pronotum without lateral submarginal stria, with at most minute anterior fragments | 11 |
– | Pronotum with lateral stria present, at least as short anterior stria | 12 |
11 | Recurved arms of anterior submarginal pronotal stria nearly reaching pronotal midpoint ( |
|
– | Recurved arms of anterior submarginal pronotal stria shorter, not reaching beyond anterior third of pronotum ( |
|
12 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria present as a short fragment in distinctly less than anterior half | 13 |
– | Lateral pronotal stria longer, complete or posteriorly abbreviated behind midpoint | 18 |
13 | Dorsal elytral stria 4 complete, almost reaching anterior margin of elytron | 14 |
– | Dorsal elytral stria 4 not extending anterad middle third of elytron | |
14 | Frontal stria finely carinate, complete across middle, dividing separately concave epistoma and frons; upper surface of antennal club with round, basolateral sensory depression ( |
|
– | Frontal stria not carinate, depression of frons and epistoma confluent; other characters varied15 | |
15 | Body very small, <1.5 mm; ground punctation of pronotum and elytra fine but relatively conspicuous ( |
|
– | Body larger, >2 mm; body smoother, ground punctation of pronotum and elytra relatively inconspicuous; pygidium longer, midline length greater than basal width | 16 |
16 | Antennal bossae prominent, frontal stria slightly displaced dorsad, nearly straight across front ( |
|
– | Antennal bossae not prominent, frontal stria sinuate at sides; epistoma very shallowly concave; prosternal carinal striae united posteriorly; pygidium with secondary punctures finer | 17 |
17 | Secondary pygidial punctures fine ( |
|
– | Secondary pygidial punctures slightly coarser ( |
|
18 | Pronotum with few or no coarse lateral punctures ( |
|
– | Pronotum with numerous coarse lateral punctures | 19 |
19 | Recurved ends of median portion of anterior pronotal stria short, restricted to anterior fourth of pronotal length | 20 |
– | Recurved ends of median portion of anterior pronotal stria long, reaching middle third of pronotal length | 28 |
20 | Pronotal prescutellar impression long, flame-shaped ( |
21 |
– | Pronotal prescutellar impression represented by thin, striiform impression, approximately as long as scutellum | 24 |
21 | Prosternal carinal striae extending forward nearly to presternal suture, prosternal keel not narrowed anterad; Central America | 22 |
– | Prosternal carinal striae united well posterad presternal suture, keel distinctly narrowed anterad ( |
23 |
22 | Pronotum with <20 coarse lateral punctures ( |
|
– | Pronotum with entire lateral third of disk coarsely punctate ( |
|
23 | Lateral pronotal punctures numerous (>20) and coarse ( |
|
– | Lateral pronotal punctures fewer (<20) and rather shallow ( |
|
24 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete | 25 |
– | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria slightly abbreviated posteriorly; frontal stria weakly carinate, dividing depressed epistoma and frons | |
25 | Posterior ends of prosternal carinal striae united; anterior half of epistoma convex | 26 |
– | Posterior ends of prosternal carinal striae free; epistoma longitudinally concave throughout | 27 |
26 | Fourth dorsal stria complete ( |
|
– | Fourth dorsal stria abbreviated ( |
|
27 | Central portion of frontal stria detached from sides ( |
|
– | Frontal stria complete, not interrupted at sides | |
28 | Posterior ends of prosternal carinal striae united; secondary punctures on pygidium tiny and sparse ( |
|
– | Posterior ends of prosternal carinal free; secondary punctures on pygidium larger and dense |
Unknown, the original type locality in New York State, USA is wrong (see below).
Length: 1.75–1.78 mm, width: 1.37–1.40 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, sides subparallel at middle; frons and epistoma slightly depressed at middle, epistoma slightly elevated relative to frons; sides of frontal stria rounded, central portion complete, slightly outwardly arcuate at middle; supraorbital stria more or less complete, narrowly separated from sides of frontal; antennal club with upper basolateral sensory pit; pronotal disk with deeply impressed, elongate prescutellar impression, nearly twice as long as scutellum, acuminate anterad; pronotal disk with ~16 moderately coarse punctures posterolaterad recurved end of anterior submarginal stria, not extending to margin; lateral submarginal stria slightly abbreviated posterad, may be interrupted at middle; anterior submarginal stria crenulate, recurved straight posterad for ~1/6 pronotal length; median pronotal gland openings present just beyond apices of recurved anterior stria, nearly one-fourth pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria barely abbreviated at base, 5th stria present in apical half; sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel weakly produced posteriorly, carinal striae short, close, weakly convergent to front, united posteriorly and anteriorly, by narrow arch about one-third keel length from presternal suture, keel distinctly narrowed anterad arch; mesoventrite emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria shallowly subangulate forward onto mesoventral disk, continued posterolaterad by lateral metaventral stria, extending obliquely toward outer corner of metacoxa, bent outward at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete, subparallel lateral striae, inner tending to continue mediad along basal margin; propygidium with moderately large, shallow punctures separated by about half their diameters; pygidium with dense ground punctation, coarser punctures irregularly interspersed, slightly denser toward basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, deep but rather fine, inner edge crenulate, outer edge smooth. Male genitalia (
The only named species of the
The citation of
In this species and the 13 that follow (through
BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 5 km SSE Buena Vista, Flora y Fauna Hotel [
This species is very closely related and similar to
As discussed above,
The type series is limited to those specimens from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, as some minor variation can be observed in superficial characters in specimens from Ecuador and Peru.
This species’ name refers to its flame-shaped prescutellar impression (
BRAZIL: Rio De Janeiro: 17 km E Nova Friburgo [
Length: 1.59–1.65 mm, width: 1.31–1.35 mm; body rufescent, subquadrate, subdepressed; frons depressed at middle; frontal corners prominent above antennal bases, epistoma and labrum coplanar;frontal stria short, detached from sides; labrum flat, weakly emarginate at apex; pronotum with sides subparallel in basal two-thirds; prescutellar impression short, linear, subequal in length to scutellum, disk with ~20 coarse punctures clustered posterolaterad ends of recurved anterior submarginal stria; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete;anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved about one-fourth pronotal length; median pronotal gland openings near anterior corners of anterior submarginal stria, about 4 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 more or less complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, carinal striae about four-fifths keel length, narrowly united anteriorly, divergent, faintly united at base; mesoventrite emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward two-thirds from suture to anterior mesoventral margin; metaventral stria extended to near outer third of metacoxa, abruptly bent laterad at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae parallel; propygidium with moderate-sized shallow punctures separated by slightly less than their diameters; pygidium with ground punctation not extremely dense, with coarser punctures sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, fine but deep, weakly crenulate.Male genitalia very similar to that of
The form of the frons and the frontal stria is unique in this species, having the antennal bossae prominent with the frontal stria broadly interrupted at the sides (
This species names refers to the discovery of numerous specimens in association with subterranean carrion by entomologists with UFPR.
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [
Length: 1.44–1.68 mm, width: 1.12–1.31 mm; frontal stria complete, rather high on the frons, with broad bead above antennal insertions; antennal bosses prominent; supraorbital stria complete, continuous with sides of frontal stria; epistoma weakly depressed, shallowly emarginate along anterior margin, coplanar with labrum; prescutellar impression linear, about 1.5× length of scutellum; lateral marginal pronotal stria present only present in anterior third of pronotum, subequal in length to recurved arms of anterior submarginal stria; pronotal disk with ~12 coarse lateral punctures; median pronotal gland openings about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria prsent in apical half, striae 1-4 complete (4th occasionally slightly abbreviated at base), 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel produced posteriorly, carinal striae short anteriorly, tending to be faint to obsolete posteriorly; marginal mesoventral stria complete; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched forward at middle nearly to marginal mesoventral stria; lateral metaventral stria extended toward outer fourth of metacoxa, occasionally bent laterad at apex; propygidium uniformly covered with small round punctures separated by their diameters; pygidium with ground punctation moderately dense, coarser punctures irregularly but conspicuously interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, deep, crenulate along inner edge, relatively smooth on outer edge. Male genitalia more or less indistinguishable from those of
This species can usually be recognized by its shortened lateral submarginal pronotal stria, complete frontal stria situated relatively high on the frons (Fig. 35A), depressed epistoma coplanar with labrum, prosternal striae which tend to be obsolete basally, and pygidial sulcus which is narrowly rounded to subangulate around the apical margin (
Male genitalia of
Records of the
This species’ name refers to the frontal calli, or prominent bosses above the antennal bases.
COLOMBIA: Vaupés: Caparú Biological Station [
This species is extremely similar to the preceding, differing as follows: length: 1.37–1.40 mm, width: 1.09–1.12 mm; pronotum with anterior submarginal stria with recurved ends slightly longer, between one-third and one-half pronotal length; elytra with 1st dorsal stria frequently obsolete at apex, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria consistently very slightly shorter than 4th; prosternal keel with carinal striae not weak toward base, generally connected posteriorly, subparallel toward front, united in anterior arch about one-fourth keel length from presternal suture; propygidium with punctures smaller, denser, separated by about one-half their diameters; pygidial marginal sulcus deep, but simple with margins only very faintly crenulate. Male genitalia indistinguishable from those of
This species is generally similar in all respects to the preceding, but may be separated by the distinctly shortened 4th dorsal stria.
This species is named for the country where it is found.
FRENCH GUIANA: 33.5 km S and 8.4 km NW of Highway N2 on Highway D5 [
This species is very similar to both of the preceding, differing as follows: length: 1.44–1.47 mm, width: 1.09–1.12 mm; frons less strongly impressed at middle, antennal bosses not as prominent; frontal stria usually complete across front, rarely narrowly interrupted at sides; epistoma depressed, very weakly convex along apical margin, but basically coplanar with flat labrum; prescutellar impression narrow, linear, almost twice as long as scutellum; lateral submarginal stria complete; lateral portion of pronotal disk with ~15 coarse punctures; anterior submarginal pronotal stria strongly and slightly obliquely recurved posterad, reaching nearly to the middle of the pronotal disk; propygidium densely covered with small round punctures separated by about half their diameters. Male genitalia (
This species is best diagnosed by the complete frontal stria with the antennal bosses only weakly prominent, the complete lateral submarginal pronotal striae, long recurved arms of anterior submarginal pronotal stria, and the complete 4th elytral stria. Specimens from Amapá and Manaus tend to have the lateral submarginal pronotal stria abbreviated posteriorly. We limit the type series to those specimens from localities in coastal French Guiana.
This species’ name refers to the rather elongate, narrowly incised prescutellar impression.
BRAZIL: Amapá: Serra do Navio [
Nearly indistinguishable from
The small size, strongly reduced lateral submarginal pronotal stria (
Records of the
The name of this species refers to the relatively prominent frontal corners.
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [
Length: 1.25–1.50 mm, width: 1.00–1.15 mm; frons flat to convex, frontal stria complete, more or less transverse across front, not displaced dorsad, antennal bases not particularly prominent; epistoma weakly depressed in middle, narrowly convex along anterior margin; labrum about twice as wide as long, straight across apical margin; pronotal disk with narrow prescutellar impression about 1.5× length of scutellum; ground punctation of pronotal disk fine and sparse, slightly more strongly impressed toward sides, with few (<8) small secondary punctures at sides; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, curving inward in front and ending freely; anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved posterad at sides about one-third length of pronotal disk; median pronotal gland openings close, laterad anterior submarginal stria, sometimes disrupting its path, about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, 1st stria complete to base, tending toward obsolete in apical fourth, striae 2-3 complete, 4th stria varied, from present in only apical half to very nearly complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel produced at base, carinal striae present in basal three-fourths of keel, slightly divergent and separate at base, united anteriorly; mesoventrite emarginate anteriorly, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria broadly angulate forward to middle of mesoventral disk, continued by lateral metaventral stria extending posterolaterally toward posterior corner of metepisternum; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria weakly abbreviated apically, outer complete, parallel; propygidium with very fine, sparse ground punctures and small, round, shallow punctures separated by about 1.5× their diameters; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctures only, lacking coarser punctures, even along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, shallow, frequently obsolete toward basal corners. Male genitalia indistinguishable from those of
The small size of this species, along with its pygidium (
This species is named for the type locality's region, along the Rio Tiputini, in Amazonian Ecuador.
BRASIL: Pará:Belém, Utinga [
Length: 1.15–1.25 mm, width: 0.81–0.87 mm; body very small, rather elongate, parallel-sided; frons very shallowly depressed, frontal stria complete, transverse across front; supraorbital stria fine, complete, meeting sides of frontal stria; epistoma shallowly emarginate anteriorly, flat, coplanar with labrum; labrum with sides narrowed, apex weakly emarginate; left mandible with fairly prominent bifid tooth at base; right mandible with single acute tooth; pronotal disk with prescutellar impression linear, almost 2× as long as scutellum; lateral submarginal pronotal stria absent; anterior marginal pronotal stria interrupted for width of head, but meeting corner of anterior submarginal stria, which is close to margin, recurved posterad for approximately one-third pronotal length; median pronotal gland openings situated alongside anterior submarginal stria, about 4 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; ground punctation of elytral disks sparse but conspicuous; prosternal keel narrowly produced at base, carinal striae close, subparallel anteriorly, slightly diverging but connected basally, united in anterior arch about one-fourth from presternal suture; mesoventral margin emarginate, marginal stria abbreviated; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched forward to near mesoventral margin, displacing marginal stria; lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa, not abbreviated apically; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae close and parallel; propygidium with ground punctation sparse, well impressed, conspicuous, with small, shallow, round punctures separated by about their diameters; pygidium with fine ground punctation very dense, with coarser punctures fairly sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, fine but well impressed. Male genitalia (
This species is unusual in its small and narrowly elongate body form (
Even by
GUYANA: Region 8: 1 km W Kurupukari, Iwokrama Field Station [
Length: 1.28–1.59 mm, width: 0.97–1.15 mm; body rufescent, depressed, elongate, sides subparallel; frons and epistoma strongly depressed at middle, antennal bosses strongly prominent; frontal stria absent; supraorbital stria very fine, inconspicuous, or absent; epistoma weakly convex along anterior margin; labrum flat, slightly sinuate along anterior margin; both mandibles with strong, simple basal teeth; pronotal disk with thin, linear prescutellar impression about 1.5× scutellar length, ground punctation sparse, fine, with few coarser punctures at sides, particularly posterolaterad ends of anterior submarginal stria; lateral submarginal pronotal stria variably strongly reduced, present only in anterior corners to completely absent; anterior submarginal stria recurved somewhat obliquely posterad, reaching middle of pronotum; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical four-fifths; base of prosternal keel projecting, but rather bluntly rounded posteriorly, with carinal striae strongly shortened, meeting in narrow anterior arch just anterad midpoint of keel, faintly connected basally; mesoventral margin emarginate at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria strongly arched forward at middle, reaching anterior third of mesoventral disk, continued posterolaterally by lateral metaventral, which extends toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae, central portion of disk rather narrow, with a few small punctures near apical margin; propygidium with medium-sized round, shallow punctures concentrated in anterior two-thirds, separated by about their diameters; pygidium with fine, very dense ground punctation only, lacking coarser punctures; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, but very fine. Male genitalia more or less indistinguishable from those of
Although in genitalic characters this species is very similar to
This species’ name refers to its apparently myrmecophilus habits, which are infrequent in
BRAZIL: Espirito Santo: Fazenda Lagoa do Macuco [
Length: 1.50–1.78 mm, width: 1.15–1.22 mm; body elongate, sides subparallel; frons depressed at middle; frontal stria with sides strongly divergent along inner edge of eye, arcuate at sides above antennal bases but slightly arched dorsad across middle; epistoma rather flat, coplanar with labrum, emarginate anteriorly; labrum flat, narrowed to apex, almost two-thirds as long as wide, with apical margin weakly rounded; left mandible with bluntly bifid basal tooth, right mandible with subacute tooth; pronotal disk with narrow, linear prescutellar impression slightly longer than scutellum, ground punctation very fine and sparse, with ~12 coarser punctures posterolaterad apices of anterior submarginal stria; lateral submarginal stria complete, close to side, bent inward rather abruptly in front, ending freely; anterior submarginal stria recurved obliquely posterad about one-fifth pronotal length; median pronotal gland openings next to anterior submarginal stria, about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in just over apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel narrowly rounded at base, carinal striae long, subparallel in anterior three-fourths, united in narrow arch, just divergent at base; stria of prosternal lobe interrupted at middle and shortened at sides; mesoventral margin narrowly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria rather broadly arched forward to near mesoventral stria, mesoventral disk with conspicuous transverse microsculpture; lateral metaventral stria sinuate at sides, extending toward posterior corner of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete, parallel lateral striae, inner ones barely extending mediad along basal margin; propygidium with rather larger, shallow punctures separated by about two-thirds their diameters; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation and coarser punctures fairly densely interspersed, particularly toward basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, narrow but deeply impressed, weakly crenulate along inner and outer edges. Male genitalia more or less indistinguishable from those of
This species is very similar to
This species’ name refers to its slender, elongate body form.
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní Research Station [
Length: 1.68–1.81 mm, width: 1.37–1.47 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval; frontal stria complete, weakly displaced dorsad, divergent, rounded at sides, transverse across front, continuous with complete suborbital stria; epistoma not depressed in front of frontal stria, rather flat, weakly emarginate apically; labrum with upper edge of apical margin emarginate, but with small acute median tooth produced beneath; left mandible with bluntly bifid basal tooth, right mandible with subacute tooth; prescutellar impression linear, narrow, almost twice as long as scutellum; few (~12) coarser lateral pronotal punctures present; lateral submarginal pronotal stria abbreviated posteriorly; anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved posterad about one-sixth pronotal length; median pronotal gland openings laterad base of anterior submarginal stria, about 4 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete (4th sometimes barely abbreviated or fragmented at base), 5th stria present in apical half or less, frequently fragmented, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel weakly produced posteriorly, carinal striae united well short of presternal suture, united at base; mesoventral margin narrowly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched forward to middle of mesoventral disk; lateral metaventral stria extending to near outer corner of metacoxa, frequently bent outward at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete subparallel lateral striae; propygidium with very small, shallow punctures separated by slightly more than their diameters; pygidium with fine dense ground punctation, very slightly coarser punctures sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial stria complete, fine but deep. Male genitalia (
As mentioned above, this and the following two species form a distinctive subgroup based on male genitalia. While their aedeagi shows the truncate medioventral process and subapical cleft of the preceding species, the T8 has very small accessory sclerites, distinctive subapical sclerotizations (
The strongly abbreviated lateral pronotal stria (
Male genitalia of
Records of the
This species’ name refers to its relative abundance at its type locality, among the most common
BRAZIL: Pará: Belém, Utinga [
This species is very similar to the preceding, differing only in a few characters, as follows: length: 1.44–1.78 mm, width: 1.19–1.40 mm; prosternal carinal striae nearly reaching presternum (longer than in
This species can be most easily separated from close relatives by the characters in the description, particularly the longer prosternal striae and coarser pygidial punctures (
This species’ name refers to its primary occurrence in and near the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.
SURINAME: Brokopondo:Ston Eiland Ecological Resort [
As with the preceding, this species is very similar to
This species has little to distinguish it from the preceding two beyond the longer lateral submarginal pronotal stria (
This species’ name means ‘harmless’.
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní Research Station [
Length: 1.44–1.75 mm, width: 1.25–1.47 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, moderately convex, widest behind humeri; frontal stria complete, more or less evenly rounded from sides to front; epistoma convex, shallowly emarginate at apex; labrum about half as long as wide, sides rounded, apex slightly asymmetrical, with left side produced more than right; left mandible with blunt basal tooth, right mandible with small subacute basal tooth; pronotum depressed across base; prescutellar impression short, linear, length about equal to that of scutellum; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, marginal bead relatively wide; anterior submarginal pronotal stria barely recurved at apices; pronotal disk with few, ~6, very faint coarse lateral punctures; elytra with outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, striae 3-5 abruptly more broadly impressed at apices; prosternal carinal striae united very close to presternum; lateral metaventral stria extending obliquely toward posterior third of metepisternum, abbreviated at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete, subparallel lateral striae, disk lacking any median punctures; propygidium densely and uniformly convered with medium sized punctures; pygidium with fine dense ground punctation and slightly coarser punctures uniformly interspersed, separated by about 2× their diameters; marginal pygidial sulcus finely but deeply impressed, weakly crenulate on edges. Male genitalia (
This species and the four that follow are characterized by having the medioventral aedeagal process broadly rounded (
The combination of apically expanded elytral striae (
Records of the
Male genitalia of
This species is named mainly as a counterpoint to the following, in which the 4th and 5th elytral striae are confluent apically. In
BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: 117 km E Yungas on Cochabamba – Villa Tunari Road [
This species is very similar to the preceding, differing as follows: length: 1.68–1.97 mm, width: 1.37–1.62 mm; body larger, broader; 5th and sutural elytral striae slightly longer and more broadly impressed; elytral striae 3-5 expanded at apex, striae 4-5 usually joined in apical arch; mesoventrite less deeply emarginate at middle; lateral metaventral stria extended more posteriorly; lateral striae of 1st abdominal ventrite closer to each other, subparallel; pygidial disk with coarser punctures sparser though slightly larger at middle; marginal pygidial sulcus deeper and coarser. Male: basal genitalic segments identical to those of
This species is very similar to several other
The name of this species refers to the unusual tendency for the apices of the 4th and 5th elytral striae to merge.
COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station
This species is very similar to the preceding, differing in only a few characters, as follows: length: 1.44–1.68 mm, width: 1.19–1.34 mm; frontal stria with central portion straighter, more transverse; coarser lateral pronotal punctures more numerous and conspicuous; lateral metaventral stria directed more posteriorly; mesoventrite and 1st abdominal ventrite with conspicuous transverse waves of microsculpture; propygidium with secondary punctures larger, shallower, slightly sparser, separated by almost half their diameters; pygidium appearing shorter, partly due to more deeply impressed apical marginal sulcus; secondary pygidial punctures similarly coarse, but tending to be more concentrated toward basal margin. Male genitalia: very similar to
The name of this species refers to its apically widened elytral striae.
PANAMA: Colón: San Lorenzo Forest [
This species is very similar to the preceding, differing in the following characters: length: 1.53–1.78 mm, width: 1.25–1.44 mm; frontal stria complete, rather evenly rounded from sides to front; lateral pronotal complete; pronotum finely punctate, lacking any larger lateral punctures; pronotum depressed, but lacking distinct antescutellar impression; lateral metaventral stria extending obliquely laterad just behind postmesocoxal stria; 1st abdominal ventrite with the two lateral striae fine and very close at base, diverging posteriorly, outer stria frequently abbreviated or fragmented; outer subhumeral stria complete, fine, occasionally fragmented basally, elytral striae 1-3 complete , 4th and 5th striae present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral striae 3-5 weakly expanded at apices; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, well developed, somewhat crenulate; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation interspersed with sparse, slightly coarser secondary punctures. Male genitalia similar in most respects to those of
Among the species that exhibit a subapical desclerotization along the apical emargination of the male 8th tergite (
This species’ name recognizes the IBISCA (Investigating the Biodiversity of Soil and Canopy Arthropods) project, whose 2003–04 Panamanian survey yielded the type specimens of this species.
BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia [
Length: 1.59–1.87 mm, width: 1.22–1.44 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval; frontal stria with central portion connected to sides, barely arcuate, transverse; anterior submarginal pronotal stria barely recurved posterad; pronotal disk with ~20 fairly conspicuous coarse lateral punctures; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present only in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half to two-thirds, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; elytral striae 3-5 not expanded apically; mesoventral disk and 1st abdominal ventrite lacking microsculpture; lateral metaventral stria extending posterolaterad toward outer corner of metacoxa, not appreciably curved; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae moderately close, subparallel in basal half, diverging in posterior half, inner turned posterad, outer turned laterad, abbreviated, disk with fine series of small punctures along posterior margin; ventrites 2-4 similar but with larger punctures; propygidium with small round punctures sparsely but uniformly separated by nearly their diameters; pygidium with ground punctation less dense than that of propygidium, with shining impunctate pygidial surface visible between, slightly coarser punctures uniformly interspersed, not concentrated along basal margin; marginal sulcus of pygidium complete, deeply impressed, crenulate along outer margin, slightly removed from margin at middle. Male genitalia (
The shortened 4th dorsal stria (
This species is named for its type (and sole known) locality, Nova Teutonia in Santa Catarina, Brazil.
COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station
Length: 1.40–1.78 mm, width: 1.09–1.31 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, widest near humeri; frontal stria complete, subcarinate at middle; epistoma depressed at middle, apical margin appearing subcarinate; antennal club with basolateral pit, with second annulus interrupted on dorsal surface; lateral submarginal pronotal stria present in apical third to half; anterior submarginal stria barely recurved, much shorter than lateral submarginal; pronotal disk with ~15 coarser punctures, most concentrated in anterolateral third; antescutellar region broadly depressed, with narrow prescutellar impression barely longer than scutellum; outer subhumeral stria present in apical half only, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria varied, from present in apical half to nearly complete, 5th stria present in apical half to two-thirds, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel distinctly produced at base, with carinal striae closely-set, subparallel, weakly convergent to front, united in anterior arch about three-fourths from base; mesoventrite distinctly and discretely emarginate at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria subangulate to midpoint of mesoventral disk, extending posterlaterally toward outer corner of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae complete, subparallel; propygidium with uniform round, shallow punctures separated by about their diameters; pygidium lacking apical marginal sulcus, ground punctation fine, dense, with coarser secondary punctures interspersed, denser along basal margin. Male genitalia (
In this species and the four that follow (through
Male genitalia of
Records of the
This species’ name hints at its pleasantly recognizeable morphology.
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [
This species is extremely similar to
Due to the extreme external similarity of this species with multiple others, and some evident variation in punctation and striation, we restrict the type series to those specimens from eastern Ecuador.
This species’ name refers to the weak but distinctive constriction near the base of the pronotal margin.
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní Research Station [
Length: 1.56–1.65 mm, width: 1.22–1.28 mm; this species is externally nearly identical to
Aside from their allopatric distributions, this species can only be reliably separated from
We name this species for chrysomelid specialist Edward Riley, in recognition of his numerous contributions to this study.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Las Cruces Biological Station [
This species is extremely similar to
This species may be separated from similar species by the less strongly impressed epistoma, large prescutellar impression (
This species’ name underscores the general similarity of
PANAMÁ: Chiriquí: La Fortuna [
This species is extremely similar to
While the characters listed in the description will help to distinguish this species from
This species’ name refers to its limited distribution, being known only from the type locality in Chiriquí, Panama.
BRAZIL: Pará: km 18 Altamira – Marabá road [
Length: 1.22–1.40 mm, width: 0.84–0.97 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate, sides subparallel, depressed; frons weakly depressed at middle, frontal stria complete, sinuate, slightly recurved at middle; supraorbital stria complete, meeting sides of frontal stria; epistoma broad, sides rounded, emarginate across anterior margin; labrum half as long as wide, straight across apical margin; left and right mandibles both with acute basal tooth; pronotal disk with linear prescutellar impression about 1.5× as long as scutellum; lateral submarginal pronotal stria absent, anterior marginal stria interrupted behind head; anterior submarginal stria strongly recurved posterad, reaching pronotal midpoint; median pronotal gland openings along side base of recurved arms of anterior stria, about 4 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with 1 complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel with base produced, rounded, carinal striae long, close and subparallel in anterior three-fourths, united in narrow anterior arch, separate basally; mesoventrite emarginate anteriorly, marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched forward to near margin, sinuate laterally, continued by lateral metaventral stria to near middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium (
In general body shape (
Male genitalia of
The Latin name
BRASIL: Minas Gerais,Boqueirão Reserve near Lavras [
Length: 1.93 mm, width: 1.56 mm; body rufopiceous, rather strongly elongate-oval, moderately convex, not depressed; frons weakly depressed at middle, with fine, inconspicuous ground punctation; sides of frontal stria rounded, evenly curving over antennal bases, finely impressed, complete across front; epistoma weakly convex across anterior edge, weakly emarginate; labrum about twice as wide as long, shallowly emarginate apically; left mandible untoothed, right with small, acute basal tooth; pronotum with short, sublinear, anteriorly bulbous prescutellar impression, pronotal disk slightly depressed across base, with fine, inconspicuous ground punctation and ~15 coarse lateral punctures in a band slightly removed from margin; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal stria complete along side, curving inward at front, nearly meeting anterior submarginal stria, which is very briefly recurved at sides; median pronotal gland openings present just beyond recurved ends of anterior submarginal stria; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel produced at base, with complete carinal striae divergent posteriorly, connected though somewhat fragmented along basal margin, united in narrow anterior arch; prosternal lobe with complete marginal stria; anterior margin of mesoventrite broadly, rather deeply emarginate, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched forward to about mesoventral midpoint, sinuate at sides, continued posterolaterad by lateral metaventral stria toward outer corner of metacoxa, abruptly bent laterad at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer lateral stria obsolete apically; propygidium with fine ground punctation mostly sparse, becoming slightly denser apically, with rather large, shallow secondary punctures irregularly separated by less than their widths; pygidium with fine ground punctation moderately dense, with small secondary punctures sparsely intermingled, denser along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus slightly separated from margin, with smooth, flat marginal bead, deeply impressed in just over apical half, obsolete basally. Male not known.
This species, although known from only a single female specimen, is quite distinctive in the
This species’ name refers to the shortened marginal pygidial stria.
MEXICO: Oaxaca: 26 km E Valle Nacional [
Length: 1.78 mm, width: 1.12 mm; body rufobrunneus, very elongate, parallel-sided, subdepressed; frons flat, with sides of frontal stria more or less parallel between eyes, central part complete, arching dorsad at middle; supraorbital stria weak, fragmented at middle, detached from frontal stria; epistoma strongly convex, with conspicuous longitudinal waves of microsculpture on the sides; labrum rounded at sides, narrowing to apex, apex appearing narrowly emarginate, with an apical concavity encircled by a sharp carina; left mandible with prominent bifid tooth; right mandible with smaller but similar bifid tooth; pronotal disk with short, narrow, distinct prescutellar impression, but with longer vague depression extending forward in posterior half of disk; ground punctation fine, but relatively conspicuous, with ~15 coarser punctures at sides; lateral submarginal stria absent from sides, only present as short fragments in anterior corners that meet the anterior submarginal stria at a narrow angle; anterior marginal stria weak at front, interrupted behind head; anterior submarginal stria strongly recurved straight posterad reaching behind middle of pronotum; median pronotal gland openings beyond ends of anterior stria, about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with one complete epipleural stria; outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete to base, striae 1-2 barely obsolete at apex, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical four-fifths, the 2nd-5th striae weakly expanded at apices; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, with very shallow median emargination, carinal striae faint, present in basal half only, not connected anteriorly or posteriorly; prosternal lobe lacking marginal stria; mesoventrite shallowly, broadly emarginate, with marginal stria mostly absent, only weakly present at sides; mesometaventral stria arched forward to near mesoventral margin, continued by lateral metaventral stria extending posterad to inner third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer abbreviated and divergent posteriorly; profemur strongly produced along midanterior margin, the protibia correspondingly bent at middle; propygidium with moderately large, shallow ocellate punctures separated by about their widths; pygidium with fine, sparse ground punctation, coarser punctures ocellate, sparse, separated by slightly more than their diameters; marginal pygidial sulcus absent, although vague fragments of a marginal depression can be seen near apex. Male not known.
This species can be very easily recognized by its elongate body form (
The name of this species refers to its prominently convex epistoma.
The
1 | 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae (outer may be slightly abbreviated or curved behind metacoxa) | 2 |
– | 1st abdominal ventrite with one lateral stria, rarely with fragments of an additional, outer stria | 6 |
2 | Outer lateral stria of 1st abdominal ventrite curving behind metacoxa; inner subhumeral elytral stria absent | 3 |
– | Lateral striae of 1st abdominal ventrite parallel; inner subhumeral stria present or absent | 4 |
3 | Outer subhumeral stria not complete, either present only in apical half or with short basal fragment; Central America | |
– | Outer subhumeral stria more or less complete, may be faintly abbreviated at apex, but never interrupted at middle; South America | |
4 | Central portion of frontal stria absent, or represented by few remnant fragments ( |
|
– | Frontal stria complete ( |
5 |
5 | Frontal stria complete; frontal disk with distinct, dense fine punctation; 4th elytral stria complete or nearly so | |
– | Frontal stria interrupted at sides; frontal disk with sparser ground punctation; 4th dorsal stria present in apical half only | |
6 | Body large, >4 mm, subdepressed, subquadrate ( |
|
– | Body smaller, convex to subdepressed; dorsal striae strongly impressed toward apices; labrum narrower, not distinctly emarginate apically; epistoma not much more strongly convex than frons | 7 |
7 | Pygidium completely lacking marginal sulcus | |
– | Marginal sulcus of pygidium present, though it may be weak and/or fragmented toward base | 8 |
8 | Anterior marginal pronotal gland openings close together, outer about half as far from inner as outer is from anterior pronotal corner ( |
9 |
– | Anterior marginal pronotal gland openings further apart, outer nearly twice as far from inner as it is from anterior pronotal corner | 13 |
9 | Body strongly convex ( |
10 |
– | Body less strongly convex, elytral-pronotal profile more or less even; subhumeral elytral interval only slightly more strongly convex than 1st-2nd strial interval; anterior pronotal angles at least slightly oblique next to head | 12 |
10 | Pronotal disk lacking coarse lateral punctures; anterior pronotal margin strongly projecting above head | |
– | Pronotal disk with distinct coarse lateral punctures; anterior pronotal margin no more than weakly projecting above head | 11 |
11 | Outer subhumeral stria present in apical half and generally with additional, detached basal fragment; 4th elytral stria longer, generally present on apical two-thirds ( |
|
– | Outer subhumeral stria present in apical half only, without basal fragment; 4th elytral stria shorter, present on less than apical half | |
12 | Outer subhumeral stria most often complete to base, rarely interrupted or abbreviated; inner subhumeral stria usually represented by few apical fragments; pygidium depressed along basal margin, with deep, coarse punctures interspersed with dense, fine ground punctation | |
– | Outer subhumeral stria present in apical half only; inner subhumeral stria not evident; pygidium usually flatter, with coarse punctures not as large or dense | |
13 | Marginal mesoventral stria complete along anterior margin | 14 |
– | Marginal mesoventral stria interrupted for some distance at middle | 15 |
14 | Body frequently appearing faintly bicolored, with rufescent elytra and darker pronotum ( |
|
– | Body unicolorous, rufescent to rufobrunneus, more elongate, subdepressed; frontal stria complete | |
15 | Apical margin of elytron with series of small punctures; ground punctation of pygidium generally sparse ( |
|
– | Apical margin of elytron lacking punctures; pygidium with moderately dense ground punctation; frontal stria interrupted over antennal bases; sides of pronotum with only faint lateral punctures ( |
Not specified beyond Brazil.
Length: 1.62–1.87 mm, width: 1.44–1.59 mm; body rufobrunneus, broadly oval, not too strongly depressed; frons and base of epistoma rather narrowly depressed at middle; frontal stria complete, sinuate above antennal bases and attached at sides; supraorbital stria present only as median fragment, detached from frontal; labrum about twice as wide as long, with slightly asymmetrical, weak median protuberance; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotal disk basally depressed but lacking prescutellar impression or plicae, with very fine sparse ground punctation, and ~15 coarser punctures in rather well-defined band near sides; marginal pronotal stria generally interrupted behind head, occasionally few fragments present; lateral submarginal stria continuous with anterior submarginal; pronotal gland openings both along anterior margin, median pair behind eyes, in front of postocular angle in submarginal stria, the other midway between median opening and anterior pronotal angle; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, the interval between outer subhumeral and 1st dorsal striae moderately strongly swollen, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel broad, flat, truncate to very weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, convergent, united in front; mesoventrite weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria complete, rarely narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward to middle of mesoventral disk, continued at sides by lateral metaventral stria toward outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria, outer stria often present, abbreviated between inner stria and metacoxa, central portion of ventrite with few small punctures posterolaterally; propygidium with conspicuous fine ground punctation along sides and posterior margin, with coarser round secondary punctures dense, separated by about half their diameters; pygidium with dense but rather shallow ground punctation, with small secondary punctures uniformly interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, weakly crenulate, nearly complete but usually obsolete in basal corners. Male genitalia (
This small species is fairly generalized, and exhibits a combination of mostly apparently plesiomorphic states. It can be recognized by the combination of a barely abbreviated, fine marginal pygidial sulcus (
Not specified beyond Brazil.
This species is extremely similar to
This species is generally very similar to
The only characters that have been used to separate
BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro:Nova Friburgo [
This species is extremely similar to
Where bicolored (
The name of this species refers to the reddish coloration of the elytra.
Not specified beyond Bahia State, Brazil.
This species is extremely similar to
This species is very similar to
PERU: Loreto: 20 km NNE Iquitos, Gen Gen [
Length: 1.97 mm, width: 1.65 mm; body rufo-piceous, smooth and shining, ovoid, rather strongly convex; frons depressed at middle, frontal stria divergent between eyes, central portion detached from sides; supraorbital stria fine, more or less complete, connected to frontal stria; epistoma convex, weakly emarginate at apex; pronotal disk strongly flattened across middle of base, but not plicate; disk with very fine ground punctation and few faint coarser punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria absent behind head; lateral submarginal stria continuous with anterior submarginal stria; anterior pronotal gland openings present behind eye and midway between median opening and anterior pronotal corner; elytron with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, the interval between outer subhumeral and 1st dorsal stria strongly swollen, striae 1-3 complete, 4th and 5th striae short, present only in apical one-fifth, sutural striae present in apical two-thirds, more broadly impressed anteriorly; prosternal keel broad, flat, weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, convergent, united in front; mesoventrite weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward beyond middle of mesoventral disk, continued at sides by lateral metaventral stria toward outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with single complete lateral stria, bent mediad at apex; propygidium with faint ground punctation, with large, shallow, elongate oval, punctures separated by about half their diameters; pygidium with dense but rather shallow ground punctation, small, coarser punctures uniformly interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, weakly crenulate, nearly complete but usually obsolete in basal corners. Male genitalia indistinguishable from those of
While this species is very similar to
We name this species for scolytine specialist Alexander Petrov, in recognition of his numerous contributions of specimens to this study, principally from Peru.
BRAZIL: Pará: Santarém [
Length: 1.87–2.22 mm, width: 1.56–1.90 mm; body rufobrunneus to rufopiceous, elongate oval, moderately strongly convex; frons depressed, finely punctate, frontal portion of frontal stria detached from lateral; supraorbital stria complete, but narrowly detached from sides of frontal; epistoma slightly emarginate; labrum rectangular, about twice as wide as long; pronotum curved downward in anterior corners, nearly vertical on either side; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, but strongly depressed across base; ground punctation of pronotal disk very fine and sparse, with ~15 shallowly impressed coarser punctures near sides; marginal pronotal stria obsolete for width of head; lateral submarginal stria complete, continuous with anterior submarginal stria; pronotal gland openings close together behind eye, between end of marginal stria and submarginal stria; elytra strongly swollen in subhumeral interval, with single complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria present in apical half to three-fourths, frequently fragmented basally, rarely absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, the sutural stria widening anteriorly; prosternal keel very weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae enclosing triangular area which is finely microsculptured, meeting anteriorly; mesoventrite faintly projecting, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral arch nearly reaches mesoventral stria, sinuate near mesocoxae, continued by lateral metaventral stria posterolaterally toward middle of metacoxa, slightly curved outward at apex; central portion of metaventral disk weakly depressed on either side; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria; propygidium with large, elongate punctures separated by about their diameters; pygidial disk strongly convex, with dense, fine ground punctation and numerous conspicuous coarser punctures interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus distinct, complete, crenulate, with distinct series of punctures within. Male genitalia largely indistinguishable from trhose of
This species is the only previously described member of a small subgroup of four very similar species (including the following three), all of which have their pronotal gland openings very close together along the anterior margin. All are more or less piceous, and relatively strongly convex, with conspicuously dual punctation on the pygidium (
Male genitalia of
Records of the
BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Viçosa [
1:
This species is very similar to the preceding, differing in a few characters as follows: length: 1.81–1.93 mm, width: 1.50–1.59 mm; body slightly less strongly convex; anterior submarginal pronotal stria more nearly straight across the front, not strongly arched into anterior corners; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half only, inner absent; propygidium with punctures more nearly round, sparser, separated by slightly more than their diameters; pygidium not strongly convex, with marginal sulcus obsolete in basal corners. Male: genitalia extremely similar to those of
Although very similar to
This species’ name refers to its occurrence only in the threatened Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil.
PANAMA: Panamá: Chepo-Carti Road [
This species is very similar to
Within the subgroup of species near
This species is named for Bruce Gill, whose collections in the Neotropics have enriched this study greatly.
SURINAME: Brokopondo: Brownsberg Nature Preserve [
This species is very similar to
This species and
Records of the
This species’ name refers to the close proximity of the two median pronotal gland openings on the anterior pronotal margin (not, it should be emphasized, unique to this species).
BRASIL: Minas Gerais:Boqueirão Reserve near Lavras [
Length: 2.22–2.65 mm, width: 1.84–2.12 mm; body piceous, elongate oval, sides of elytra nearly parallel, sides of pronotum curving inward in front, depressed; frons depressed in middle, sides of frontal striae rounded, ending above antennal cavity, absent across front; supraorbital stria complete, narrowly detached from sides of frontal stria; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, weakly asymmetrical at apex, left side more strongly produced; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotal disk faintly and narrowly impressed in prescutellar region, not broadly flattened or plicate, ground punctation fine and sparse, with numerous punctures in lateral band; marginal stria absent behind head; lateral submarginal stria continuous with anterior submarginal stria, diverging slightly from margin behind median pronotal gland opening; anterolateral gland opening closer to pronotal corner than to median opening; elytron with single complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria interrupted at middle, basal fragment variably abbreviated, inner subhumeral stria nearly complete, barely abbreviated at both ends, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half to two-thirds, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk usually with distinct series of very small apical marginal punctures; prosternal keel evenly but weakly produced at base, carinal stria complete, connected anteriorly and posteriorly; mesoventral margin broadly and shallowly emarginate, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria subangulately arched forward at middle, reaching middle of mesoventral disk, continued posterad by lateral metaventral stria, extending to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer abbreviated; propygidium with rather sparse ground punctation, coarser punctures nearly round, irregularly separated by about their diameters or slightly less; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, slightly coarser punctures interspersed mainly near base, frequently inconspicuous; marginal pygidial sulcus quite varied, generally fine, obsolete toward base, frequently deep apically, obsolete in basal half. Male: genitalia largely similar to those of
This species is easily recognized in the
This species’ name means ‘lengthy’, though generally more in the sense of verbose than elongate, as we imply here.
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [
This species is generally similar to
In addition to its strongly rounded, convex body form(
The name of this species refers to its strongly impressed elytral striae.
Not specified beyond Brazil.
As with the preceding, this species is very similar to
This species is relatively easy to distinguish in this group, with a broadly rounded, convex, faintly bicolored body(
This species’ name refers to its relationship with
BRASIL: Pará:Belém, Utinga [
This species is very similar to
Male genitalia of
The name of this species refers to the relatively strong convexity of the body as a whole, as well as that of the epistoma and the anterior half of the pronotum.
BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro:Petrópolis [
Length: 2.00–2.18 mm, width: 1.53–1.68 mm; body rufopiceous, elytra and pygidia appearing faintly darker than rest of body, elongate, subdepressed; frons flat, sides of frontal stria weakly rounded inward, central part of frontal stria fine, evenly arcuate, narrowly detached from sides; supraorbital stria absent; labrum distinctly asymmetrical with median apical depression and blunt process left of center; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small subacute basal tooth; pronotal disk weakly, indistinctly impressed in prescutellar region, with fine ground punctation and ~15 coarser punctures toward sides; marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind head, submarginal stria continuous from sides across front; median pronotal gland openings situated behind eye, anterolateral opening midway between that and pronotal corner; elytra with striae finely, not too deeply impressed, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; elytral disk with few apical marginal punctures; prosternal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, free basally, united in narrow anterior arch, middle part of keel distinctly microsculptured; prosternal lobe with marginal stria interrupted or absent at middle; mesoventrite broadly emarginate, marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria narrowly arcuate, reaching middle of mesoventral disk, angulate at mesocoxa, lateral metaventral stria extended toward outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae, central part of disk with numerous small, shallow punctures in anterior half, between metacoxae; propygidium with moderately large, shallow, irregularly round punctures separated by slightly less than their diameters; pygidium with ground punctation fine and quite sparse, with coarser small punctures mainly in basal half; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, deeply crenulate, slightly removed from margin at middle, with fairly wide, flat marginal bead. Male not known.
BRASIL: Distrito Federal: Brasilia, IBGE Ecological Reserve [
Length: 2.25–2.56 mm, width: 1.72–2.00 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate, sides subparallel for most of length, subdepressed, pronotum and head with very conspicuous ground punctation; frons weakly depressed at middle, frontal stria divergent between eyes, more or less straight at middle; epistoma short; labrum about half as long as wide, shallowly emarginate; both mandibles with prominent subacute tooth at base; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, ground punctation becoming more conspicuous to sides, with ~10 coarser punctures laterally; marginal stria interrupted behind head; submarginal stria continuous from sides across front, markedly crenulate; median pronotal gland opening behind eye, anterolateral opening midway between median and anterior pronotal corner; elytron with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria nearly complete, barely abbreviated basally, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria nearly complete, abbreviated or interrupted near base, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with distinct, irregular series of punctures along apical margin vaguely connecting apices of striae; prosternal keel very weakly produced at base, carinal striae connected at base and just short of presternal suture, enclosed area microsculptured, secondary striae faintly impressed behind prosternal gland openings; prosternal lobe lacking marginal stria, densely punctate at middle; mesoventrite weakly emarginate, marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria weakly angulate at middle, reaching beyond middle of mesoventral disk, sinuate near mesocoxa, lateral metaventral striae extending to outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae, inner pair extended weakly mediad along basal margin, not meeting; propygidium with moderately large, shallow round punctures more or less uniformly separated by half their diameters; pygidium with ground punctation fine and sparse, with small round punctures quite uniformly separated by their diameters; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, complete. Male genitalia (
While apparently closely related to
The name of this species refers to the conspicuous ground punctation of the frons, as well as on other parts of the body.
Not specified beyondBuenos Aires Province, Argentina.
Length: 2.62–2.96 mm, width: 2.25–2.37 mm; body rufopiceous, subquadrate, depressed; frons prominent, transversely elevated between antennal bases but depressed at middle, frontal stria varied, broadly interrupted at middle in lectotype, fine fragments visible nearer the sides, complete, sinuate in all other specimens; labrum wide, one-third as long as wide, slightly emarginate anteriorly; left mandible with weak, blunt basal tooth, right mandible with small subacute tooth; antennal club with basal and middle annuli complete, transverse; pronotal disk with prescutellar impression narrow, distinct, as long or slightly longer than scutellum, with few larger punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria fine, complete or interrupted behind head; submarginal stria continuous along lateral and anterior margins, may be sinuous at sides, with bead wider anteriorly (as in lectotype); anterior pronotal gland openings close together, somewhat posterolaterad eye; elytron with outer subhumeral stria briefly interrupted at middle but complete to apex, variably abbreviated at base, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical two-thirds or less, 5th stria present in apical third or less, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, carinal striae straight, convergent and connected anteriorly and posteriorly; prosternal lobe with complete marginal stria; anterior margin of mesoventrite broadly emarginate; marginal mesoventral stria very fine and barely interrupted at middle; displaced by anteriorly arcuate mesometaventral stria; lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria abbreviated apically, disk with few fine punctures along posterior margin; propygidium covered with small, shallow punctures separated by a little less than their diameters, slightly smaller and sparser posteriorly; pygidial punctures finer and sparser, with inconspicuous ground punctation; both propygidium and pygidium with transverse waves of microsculpture; marginal pygidial sulcus present around apical third of margin, fine but distinct, obsolete basally. Male genitalia (
This species is placed in the
Male genitalia of
The two species in this group are closely related and difficult to separate from each other. However, they are relatively easy to distinguish from other
1 | Secondary punctures of pygidium finer, relatively inconspicuous( |
|
– | Secondary punctures of pygidium coarser, conspicuous( |
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [
Length: 2.25–2.53 mm, width: 2.03–2.18 mm; body rufopiceous, elongate, sides subparallel to weakly rounded, moderately strongly depressed; frons broadly depressed at middle, sides of frontal stria divergent, sinuate over antennal bases, complete across front; supraorbital stria complete, strongly arched at middle, connected to sides of frontal stria; labrum short, apically emarginate; left mandible with broad, subacute tooth, right mandible with smaller acute tooth; pronotal disk with vague, linear prescutellar depression, ground punctation fine, with few (~6) coarse punctures in a cluster near sides; anterior pronotal margin weakly, bluntly projecting over head; marginal stria interrupted at middle; lateral submarginal stria complete, curved inward at front nearly to anterior stria; anterior submarginal stria transverse across middle of front, just barely recurved posterad at ends; median pronotal gland openings about halfway back on disk on each side; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, with outer subhumeral stria interrupted at middle, inner subhumeral stria present at middle, apically and especially basally abbreviated, striae 1-3 complete to apex, but distinctly abbreviated from base, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, widening and diverging from suture toward front; prosternal keel rounded, projecting at base, carinal striae complete, sinuate at middle, connected in narrow anterior arch; prosternal lobe with marginal stria barely abbreviated at sides; anterior mesoventral margin shallowly emarginate, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria weakly and broadly arched forward to basal third of mesoventral disk, continued at sides by lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete, arcuate inner lateral stria and weak, abbreviated outer; meso- and metatarsomeres with dense brushes of ventral setae, not just rows along ventrolateral margins; propygidium densely and uniformly covered with ovoid, ocellate punctures, separated by less than one-third their diameters; most of pygidial disk with fine, dense ground punctation only, with single row of coarse punctures along basal margin, and with sparsely scattered, inconspicuous, coarser punctures toward apex; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, very deep, crenulate mainly on inner edge.Male genitalia (
The two species in this group can be separated easily by geography. This species from western Amazonia may be recognized by the generally interrupted outer subhumeral stria, the depressed frons, more conspicuous coarse pygidial punctures(
Records of the
Male genitalia of
This species’ name refers to its dense tarsal setae.
FRENCH GUIANA: Saül [
In external characters, the differences between this species and the preceding are few and minor, as follows: length: 2.56–2.65 mm, width: 2.34–2.43 mm; frons not markedly depressed at middle; pronotal disk with larger number of coarser punctures near sides, ~10-15 in dense cluster just anterad middle; median pronotal gland openings near one-third from anterior margin of pronotum; elytra with outer subhumeral stria usually complete, striae 1-3 less distinctly abbrevated at base; 1st abdominal ventrite with outer lateral stria curved behind metacoxa, ending in a distinctly enlarged gland opening. Male genitalia: T8 identical to that of
Within the group the Guianan species is best recognized by the more numerous and more strongly impressed lateral pronotal punctures(
This species is named for the region from which it is exclusively known.
The
The male genitalia in the group follow a very consistent pattern(
The geographic distribution of the species is relatively restricted, and can assist in identification. They occur almost exclusively in Central America (including southern Mexico), and particularly in the highlands. A couple of species are found in extreme northwestern South America (Venezuela and Ecuador). But the
1 | Outer subhumeral elytral stria more or less complete, may be interrupted or slightly fragmented toward base | 2 |
– | Outer subhumeral stria shorter, absent from basal half | 3 |
2 | 5th dorsal elytral stria complete( |
|
– | 5th dorsal elytral stria present only in apical half ( |
|
3 | 4th dorsal elytral stria arched mediad at base toward, sometimes reaching, elytral suture( |
4 |
– | 4th dorsal stria not arched mediad at base, more or less parallel to 3rd stria | 5 |
4 | Anterior and lateral submarginal pronotal striae continuous across front of pronotum( |
|
– | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached from lateral, briefly recurved posterad behind eyes; southeastern U.S.A., northern Mexico( |
|
5 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria obsolete in basal half or more | 6 |
– | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria reaching base, may be fine and close to margin, rarely interrupted at middle | 9 |
6 | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria meeting pronotal margin near midpoint( |
|
– | Lateral submarginal pronotal stria not meeting pronotal margin at midpoint, nor diverging so strongly from margin toward front, may be continuous with anterior submarginal; at least propygidium with conspicuous microsculpture | 7 |
7 | Body distinctly bicolored( |
|
– | Body unicolored | 8 |
8 | Anterior and lateral submarginal pronotal striae continuous across front; males with narrow depression along anterior half of the lateral submarginal stria, this depression delimited posteriorly by a fine, parallel secondary stria which abruptly bends to margin at middle( |
|
– | Anterior submarginal stria detached from lateral, ends recurved posterad( |
|
9 | Pronotum lacking coarse lateral punctures( |
|
– | Pronotum with conspicuous lateral punctures; pygidial stria varied | 10 |
10 | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached from lateral, forming an even arch across anterior one-third of pronotum( |
|
– | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria either continuous with lateral, or if detached, recurved perpendicularly posterad, not forming a smoothly curved arch | 11 |
11 | Marginal pronotal stria descending to hypomeron about one-fourth behind anterior pronotal corner, conspicuously disrupting margin( |
|
– | Marginal pronotal stria not disrupting margin, rarely descending to hypomeron closer to anterior corner; other characters varied | 12 |
12 | Outer subhumeral stria absent; marginal mesoventral stria( |
|
– | Outer subhumeral stria present in apical half of elytron; marginal mesoventral stria interrupted at middle; pygidium with microsculpture or not | 13 |
13 | Propygidium and entire pygidium with conspicuous microsculpture; anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached from lateral stria, ends recurved posterad ( |
|
– | Pygidium with microsculpture at most along basal margin, frequently entirely lacking; anterior and lateral submarginal pronotal striae continuous along anterior margin | 14 |
14 | Marginal pygidial sulcus well-impressed around apical half; lateral submarginal pronotal stria very close to margin, complete( |
|
– | Marginal pygidial sulcus weak, fragmented near apex; lateral submarginal pronotal stria more distant from margin, may be interrupted at middle | 15 |
15 | Ground punctation of pronotum conspicuous( |
|
– | Ground punctation of pronotum fine, sparse( |
Not specified beyond Mexico.
Length: 1.78–2.25 mm, width: 1.44–1.84 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, outline slightly interrupted at humeri, pronotum more nearly parallel-sided, moderately convex; frons shallowly depressed at middle, with conspicuous, fine ground punctation; frontal stria weakly divergent between eyes, anterior portion varied from complete to absent between antennal bases, occasionally represented only by isolated fragments; apical margin of labrum distinctly emarginate; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small, acute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, disk with ~15 small coarse punctures at sides; marginal stria of pronotum descending from dorsal margin anteriorly to hypomeron about one-fourth behind anterior corners, markedly disrupting margin; lateral submarginal stria very close to sides, frequently weak, fragmented toward base, either continuous across front or interrupted, the central portion barely detached with its ends faintly recurved posterad; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical half; nearly entire venter bearing waves of microsculpture; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, narrowed between coxae, with faint microsculpture between, meeting in bulbous anterior arch, weak secondary striae present behind prosternal gland openings; prosternal lobe with marginal stria abbreviated at sides; anterior margin of mesoventrite weakly projecting, marginal stria complete or interrupted; mesometaventral stria strongly arched forward very close to anterior mesoventral margin, continued by lateral metaventral stria toward metacoxa, frequently interrupted in posterior half of metaventral disk; central portion of metaventral disk with conspicuous ground punctation, particularly toward posterior margin; 1st abdominal ventrite with single, incomplete lateral stria, punctures of sides of disk simple, separate, not coalescing or forming strigosity; propygidium and pygidium with very conspicuous transversely reticulate microscultpure; propygidium with sparse small, shallow punctures, separated 2–3× their diameters; pygidium with smaller punctures separated by only about 1.5× their diameters; marginal pygidial stria fine, present only around apical half of margin, occasionally interrupted near apex. Male genitalia (
The nominate species in this group can be recognized by the combination of: simple punctures on sides of the 1st abdominal ventrite (
Male genitalia of
Not specified beyond Texas State, USA.
Length: 1.90–2.15 mm, width: 1.56–1.84 mm; body rufobrunneus, slightly elongate oval, widest behind humeri, moderately convex; frons depressed at middle, sides of frontal stria weakly divergent, frequently interrupted over antennal bases, central part sinuate, weakly crenulate; supraorbital stria weak, fragmented to complete; labrum slightly asymmetrically emarginate apically; left mandible without tooth, right mandible with small acute basal tooth; prescutellar impression absent; pronotal disk wth fine sparse ground punctation and numerous (~20) coarse elongate punctures laterally; marginal pronotal stria fine, complete around sides and front; lateral submarginal stria close to margin at sides, frequently fragmented toward base, curving inward at front nearly to anterior submarginal stria, which is barely recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings far behind ends of anterior stria, three-fourths of the distance from the anterior to the posterior pronotal margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, the uppermost broadly sulciform, outer subhumeral stria represented by only short apical fragment, rarely with short basal fragment also, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, the 4th stria arched inward basally, ending freely, 5th stria present in apical half to two-thirds, sutural stria slightly shorter; elytral disk with few small punctures subserially arranged along apical margin; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, rather widely separated to front, united in broad anterior arch; prosternal lobe with weak, frequently fragmented marginal stria; anterior mesoventral margin weakly projecting, marginal stria weak, generally interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria arched strongly forward to near anterior mesoventral margin, forming a continuous arc with lateral metaventral stria which extends posterad to inner third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with single, incomplete lateral stria, punctures of lateral part of disk coalescing into elongate strigosity posterolaterad coxa; propygidium uniformly covered with shallow, round punctures separated by about one-half their diameters, lacking microsculpture; pygidium with ground punctation fine, sparse, with small punctures throughout, separated by about twice their diameters; marginal pygidial stria finely impressed along apical half of margin, weak and rarely fragmented. Male genitalia with segments 8–10 identical to those of
Records of the
Not specified beyond Mexico.
Length: 1.81–1.97 mm, width: 1.47–1.62 mm; body oval, subquadrate, rufescent; frons flat, frontal stria varied across frons, from nearly complete to fragmented to broadly interrupted; epistoma and labrum narrowed, labrum 1.5× as wide as long, truncate; pronotal disk finely punctate, with ~20 coarser lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria not descending onto hypomeron; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, very close to marginal at sides, not meeting slightly recurved anterior marginal in front; elytra with subhumeral striae absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th and sutural striae present in apical two-thirds; venter almost entirely lacking microsculpture, with only vestigial fragments at sides of sterna; prosternal keel truncate at base, with carinal striae strongly converging, parallel in apical third, joined by narrow anterior arch; mesoventrite not projecting; propygidium broad with scattered small punctures, with vestigial microsculpture; pygidium lacking microsculpture, also with sparse small punctures, fine marginal striae nearly complete, usually obsolete only in basal fourth. Male: segments 8–10 indistinguishable from those of
This distinctive species may be recognized by the lack of an outer subhumeral stria, the relatively flat frons, the numerous lateral pronotal punctures, and the complete marginal mesoventral stria (
MEXICO: Chiapas: Sumidero National Park [
Length: 1.75–2.06 mm, width: 1.50–1.65 mm; body rufescent, elongate ovoid, widest well behind humeri, moderately, evenly convex; microsculpture almost completely absent, vague rudiments present at sides of abdominal sterna; frons flat, not markedly depressed at middle, frontal stria complete; supraorbital stria absent; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate apically, with weak apical process below margin; left mandible untoothed, right with small, subacute basal tooth; antennal club only slightly elongate; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, ground punctation sparse, but conspicuous, with few coarser punctures sparsely scattered along sides; marginal stria barely descending to hypomeron at sides, only narrowly interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, close to side, curving inward toward front, nearly meeting anterior submarginal stria, which is recurved posterad about one-third the length of the pronotal disk; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria nearly complete, but briefly interrupted at middle, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-5 complete, sutural stria barely abbreviated basally; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, with complete carinal striae barely converging anteriorly, united in anterior arch; prosternal lobe with nearly complete marginal stria very close to margin; mesoventral margin with narrow, but distinct median projection, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria narrowly angulate anteriorly, reaching just forward of mesoventral midpoint; lateral metaventral stria extending to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria, outer slightly abbreviated, sides of disk with punctures coalesced into elongate strigosity; propygidium with ground punctation fine, sparse, with small round punctures evenly separated by about their diameters; pygidium with fine, sparse ground punctation and very few coarser punctures interspersed, mainly in basal corners; marginal pygidial stria fine, nearly complete, though obsolete at base and narrowly interrupted at apex. Male genitalia (
While distinctly a member of the
This species’ name refers to its five complete dorsal elytral striae.
GUATEMALA: Suchitepéquez: Finca San Rafael Olimpo [
This species is extremely similar to the preceding, differing in only a few characters as follows: length: 1.65–1.93 mm, width: 1.34–1.59 mm; body completely lacking microsculpture; marginal pronotal stria not descending to hypomeron, generally complete along upper edge of lateral pronotal margin as well as behind head; anterior submarginal pronotal stria strongly recurved posterad on about anterior one-third of pronotal disk; elytra with outer subhumeral stria complete, interrupted at middle, or with apical half obsolete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel truncate at base, not emarginate; mesoventral margin weakly projecting at middle, mesoventral marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria bluntly angulate forward, only reaching middle of mestosternal disk; propygidium with coarser punctures slightly larger and more closely set, separated by slightly less than their diameters; marginal pygidial stria obsolete in basal half or more. Male genitalia indistinguishable from those of
This species is very similar to
We name this species to honor J. Milton Campbell, recognizing his efforts in collecting an exceptional series of this otherwise uncollected species.
PANAMA: Chiriquí: Finca Lerida near Boquete [
Length: 2.25 mm, width: 2.00 mm; body rufobrunneus, faintly bicolored, elytra mostly lighter rufescent, with diffuse darker spots at middle on each side of the median suture; broadly rounded, widest at humeri, relatively flattened above, though convex beneath; frons strongly depressed at middle, with conspicuous ground punctation, lacking microsculpture; frontal stria rounded at sides, absent from middle; labrum about 3× as wide as long, strongly emarginate at middle; left mandible with large blunt basal tooth, right mandible with small acute basal tooth; pronotal disk with fine, narrow prescutellar impression, fine ground punctation becoming coarser and denser toward sides, with numerous coarse punctures intermingled at sides; marginal pronotal stria not descending onto hypomeron; lateral submarginal stria obsolete in basal two-thirds, present only in anterior corner, quite close to anterolateral part of marginal stria; anterior submarginal stria present across middle, barely recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings just over halfway back from anterior pronotal margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in posterior half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present slightly longer; venter with weak microsculpture on prosternum and fairly conspicuously at sides of posterior sterna; prosternal keel shallowly emarginate at base, depressed between coxae, with carinal striae complete, united in narrow anterior arch, with fragmented secondary striae between coxae; prosternal lobe appearing deflexed, marginal stria nearly complete; mesoventrite weakly projecting at front, marginal mesoventral stria broadly interrupted by strongly arched meso-metaventral stria; lateral metaventral stria gently curved laterad posteriorly, extending toward posterior corner of metepisternum; propygidium and pygidium with conspicuous transverse microsculpture; propygidium with sparse small, round punctures separated by about 3× their diameters; pygidium with rather dense ground punctation at sides and apically, with very slightly coarser punctures sparsely intermingled throughout; pygidial sulcus fine, weak, present around apical half of margin only. Male: not known.
This species is only known from a single female, but exhibits several distinctive characters, including the bicolored pattern (
We name this species for Henry Dybas (1915–1981), formerly of the Field Museum, collector of the unique specimen, and among the published few who have contributed to current understanding of
ECUADOR: Pichincha: Rio Palenque Research Center [
Length: 1.75–2.03 mm, width: 1.47–1.62 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, widest behind humeri, rather strongly convex, particularly near anterior third of elytra; frons and upper third of epistoma depressed at middle; sides of frontal stria nearly parallel between eyes, sinuate over antennal bases, fragmented but subcontiguous across front; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, only very weakly emarginate apically; left mandible with weak, blunt basal tooth, right with small acute basal tooth; pronotal disk with very small punctiform prescutellar impression, ground punctation of disk very fine and sparse, with ~12 coarser punctures toward sides; marginal pronotal stria continuous behind head and along lateral margins, not descending onto hypomeron; lateral submarginal pronotal stria continuous with anterior portion across front, arching slightly anterad in pronotal corners, converging to middle of lateral margin, interrupted subbasally, with short basal fragment, pronotum weakly, narrowly depressed behind; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; venter with microsculpture on most of prosternum, mesoventrite, along anterior one-fourth and at sides of metaventrite, and on 1st abdominal ventrite; prosternal keel very weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, narrowing between coxae, united in slightly bulbous anterior arch, secondary carinal striae present between procoxae and prosternal gland openings; mesoventrite with anterior margin straight, marginal stria interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria strongly arched forward, nearly to mesoventral margin, continued at sides by lateral metaventral striae to outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria abbreviated, outer lateral stria present only as sparse basal fragments; propygidium and basal fourth of pygidium with weakly impressed transverse microsculpture, most of pygidium lacking microsculpture; propygidial punctures small, round, separated by about twice their diameters; pygidial punctures smaller, sparser, against sparse, fine ground punctation; marginal pygidial sulcus weak, present on apical third at most, may be fragmented to absent. Male genitalia very similar to those of
This species appears closely related to a species from Central American highlands,
This species’ name refers to the region of western Ecuador it is known from.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Monteverde Reserve [
Length: 1.87–1.90 mm, width: 1.44–1.47 mm; body rufescent, elongate, ovoid, generally widest behind humeri; frons moderately depressed at middle, lacking microsculpture; central portion of frontal stria varied from complete to fragmented to absent; labrum broad, almost 3× as wide as long, emarginate apically; sides of pronotum usually sinuate in basal third, rounded to subangulate to anterior corner; pronotal disk with fine, sparse ground punctation, lacking coarser lateral punctures, with shallow, poorly defined depression along and behind anterolateral portion of submarginal stria; marginal pronotal stria generally descending to hypomeron at anterior corner, delimiting antennal cavity beneath, often effaced entirely; anterior and lateral portions of submarginal stria generally connected, continuous along anterior and lateral margins, arched forward to near anterior pronotal corner, outward to nearly intersect lateral margin, then diverging from margin slightly, running parallel to margin in basal half; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, with outer subhumeral stria fine, present in apical third, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural slightly longer; venter with microsculpture on prosternum, mesoventrite, and anterior fourth of metaventral disk, with rudimentary sculpturing on the 1st abdominal ventrite; prosternal keel, mesoventrite, and anterior half of metaventrite markedly depressed, especially in males, posterior half of metaventrite convex and prosternal lobe deflexed; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, with weak secondary striae; some populations with distinct presternal swelling at base of prosternal lobe; mesoventral margin weakly projecting, with marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria arched forward to near anterior mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extended toward middle of metacoxa, slightly abbreviated apically; 1st abdominal ventrite with single, abbreviated lateral stria; propygidium and basal half of pygidium with conspicuous microscuplture; propygidial punctures very small, irregularly separated by about 5× their diameters; pygidium elongate, about 1.3 times as long as maximum width, with fine ground punctures, few coarser punctures in basal corners; marginal pygidial stria fine, obsolete along basal half or more of margin, often secondarily interrupted. Male gentialia extremely similar to those of
This species is quite variable in many external characters, and hard to characterize. But most individuals can be recognized by the shallow depression behind the anterior portion of the submarginal pronotal stria (
Records of the
This species is named for its rufescent coloration, which it shares with many species in the
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Las Cruces Biological Station [
Length: 2.00–2.03 mm, width: 1.62–1.72 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, not strongly convex; frons and epistoma strongly depressed at middle, antennal bases prominent, frontal disk with moderately dense, conspicuous ground punctation; frontal stria rounded at sides, sinuate over antennae, weakened and variably interrupted at front; antennal club elongate, twice as long as wide, and twice as long as funicle; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate apically; pronotal disk with very fine punctiform or narrowly linear prescutellar impression, fine, sparse ground punctation, and ~10 coarser lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria not descending to hypomeron, often effaced in anterior half; submarginal pronotal stria continuous along anterior margin, reaching middle of pronotal side, usually obsolete in basal half; male pronotum with shallow, well-defined depression along and behind anterolateral portion of submarginal pronotal stria, the depression delimited posteriorly by a very finely crenulate stria parallel to submarginal stria which converges to submarginal stria at middle of pronotal side; female pronotum faintly or not at all depressed; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in apical third, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in posterior on-third or slightly more, sutural slightly longer; most of venter with microsculpture, only faint to lacking along metaventral midline; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, broad, with carinal striae well separated, depressed, prosternal lobe apex appearing slightly reflexed; mesoventrite very weakly projecting at middle, with marginal stria broadly interrupted; mesometaventral stria strongly arched forward to near mesoventral margin; metaventrite markedly convex in middle of basal half (in both sexes); lateral metaventral stria extending toward outer corner of metacoxa, but generally abbreviated just behind middle; lateral striae of 1st abdominal ventrite variable, never complete; propygidium and pygidium both with dense microsculpture; propygidium with moderately large punctures mainly in basal half; pygidium with fine sparse ground punctation, and few slightly larger punctures inconspicuously intermingled; marginal pygidial stria fine, obsolete in basal half or more. Male genitalia essentially indistinguishable from those of
This species is difficult to characterize due to a sexual dimorphism. The males are easy to recognize by a narrow, discrete depression along the anterior half of the lateral submarginal stria, where the depression is delimited by a secondary stria, which abruptly converges to the margin at the middle (
The name of this species refers to the depression behind the submarginal pronotal stria, which is especially noteworthy in males.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Monteverde Reserve [
Length: 1.87–2.22 mm, width: 1.56–1.84 mm; body rufescent, ovoid, with outline interrupted at elytral-pronotal corner, prothorax distinctly narrower and more parallel-sided than posterior portion of body; head large, with labrum especially broad, emarginate at apex; frons depressed at middle, frequently with rudimentary fine microsculpture in depression, with sides of frontal stria rounded, variably interrupted at middle; pronotum with lateral margins sinuate near base, subparallel to apex, curving inward near apex, sometimes abruptly so, with discal ground punctation rather conspicuous, especially toward sides, with ~12 coarser punctures at sides; lateral marginal pronotal stria not descending to hypomeron, but frequently effaced for short distance at middle; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, close to side, barely curved inward at front; anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved almost directly posterad at sides, for about one-fifth pronotal length; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half or less, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical half; venter with faint microsculpture on prosternum, mesoventrite, and anterolateral corners of metaventrite; prosternum, mesoventrite, and anterior half of metaventrite depressed, posterior half of metaventrite weakly convex; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, rather widely separated to near apex; prosternal lobe with weak swelling at center of base; mesoventrite very weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria complete to narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria strongly arched forward to near mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two strongly abbreviated lateral striae; propygidium and pygidium both with conspicuous transverse microsculpture; propygidium with small punctures separated by 3–4× their diameters; pygidium with fine ground punctation conspicuous, but few coarser punctures; fine apical marginal stria present only in apical half. Male genitalia essentially indistinguishable from those of
This species is very similar to both
This species’ name refers to the fact that most specimens have been found in cloud-forested areas.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Rincon de Osa [
Length: 2.03–2.12 mm, width: 1.62–1.75 mm; body rufescent, ovoid, sides rounded; frons depressed at middle, prominent over antennae; frontal stria rounded at sides, broadly interrupted in most, with occasional median fragments present; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, very weakly emarginate apically; pronotum with ground punctation fine and sparse with few, ~6-8 coarse lateral punctures, prescutellar region slightly depressed, but lacking distinct fovea; marginal pronotal stria not descending to hypomeron; pronotum with complete lateral submarginal stria close to margin, lateral margin slightly sinuate toward base; anterior submarginal stria detached, forming more or less continuous arc across front of pronotum, reaching back one-fourth to one-third pronotal length; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half or less, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 very fine but complete, 4th often fragmented toward base, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical half; venter with faint microsculpture almost throughout, effaced on swelling of metaventrite; prosternum, mesoventrite, and anterior half of metaventrite depressed (female with depression of metaventrite less distinct); prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, with complete carinal striae rather widely separated to near apex; prosternal lobe with weak swelling at center of base; mesoventrite very weakly projecting at middle, with marginal stria broadly interrupted; mesometaventral stria strongly arched forward to near mesoventral margin; metaventrite markedly convex in middle of basal half (in both sexes); lateral metaventral stria extending toward outer corner of metacoxa, but generally abbreviated just behind middle; 1st abdominal ventrite with two strongly abbreviated lateral striae; propygidium and pygidium both with conspicuous transverse microsculpture; propygidium with sparse, moderately large punctures mainly in basal half; male especially with anterior half of pygidium simply, finely sparsely punctate, females with coarser pygidial punctures; fine apical marginal stria present only in apical half. Male genitalia very similar to those of
This species is fairly easily recognized in this complex by its broadly arcuate anterior submarginal pronotal stria (
The name of this species means arc, referring to its curved pronotal stria. It is a noun in apposition.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Las Alturas Biological Station [
Length: 2.28–2.53 mm, width: 1.90–2.22 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, ventrally planar, moderately convex dorsally, almost completely lacking microsculpture, only faint traces at sides of sterna, occasionally faint vestiges on propygidium; frons depressed at middle, with rather sparse ground punctation; frontal stria rounded at sides, variably incomplete across front; labrum about twice as wide as long, emarginate apically, with small off-center process beneath margin; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, with very fine, inconpicuous ground punctation, ~20 coarse punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria generally descending to hypomeron for short distance, just behind anterior corners; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across front, interrupted or completely obsolete at sides; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria short, present in only apical fourth, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete (1st may be weak to obsolete at apex), 4th stria arched to near suture at base, 5th stria present in apical fourth, sutural stria present in apical half or slightly more; elytral disk with few very small subserial punctures along the apical margin; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae weakly converging anteriorly; mesoventral margin weakly projecting at middle, marginal mesoventral stria fine, continuous across anterior margin; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward to anterior third of mesoventral disk; lateral metaventral stria extending to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two abbreviated lateral striae, outer occasionally bent laterad behind metacoxa; punctures at sides of 1st abdominal ventrite slightly coalesced, longitudinally strigose; propygidium with moderately large punctures separated by about their diameters, denser toward base, impunctate in apical fourth; pygidium with fine, sparse ground punctation, with few coarser punctures intermingled at middle; marginal pygidial stria very fine, impressed only along extreme apex. Male: aside from its larger size, there is little to distinguish the male genitalia from those of
This species, while known from few specimens, has a surprisingly broad distribution, from Chiriquí, Panama to western Belize. But the species is quite distinctive within the complex, and all essential characters agree among disparate localities. It can be easily recognized by its general lack of microsculpture, its continuous submarginal pronotal stria (
The name of this species, meaning ‘neighboring’, refers to the distribution across several neighboring countries of Central America.
PANAMA: Panamá: Chepo-Carti Road [
Length: 1.90–2.22 mm, width: 1.53–1.87 mm; body rufescent, ovoid, sides more or less evenly rounded; frons depressed at middle, with conspicuous ground punctation; frontal stria rounded at sides, variably interrupted at middle; labrum about twice as wide as long, shallowly emarginate apically; pronotum with sides weakly sinuate near base, disk with fine, sparse ground punctation, with ~15 coarser punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head, complete, not descending onto hypomeron at sides; lateral submarginal pronotal stria forming an anterolateral arch, obsolete in basal half, diverging strongly from margin to front, nearly reaching anterior submarginal stria, which forms a long, continuous arch across front, variable in length; venter with pro-, meso- and anterior half of metaventrite depressed, with microsculpture throughout except on posterior metaventral swelling; prosternal keel very weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae convergent to middle, parallel anteriorly, united in narrow arch; mesoventrite faintly projecting at middle, marginal stria fine, complete to narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria arched forward nearly to mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa, barely abbreviated at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two abbreviated lateral striae; propygidium with only faint vestigial microsculpture, pygidium lacking microsculpture; propygidial punctures moderately large and dense in basal half, smaller and sparser to apex; pygidium with small punctures numerous, uniformly scattered to near apex; marginal pygidial stria fine, present along apical half of margin, may be fragmented apically. Male genitalia indistinguishable from those of
The distinctive pattern of pronotal submarginal striae (
Records of the
This species’ name refers to the distinctive intersection of the lateral submarginal pronotal stria with the lateral pronotal margin.
VENEZUELA: Falcón: San Luis Mountains [
This species is extremely similar to the preceding, differing significantly only in the following characters: length: 1.78–2.22 mm, width: 1.47–1.87 mm; frontal stria usually present at middle, interrupted only over antennal bases; labrum broader and more distinctly emarginate; marginal pronotal stria not descending onto hypomeron; lateral submarginal pronotal stria obsolete along most of lateral margin, present only in anterior corners; anterior submarginal stria broadly arched across anterior margin, recurved posterad one-fifth to one-fourth pronotal length; prosternum and mesoventrite not as distinctly depressed, posterior half of metaventrite only weakly convex; propygidium with vestigial fragments of microsculpture; pygidium lacking microsculpture, with relatively conspiuous fine ground punctation and coarser punctures rather dense in basal corners, smaller and sparser toward apex; marginal pygidial stria fine, present on apical half to two-thirds of margin. Male genitalia very similar to those of
This species represents one of the most geographically distant extensions of the
This species’ name refers to the fact that most specimens were collected in a cave.
MEXICO: Chiapas: Cerro El Triunfo Reserve [
Length: 1.90–2.12 mm, width: 1.68–1.87 mm; body rufobrunneus, ground punctation rather conspicuous throughout, with microsculpture on propygidium, prosternum, mesoventrite, sides of metaventrite; elongate oval, widest at humeri; frons weakly depressed at middle; frontal stria slightly divergent at sides, complete across front; labrum rather broad, convex, emarginate at apex; pronotal disk with numerous (~20) coarse punctures at sides in addition to conspicuous ground punctation; marginal pronotal stria complete across front and along sides; submarginal pronotal stria complete and continuous along front and sides; median pronotal gland openings just over two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria slightly longer than 5th; elytra with few subserial punctures along apical margin; prosternal keel very weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, convergent to front; prosternal lobe with dense punctures at middle, marginal stria interrupted; mesoventrite barely projecting at front, marginal stria broadly interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly and strongly arched forward to mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria present in basal two-thirds, outer present along inner edge of metacoxa, weakly bent laterad, strongly abbreviated apically; postcoxal fovea inconspicuous; propygidium with conspicuous microsculpture, fine sparse ground punctation, and uniform small, round punctures, separated by about 1.5× their diameters throughout; pygidium lacking microsculpture, with ground punctures slightly denser than on propygidium, and with coarser punctures smaller than those of propygidium, more densely spaced. Male genitalic segments 8-10 indistinguishable from those of
Within the
This species’ name refers to its only known state of occurrence in southern Mexico.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Monteverde Reserve [
Length: 2.03–2.22 mm, width: 1.65–1.75 mm; body rufescent, elongate ovoid, strongly convex, especially in anterior third of elytra; frons with conspicuous, fine ground punctation, moderately depressed at middle, frontal stria rounded at sides, absent or fragmented across front; labrum about 3× as wide as long, emarginate apically; pronotal disk with small, vague prescutellar impression, fine sparse ground punctation, few or no coarse lateral punctures, faintly depressed behind middle portion of anterior submarginal stria; marginal pronotal stria not descending to hypomeron, but often obsolete for short distance just in front of lateral midpoint, broadly interrupted behind head; anterior and lateral submarginal striae most often connected and continuous along lateral and anterior margins, may be interrupted behind eye, with anterior part briefly recurved posterad, or may be interrupted for some distance along lateral margin; elytron with dorsal striae rather broadly impressed, especially 4th and 5th, 1st and 2nd striae frequently weakened apically, two epipleural striae complete, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria just slightly longer; venter with microsculpture on prosternal keel, in anterior corners of meso- and metaventrites; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae widely divergent basally, narrowed between coxae, divergent anteriorly, microsculptured within, with secondary strioles alongside; prosternal lobe with weak swelling at middle in front of presternal suture; mesoventral margin very weakly projecting, marginal mesoventral stria weakly interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria arched strongly forward to near mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa; propygidium rather narrow, only about twice as wide as median length, with fine ground punctation and rudimentary transverse microsculpture, with coarse punctures irregularly separated by about twice their diameters; pygidium with similar fine ground punctation, with few very slightly larger punctures sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus generally absent, or represented by few weak apical fragments. Male genitalia (
This species is highly distinctive based on male genitalia (
Male genitalia of
This species’ name refers to its occurrence in several widely separated upland localities.
The
1 | Left mandible with strong tooth ( |
|
– | Left mandible with small or no tooth; labrum truncate to emarginate; ends of anterior submarginal pronotal stria shorter or recurved obliquely posterolaterad, or both | 2 |
2 | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria with ends curving posterolaterad from pronotal margin ( |
|
– | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria with ends bent straight posterad, very short, extending less than one-sixth pronotal length; left mandible completely untoothed ( |
Not specified beyond Mexico.
Length: 1.44–1.75 mm, width: 1.15–1.47 mm; body rufescent, small, elongate oval, convex, with a disproportionately large head; frons broad, shallowly depressed at middle, antennal bossae moderately prominent, frontal stria with sides more or less parallel between eyes, anterior portion complete, transverse to weakly dorsally arcuate at middle; supraorbital stria present, fragmented, but more or less complete; epistoma convex along apical margin; labrum short, wide, bulging, distal margin rounded; both mandibles with apices prolonged, left mandible with strong, acute basal tooth, right without tooth; pronotal disk without prescutellar impression, but with plicae extending forward about half pronotal length on each side, with fine ground punctation, variably coarsely punctate at sides, with few to many punctures; marginal stria complete around sides and front, though weak behind head; lateral submarginal stria close to edge, curving inward at front but ending freely; anterior submarginal stria recurved to perpendicular at sides, extending about one-fourth pronotal length; median pronotal glands beyond ends of anterior stria, half or more pronotal length from the anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half to three-fourths, sutural stria slightly shorter; elytral disk with few small punctures near apical margin; prosternal keel emarginate at base, carinal striae fine, complete, joined anteriorly but not posteriorly; prosternal lobe rather short and wide, marginal stria complete; mesoventral margin acutely projecting, marginal stria weak, complete to narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria weakly arched forward onto basal half of mesoventral disk, sinuate near mesocoxa, extending posterolaterad toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria, impunctate at middle; propygidium with small punctures separated by about twice their diameters in basal half, smaller and very sparse posteriorly; pygidium with only fine sparse ground punctation; pygidial sulcus absent. Male genitalia (
Male genitalia of
Records of the
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Las Cruces Biological Station [
This species is very similar to
This species is easy to distinguish from
The name of this species refers to the disproportionately large head, common to this small species group.
ECUADOR: Orellana:Yasuní Research Station [
This species is very similar to
Among the species in this group, this is most easily identified by its very short anterior submarginal pronotal stria, its emarginate labrum (
The name of this species refers to the elongated apices of its mandibles.
This group of nine species contains the most widely recognized species of the genus. The most commonly collected species in this group have the apical margin of the pygidium deeply sulcate, this sulcus ending in deep foveae on each side (
1 | Pygidium with deep foveae in basal corners (connected by sulcus or not)…2 | |
– | Pygidium lacking deep basal foveae, pygidial sulcus uniform in width or lacking entirely | 7 |
2 | Pygidial foveae not connected by marginal sulcus ( |
|
– | Pygidial foveae connected by deep marginal sulcus | 3 |
3 | Anterior portion of submarginal pronotal stria detached from lateral stria, recurved slightly posterad ( |
|
– | Anterior portion of submarginal pronotal stria connected to lateral stria | 4 |
4 | Propygidium with large lateral areas of dense ground punctation only, secondary punctures restricted to basal margin and narrow median band ( |
|
– | Propygidium with only small posterolateral areas devoid of secondary punctures; other characters varied | 5 |
5 | Inner subhumeral stria absent; Central America | |
– | Inner subhumeral stria impressed; South America | 6 |
6 | Basal pygidial fovea small ( |
|
– | Basal pygidial fovea large ( |
|
7 | Pygidium lacking marginal sulcus ( |
|
– | Pygidium with marginal sulcus | 8 |
8 | Body subdepressed, elongate, parallel-sided, rufescent ( |
|
– | Body rounded, rufo-piceous ( |
BRAZIL: Pará: Santarém [
Length: 1.87–2.25 mm, width: 1.68–2.00 mm; body rufopiceous, ovoid; frons depressed at middle; frontal stria rounded, weakly divergent at sides, generally interrupted over antennal bases, strongly rounded anterad at middle; supraorbital stria weak, fragmented, detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, asymmetrically emarginate apically; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small acute basal tooth; pronotum broadly depressed at base, but lacking distinct prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, with few or no larger lateral punctures; anterior pronotal margin distinctly projecting at middle; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous, complete along lateral and anterior margins; median pronotal gland openings simple, about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete or interrupted at middle, inner subhumeral stria present in apical half, often shortened at apex, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th and 5th striae similar in length, present in about apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel weakly projecting at base, carinal striae generally complete, free or united anteriorly; anterior mesoventral margin shallowly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria weakly arched forward at middle one-third, sinuate near mesocoxa, continued by lateral metaventral stria which curves laterad toward outer corner of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two abbreviated lateral striae; postmetacoxal fovea not evident; propygidium with large punctures confined to middle and along basal margin, with fine, dense ground punctation elsewhere; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, lacking coarser punctures except along extreme basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, ending in very large, transversely elongate basal foveae. Male genitalia (
This is a highly distinctive species, easily recognized by the deep, basal pygidial foveae (
Male genitalia of
Not specified beyond Bolivia.
Length: 1.75–2.37 mm, width: 1.56–2.09 mm; body piceous, broadly rounded; frons shallowly depressed at middle, with fine, sparse ground punctation; frontal stria with sides divergent, rounded, sinuate over antennal bases, arcuate across front; supraorbital stria fine, rounded dorsad, detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma moderately convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, asymmetrically emarginate apically, projecting beneath; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, lacking lateral pronotal punctures; anterior margin of pronotum very weakly projecting at middle; marginal pronotal stria generally broadly interrupted behind head, may be weak and fragmented; submarginal pronotal stria continuous, complete along lateral and anterior margins, marginal bead convex; median pronotal gland openings about three-fourths pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria present in apical half, fine, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical third or slightly more, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel very weakly projecting at base, carinal striae complete, broadly separated at base, meeting in rather narrow anterior arch; anterior metaventral margin broadly, very shallowly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward at middle short of mesoventral midpoint, sinuate laterally, continued obliquely posterolaterad toward outer corner of metacoxa, abbreviated at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, both abbreviated posteriorly, with small fovea near inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium with fine, moderately sparse ground punctation and irregularly oval, shallow punctures over most of disk separated by one-fourth their diameters or slightly more; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, lacking coarser punctures except along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, but rather fine along most of margin, ending in large, transversely oval basal foveae. Male genitalia (
This species and
COLOMBIA: Bogotá [uncertain, question-marked on the type label].
Length: 1.90–2.25 mm, width: 1.68–1.97 mm; body rufopiceous, broadly rounded; frons shallowly depressed at middle, with fine, sparse ground punctation; sides of frontal stria divergent, rounded, sinuate over antennal bases, arcuate across front; supraorbital stria fine, rounded dorsad, detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma moderately convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, asymmetrically emarginate apically, projecting beneath; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, lacking lateral pronotal punctures; anterior margin of pronotum very weakly projecting at middle; marginal pronotal stria generally broadly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous, complete along lateral and anterior margins, marginal bead convex; median pronotal gland openings about three-fourths pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with single complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, sinuate at middle, inner subhumeral stria absent, subhumeral region strongly, narrowly convex, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th and 5th striae similar in length, present in about apical third, sutural present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel broad, very weakly projecting at base, carinal striae complete, broadly separated at base, meeting in broad anterior arch; anterior metaventral margin broadly, very shallowly emarginate, marginal stria complete or narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward at middle to near marginal mesoventral stria, continued obliquely posterolaterad, abbreviated apically; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, inner usually complete, curved mediad posteriorly, outer stria abbreviated, a small fovea present near inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium with fine, moderately sparse ground punctation and irregularly oval, shallow punctures over most of disk except posterolateral corners, separated by one-fourth their diameters or slightly more; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, lacking coarser punctures except for few small punctures along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, but rather narrow along most of margin, ending in large, more or less round basal foveae. Male genitalia (
This species is closely related, and very similar to,
COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: Puerto Salgar [
Length: 1.84–2.00 mm, width: 1.59–1.68 mm; body rufopiceous, elongate oval; frons weakly depressed; frontal stria with sides divergent, weakly sinuate over antennal bases, arcuate, complete across front; supraorbital stria weak, usually present only at middle, disconnected from sides of frontal stria; epistoma weakly emarginate apically; labrum about twice as wide as long, very weakly asymmetrically emarginate; pronotal sides convergent weakly rounded in basal two-thirds; prescutellar impression absent; ground punctation fine, sparse, with ~20 coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria complete along sides, very weak across front, usually fragmented or interrupted; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete along side, curved inward anteriorly, nearly meeting anterior submarginal stria, which is weakly arcuate, barely recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings simple, situated behind ends of recurved anterior stria, about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with three epipleural striae, lateral-most weakly abbreviated at base, outer subhumeral stria usually complete, fragmented to abbreviated basally, inner subhumeral stria present in apical half, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical two-thirds, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel weakly projecting at base, carinal striae complete, evenly convergent to anterior arch, microsculptured within; mesoventral margin broadly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria strongly, narrowly arched forward, nearly meeting marginal mesoventral stria, sinuate at sides, continued by lateral metaventral stria toward outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, inner stria complete, outer stria curving laterad behind metacoxa, ending in or barely passing through small lateral postmetacoxal fovea; propygidium with sparse ground punctation and moderately large, round punctures separated by slightly less than their diameters; pygidium with fine, dense but rather shallow ground punctation, with slightly coarser punctures interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, narrow along most of margin, divergent from margin slightly toward base, ending in large, deep basal foveae. Male genitalia (
This is the only species that has basolateral pygidial foveae and has the submarginal pronotal stria broken behind the eye (
Male genitalia of
Records of the
Not specified beyond Colombia.
Length (nontype only measured): 2.12 mm, width: 1.68 mm; body rufescent, elongate, subdepressed, approximately parallel-sided; frons weakly depressed, frontal stria divergent at sides, almost evenly arcuate across front, weakly sinuate above antennal bases; supraorbital stria absent; epistoma flat; labrum about twice as wide as midline length, apex asymmetrical, shorter on right side than left; left mandible slightly produced at base, right with acute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, disk with fine, inconspicuous ground punctation, with numerous (>20) coarser punctures along sides; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous along lateral and anterior margins, but weakly angulate behind eyes; median pronotal gland openings simple, slightly less than one-half pronotal length behind anterior pronotal margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria interrupted at middle, inner subhumeral stria present only in apical half, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in just over apical half, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with irregular series of apical marginal punctures; pronotal keel projecting at base, carinal striae complete, sinuate, meeting in narrow anterior arch; anterior mesoventral margin distinctly emarginate, marginal stria complete or interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria displaced anterad, transverse across middle of mesoventrite, bend posterolaterad, continued by lateral metaventral stria toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer abbreviated, without postmetacoxal fovea; propygidium with ground punctation fine, sparse, densely covered with small coarse punctures, separated by much less than their diameters; pygidium with dense, fine ground punctation, with numerous coarser punctures interspersed, more densely toward apex; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, moderately deep, weakly crenulate. Male genitalia (
The aedeagus (
Male genitalia of
PERU: Madre de Dios: 15 km NE Puerto Maldonado, Cuzco Amazónico Reserve [
Length: 1.97–2.00 mm, width: 1.68–1.78 mm; body rufopiceous, elongate oval; subdepressed; frons weakly depressed at middle, with fine, sparse ground punctation; frontal stria divergent between eyes, curving mediad, weakly sinuate over antennal bases, fine, complete, and arcuate across front; epistoma shallowly emarginate apically; labrum about twice as wide as long, truncate apically; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, rather conspicuous ground punctation, with ~15 coarse lateral punctures; marginal stria broadly interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal stria complete along side, curving inward, meeting or nearly meeting anterior marginal stria at weak postocular angle, anterior marginal stria may be very weakly recurved posterad if free; median pronotal gland openings about half pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, sinuate at middle, inner subhumeral stria present in apical half, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, striae 4-5 present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; elytra with weak strioles between apices of striae 1 and 2; prosternal keel outwardly produced at base, carinal striae complete, rather narrowly separated, united anteriorly and posteriorly; prosternal lobe narrowly rounded, marginal stria complete, well impressed; anterior margin of mesoventrite shallowly emarginate, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria weakly arched forward at middle, reaching basal third of mesoventrite, continued by lateral metaventral stria posterolaterad toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium with moderately dense ground punctation mostly obscured by uniformly dense secondary punctures; pygidium with dense ground punctation with numerous small secondary punctures interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, complete, not ending in basal foveae. Male genitalia: segments 8-10 very similar to those of
Aside from marked differences in body shape (
This species’ name refers to the lack of basal pygidial foveae, otherwise common in most members of the
ECUADOR: Pichincha:Santo Domingo [
Length: 2.15–2.37 mm, width: 1.93–2.06 mm; body rufopiceous, broadly rounded; frons weakly depressed at middle; frontal stria rounded at sides, rather narrowly arcuate across front; supraorbital stria weak, present at middle, detached from frontal stria; epistoma flat to weakly convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly, asymmetrically emarginate apically; pronotal sides rather strongly convergent to front, disk lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, lacking coarser lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous along lateral and anterior margins; median pronotal gland openings simple, about three-fourths pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria faintly impressed in apical half or absent, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical two-thirds, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal lobe truncate to very weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, widely separated at base, united in anterior arch; anterior mesoventral margin truncate, marginal stria fine, fragmented at middle; mesometaventral stria very broadly arched forward to near marginal mesoventral stria, which is continued posterolaterally by lateral metaventral stria toward outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer stria present in basal half only; lacking conspicuous postmetacoxal fovea; propygidium with fine, sparse ground punctation, especially conspicuous in posterolateral corners, with larger, round punctures separated by about one-third their diameters; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, without coarser punctures except along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, fine, complete, weakly widened toward vague basal foveae. Male not available for study.
The unique form of the marginal pygidial sulcus, with a deep marginal groove ending in weakly enlarged basal foveae (
PERU: Junín:11km NE Puerto Ocopa, Los Olivos [
Length: 2.12–2.31 mm, width: 1.90–2.12 mm; body piceous, broadly rounded; frons weakly depressed; frontal stria with sides rounded, interrupted over antennal bases, arcuate across front; supraorbital stria fine, rounded dorsad, detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma moderately convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, asymmetrically emarginate apically, projecting beneath; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, with 2-5 coarse lateral punctures; anterior margin of pronotum not projecting at middle; marginal pronotal stria generally broadly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous, complete along lateral and anterior margins, marginal bead weakly convex; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria fine, present in apical half, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel truncate to weakly rounded at base, carinal striae complete, convergent to anterior arch, microsculptured between; anterior metaventral margin straight, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria rather narrowly arched forward at middle, reaching to mesoventral midpoint, sinuate laterally, continued obliquely posterolaterad toward outer corner of metacoxa, slightly abbreviated at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria, abbreviated outer stria; inconspicuous fovea present near inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium with fine, moderately sparse ground punctation and irregularly oval, shallow punctures over most of disk, separated by about one-third their diameters; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, lacking coarser punctures; marginal pygidial sulcus absent, but basolateral corners of pygidium with rather small, round foveae. Male genitalia (
This species is unique in the presence of basolateral pygidial foveae that are not connected by any indication of a marginal sulcus (
This species’ name refers to the lack of marginal connection between the pygidial foveae.
PERU: Junín:11km NE Puerto Ocopa, Los Olivos [
Length: 2.40 mm, width: 2.09 mm; body piceous, broadly rounded; frons shallowly depressed at middle, with fine, sparse ground punctation; frontal stria with sides divergent, rounded, narrowly interrupted over antennal bases, arcuate across front; supraorbital stria fine, rounded dorsad, detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma moderately convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, asymmetrically emarginate apically; left mandible untoothed, right with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, with a few faint, shallow lateral pronotal punctures; anterior margin of pronotum not projecting at middle; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous, complete along lateral and anterior margins, marginal bead convex; median pronotal gland openings just over half pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria fine, present in apical two-thirds, fragmented basally, striae 1-3 complete, 4th and 5th striae similar in length, present in about apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel very weakly projecting at base, carinal striae complete, broadly separated at base, meeting in anterior arch; anterior metaventral margin very weakly emarginate, marginal stria narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward nearly to marginal mesoventral stria, slightly sinuate laterally, continued obliquely posterolaterad toward middle of metacoxa, more or less complete; 1st abdominal ventrite with two abbreviated lateral striae; inconspicuous fovea present near inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium with fine, inconspicuous ground punctation and irregularly round, shallow punctures over most of disk, separated by about one-third their diameters; pygidium with very fine but dense ground punctation, with few slightly coarser punctures in basal third; completely lacking marginal pygidial sulcus or foveae. Male not known.
While numerous external characters suggest that this species belongs in the
This species is named for the village of Los Olivos, its type locality.
This large group of species is difficult to characterize, and is probably closely related to the
Male genitalia in the group are somewhat varied, with two moderately well-defined subgroups. One of these (e.g.,
1 | Elytron with four complete elytral striae (stria 1 may be abbreviated apically, but striae 2-4 are complete) | 2 |
– | Elytron with fewer than four complete dorsal striae | 4 |
2 | Pygidium with dense ground punctation and coarse secondary punctation ( |
|
– | Ground punctation of pygidium fine and sparse; secondary punctation varied; outer subhumeral stria absent | 3 |
3 | 1st dorsal elytral stria at least weakened, usually obsolete in apical half; lateral submarginal pronotal stria obsolete basally | |
– | 1st dorsal stria complete to apex; lateral submarginal pronotal stria usually complete, may be interrupted at middle | |
4 | Pygidium with dense ground punctation, secondary punctation varied; marginal pygidial sulcus absent | 5 |
– | Ground punctation of pygidium sparse; secondary punctation varied; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, often fragmented, usually present | 11 |
5 | Pygidium completely lacking secondary punctures (except possibly along extreme basal margin), with fine ground punctation only | 6 |
– | Pygidium with secondary punctures, though they may be small and sparse | 8 |
6 | Central portion of frontal stria absent; lateral submarginal pronotal stria generally more or less complete along side ( |
|
– | Central portion of frontal stria present as a detached fragment; lateral submarginal pronotal stria at least slightly abbreviated at base; other characters varied | 7 |
7 | Outer lateral stria of 1st abdominal ventrite extending behind metacoxa, passing through a distinct fovea behind the posterolateral coxal corner ( |
|
– | Outer lateral stria of 1st abdominal ventrite not extending laterad behind metacoxa; postmetacoxal fovea situated behind inner corner of coxa, very small and inconspicuous; apical margin of elytron lacking punctures or marginal stria ( |
|
8 | 1st abdominal ventrite with large fovea behind inner corner of metacoxa, with the lateral stria passing through it, bending behind coxa ( |
|
– | 1st abdominal ventrite with small to inconspicuous fovea behind inner corner of metacoxa; other characters varied, but basal fragment of 4th stria and apical fragment of 5th stria often absent | 9 |
9 | Coarse punctures of propygidium dense, covering entire disk ( |
|
– | Coarse punctures of propygidium markedly diminished in posterolateral corners, where dense ground punctation becomes conspicuous; secondary punctures of pygidium rather fine; 3rd dorsal elytral stria interrupted; basal fragment of 4th stria present or absent | 10 |
10 | Outer subhumeral stria generally represented by apical fragment; body often with faint metallic green tinge ( |
|
– | Outer subhumeral stria absent; body lacking any metallic tinge, piceous; other characters varied, but 4th stria usually represented by basal fragment | |
11 | Anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached from lateral stria, recurved posterad | 12 |
– | Submarginal pronotal stria continuous across anterior margin | 13 |
12 | Elytron with 4th dorsal stria more or less complete (may be weakened or narrowly interrupted at middle) and 3rd dorsal stria broadly interrupted ( |
|
– | Elytron with 3rd dorsal stria complete, 4th variably complete to interrupted ( |
|
13 | 4th dorsal elytral stria well impressed in about basal fourth | 14 |
– | 4th stria absent from basal half of elytron or at most represented by very small basal puncture (may be small apical fragment regardless) | 15 |
14 | Basal fragment of 4th dorsal stria more strongly impressed than fine, scratch-like 3rd, both interrupted at middle ( |
|
– | 3rd dorsal stria usually complete and always as or more strongly impressed than 4th ( |
|
15 | Elytron with distinct apical marginal stria | 16 |
– | Elytron lacking a distinct apical marginal stria; 1st abdominal ventrite with large fovea behind outer corner of metacoxa ( |
|
16 | Male metaventrite shallowly depressed and setose ( |
|
– | Male metaventrite not depressed or setose, identical to that of female; pygidium with few secondary punctures; 1st abdominal ventrite with large fovea behind outer corner of metacoxa ( |
MEXICO: Tabasco: Teapa [
Length: 1.72–1.87 mm, width: 1.47–1.59 mm; body rufopiceous, elongate oval, smooth, shining; frons weakly depressed at middle, with sparse but fairly conspicuous ground punctation; frontal stria weakly rounded between eyes, complete across front; supraorbital stria absent; epistoma mostly convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, apically emarginate on dorsal part of edge, but with apical process beneath, just left of midline; left mandible lacking basal tooth, right mandible with small subacute tooth; pronotal disk with prescutellar impression lacking or extremely fine, punctiform, ground punctation very fine and inconspicuous, with ~10 coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria complete behind head and along lateral margins; lateral submarginal stria complete to variably basally abbreviated along side, arched inward anteriorly, nearly meeting anterior portion, which is recurved posterad about one-fifth pronotal length; median pronotal gland openings situated behind recurved ends of anterior stria, about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria very short and apical, inner subhumeral absent, striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria very finely impressed in basal third (rarely reaching the anterior elytral margin), and as a very short apical stria, 4th stria complete, 5th stria present as basal rudiment or absent, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with apical row of conspicuous punctures; prosternal lobe weakly emarginate basally, carinal striae complete, widely separate at base, convergent at middle, weakly divergent to apical arch; prosternal lobe with complete marginal stria; mesoventrite weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria barely interrupted; mesometaventral stria evenly and strongly arched forward to near anterior mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending to inner third of metacoxa; metaventral disk convex; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria present, longitudinal in basal half, interrupted near inner corner of metacoxa, continuing directly laterad behind coxa, passing through a small but distinct postcoxal fovea; propygidium with ground punctation fine, with moderately large punctures separated by slightly less than their diameters in basal half, frequently coalesced into short strioles in anterolateral corners, becoming smaller and sparser toward apex, more or less absent from apical third; pygidium with ground punctation fine, sparse, slightly coarser punctures often interspersed, separated by 4–5× their diameters; marginal pygidial stria very fine, present only apically, occasionally absent. Male genitalia (
The pronotal striae (
Male genitalia of
Records of the
COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station [
Length: 1.93–2.22 mm, width: 1.65–1.93 mm; body rufopiceous, slightly elongate oval, sides evenly rounded; frons depressed at middle, with fine, sparse ground punctation; sides of frontal stria divergent between eyes, interrupted over antennal bases, present as isolated arc in front; supraorbital stria absent; epistoma strongly convex; labrum narrow, about twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate with small process beneath, left of midline; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with ground punctation fine and inconspicuous, with ~10 coarser punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria absent behind head, complete at sides; submarginal pronotal stria complete across front, extending along anterior half of lateral margin, obsolete in basal half; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria very short and apical, inner subhumeral absent, striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria very finely impressed in basal third, reaching the anterior elytral margin, and as a very short apical stria, 4th stria represented by very short apical fragment, 5th stria absent, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with apical row of conspicuous punctures; prosternal keel very weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae converging, united anteriorly about one-fourth before presternal suture, weak secondary striae present between procoxa and primary carinal stria; prosternal lobe rather short, marginal stria abbreviated at sides; mesoventrite not projecting at middle, marginal stria broadly interrupted by mesometaventral stria which is arched forward along most of the mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria strongly abbreviated posteriorly, reaching only about middle of metaventral disk; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria present, longitudinal in basal half, interrupted near inner corner of metacoxa, continuing directly laterad behind coxa, passing through a small but distinct postcoxal fovea behind outer corner of coxa; propygidium and especially pygidium with ground punctation dense; propygidium with small, round punctures separated by about their diameters, becoming sparser apicolaterally; pygidium with only a few coarser punctures along basal margin; marginal pygidial stria absent. Male genitalia (
This species can be distinguished by its broad body outline (
This species’ name refers to the fine, dense punctures of the pygidium.
COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station [
(13).
This species is very similar to the preceding,
This species’ most distinctive character is the depressed and setose male meso- and metaventrites (
This species’ name refers to the very finely setose meso- and metaventrites of the male.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Quebrada Bonita Station [
This species is extremely similar to both the preceding two, differing principally in the following characters: length: 1.65–1.67 mm, width: 1.40–1.44 mm; frontal stria usually complete, but may be interrupted over antennal bases; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across front, complete along lateral margin; pronotal disk with few, ~8 coarse lateral punctures; elytron with outer subhumeral stria absent, 1st dorsal stria slightly abbreviated from base, 2nd stria complete, 3rd stria with fine basal scratch and apical appendix, 4th stria usually absent, may be represented by short apical fragment, 5th stria absent, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths, sinuate, connected to crenulate stria along apical elytral margin; prosternal striae complete, close, parallel in anterior half, united by narrow arch; male metaventrite not impressed or densely punctate; sterna with faint microsculpture at sides; 1st abdominal ventrite with near complete longitudinal lateral stria in addition to transverse postcoxal stria, postcoxal stria ending in distinct fovea behind outer corner of metacoxa; propygidium with faint microsculpture, pygidium without; propygidial punctures small, separated by about their diameters, present only in basal half to two-thirds; pygidium with fine ground punctures only; marginal pygidial stria finely impressed along extreme apex or absent. Male genitalia (
The presence of propygidial microsculpture in this species is unusual for the
Male genitalia of
This species’ name is based on its small size and secondarily its reduced (depauperate) elytral striation.
BELIZE: Cayo:Las Cuevas Research Station [
Length: 1.56–1.72 mm, width: 1.28–1.44 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval; frons shallowly depressed at middle, with fine, sparse ground punctation; frontal stria rounded at sides, generally complete across middle; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, ~16 moderate punctures sparsely scattered at sides; marginal pronotal stria complete behind head and along sides; submarginal stria continuous across front, ending at or before middle of lateral margin; elytra with outer and inner subhumeral striae absent, stria 1 well impressed in basal half only, obsolete or only very weakly impressed in apical half, striae 2-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with very few, small apical punctures; prosternal keel weakly impressed at base, carinal striae complete, parallel in apical half, united in narrow anterior arch; mesoventral margin weakly projecting, marginal stria complete or narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward to near anterior mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two abbreviated lateral striae, outer bent abruptly behind metacoxa, fragmented; small postcoxal fovea present near inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium and pygidium with fine, sparse ground punctures; propygidium with medium, ocellate punctures separated by about their diameters in basal third, distinctly smaller and sparser in apical half; pygidium with small punctures uniformly interspersed with ground punctation, separated by 3–4× their diameters; marginal pygidial stria fine, present along about apical third of pygidial margin. Male genitalia (
The pattern of elytral striae (
This species is named in memory of Mr. Nicodemus ‘Chapal’ Bol, former caretaker of the Las Cuevas Field Station, the type locality of this species, in recognition for his assistance during a 2000 visit by the first author.
COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station [
Length: 1.72–1.90 mm, width: 1.47–1.62 mm; body rufobrunneus, shining, elongate oval with sides rather broadly rounded; frons depressed at middle, disk very finely and sparsely punctate; frontal stria divergent between eyes, sinuate over antennae, continuous across front; supraorbital stria very weakly impressed, frequently fragmented and/or disconnected from frontal stria; labrum narrow, about 1.8× as wide as long, asymmetrically emarginate apically, with left side slightly more prominent; left mandible untoothed, right with very small basal tooth; pronotal disk faintly impressed in prescutellar area, disk with very fine, sparse ground punctation, with generally few, but up to ~20 lateral punctures; lateral submarginal pronotal stria present in anterior half, curving inward but not continuous with anterior portion in most individuals; anterior submarginal pronotal stria very weakly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings about three-fourths pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with outer and inner subhumeral striae absent, 1st dorsal stria usually obsolete in apical half, striae 2-3 complete, 4th stria broadly interrupted at middle, present at base and apex, 5th stria represented by short apical fragment, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; elytral disk with few disorganized apical punctures; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, with carinal striae complete, fine, widely separated basally, converging anteriorly; mesoventral margin weakly projecting, marginal stria interrupted for width of prosternum; mesometaventral stria arched forward to near mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending toward outer corner of metacoxa, abbreviated apically; 1st abdominal ventrite with two abbreviated lateral striae, the outer bent behind metacoxa, short, frequently fragmented; postcoxal fovea inconspicuous; propygidium and pygidium lacking microsculpture; propygidium with small round punctures separated by about their diameters along basal margin, becoming smaller and sparser to apex; pygidium with fine, sparse ground punctation, few or no coarser punctures; marginal pygidial stria very finely impressed at extreme apex or absent. Male genitalia: segments 8-10 indistinguishable from those of
This species is distinguished by the interrupted submarginal pronotal stria (
Records of the
This species’ name refers to its three-part submarginal pronotal stria.
HONDURAS: Atlántida: 15 km W La Ceiba [
Length: 1.50–2.03 mm, width: 1.31–1.78 mm; body rufopiceous, ovoid, widest near middle of elytra; frons depressed at middle; frontal stria rounded at sides, complete or interrupted over antennal bases, arcuate across middle; labrum narrow, less than twice as wide as long, apex asymmetrically emarginate, left side protruding, with small apical process beneath margin; left mandible untoothed, right with small acute basal tooth; pronotal disk without prescutellar impression, disk with very fine, inconspicuous ground punctation, with ~16-20 coarse punctures near sides; marginal pronotal stria complete to narrowly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across front, fine, close to margin, and frequently interrupted at sides; elytron with single complete epipleural stria, subhumeral striae absent, stria 1-2 complete, striae 3-4 present basally and apically, but broadly interrupted at middle, 5th stria absent, sutural present in apical two-thirds, continuous apically with strong apical marginal stria; prosternum depressed, with weak basal emargination, carinal striae complete, narrowed between coxae, slightly bulbous anteriorly, with secondary carinal striae in basal half; mesoventral margin very weakly projecting, marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly, subangulately arched forward to near mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending posterad to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with single arcuate lateral stria, present in basal two-thirds of ventrite, with detached, transverse postmetacoxal stria which passes through a deep fovea behind posterolateral corner of coxa; ground punctation of pygidia fine, inconspicuous, microsculpture absent; propygidium with moderately large, shallow punctures separated by less than their diameters in basal half, apical half with only few small punctures; pygidium with small punctures sparsely scattered by about 5× their diameters; marginal pygidial stria fine, present along apical half of margin only. Male genitalia (
Among members of the
The name of this species refers to the conspicuous foveae on the sides of the first abdominal ventrite.
BELIZE: Cayo:Las Cuevas Research Station [
This species is extremely similar to the preceding differing only as follows length: 1.81–1.87 mm, width: 1.56–1.62 mm; frontal stria complete over antennal bases; lateral submarginal pronotal stria continuous along front and sides, not interrupted; pronotal disk with <10 lateral punctures; elytra with 2 epipleural striae, striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria present in basal third as very fine stria, and a short apical fragment, striae 4-5 absent, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; apical margin of elytra lacking stria or punctures; prosternum not strongly depressed; marginal stria of mesoventrite broadly interrupted; inner stria of 1st abdominal ventrite not extending beyond basal half, ending very close to or meeting inner end of transverse postmetacoxal stria; deep fovea present behind posterolateral corner of metacoxa; propygidium with rather small punctures concentrated along basal margin, sparser to absent in apical half; pygidium with few or no punctures aside from very fine, inconspicuous ground punctation; marginal pygidial stria very fine, present only on extreme pygidial apex. Male genitalia indistinguishable from those of
The presence of a deep fovea behind the metacoxa (
This species’ name refers to the very smooth, almost impunctate pygidium.
COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Liberia [
Length: 1.75–1.81 mm, width: 1.47–1.59 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, sides weakly rounded; frons weakly depressed, with fine, sparse ground punctation; sides of frontal stria short, impressed near upper margin of eye, broadly interrupted over antennal bases, short, transverse across middle; labrum narrow, less than twice as wide as long, apex asymmetrically emarginate, left side protruding, with small apical process beneath margin; left mandible untoothed, right with small acute basal tooth; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, inconspicuous ground punctation and numerous coarse punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria complete or narrowly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across anterior margin, extending along only anterior third to half of lateral margin, obsolete basally; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, inner and outer subhumeral striae absent, striae 1-3 complete, well impressed, 4th stria present in basal third and as apical fragment, 5th stria absent, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, very briefly curving laterad at apex, continued along apex by sparse series of punctures; prosternal keel truncate to very weakly emarginate at base, with complete carinal striae which are very narrowly separated anteriorly in most individuals; anterior mesoventral margin very weakly projecting, marginal stria very fine but usually complete between broadly arched mesometaventral stria and mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, both obsolete in posterior half; lacking postmetacoxal stria and fovea; propygidium and pygidium lacking microsculpture; propygidium with medium-sized, round, shallow punctures irregularly separated by about their diameters in basal half, punctures smaller and sparser in apical half; pygidium wide, short, about equal in midline length to propygidium, with fine, sparse ground punctures and slightly coarser punctures evenly scattered throughout; marginal pygidial stria absent. Male genitalia (
This species is rather isolated in the group, completely lacking any marginal pygidial stria, and having strongly impressed elytral striae 1-3 (
Male genitalia of
The name of this species refers to the discovery of the types of this species in association with rotting mangoes, though this is probably not an exclusive habit.
BELIZE: Cayo: Las Cuevas Research Station [
Length: 2.31–2.71 mm, width: 2.06–2.25 mm; body rufopiceous, oval, with sides distinctly rounded, strongly convex; frons and upper part of epistoma strongly impressed; frontal stria divergent between eyes, interrupted over antennal bases, arcuate across middle; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate apically; pronotal disk weakly impressed in prescutellar region, but lacking discrete impression, with very fine, inconspicuous ground punctation and ~20 coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria complete along anterior and lateral margins; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across front, extending along anterior half of lateral margin; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, inner and outer subhumeral striae generally absent, rarely with small fragments of outer present, striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria present in basal third and as short apical fragment, 4th stria present in basal sixth and as short apical fragment, 5th stria absent, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths, curving laterad apically but usually not connected to apical marginal stria, which is present between striae 2 and 5; prosternum with microsculpture on keel and on prosternal lobe; microsculpture lacking on posterior ventrites; prosternal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, converging from base to middle, subparallel anteriorly, connected in narrow anterior arch; weak secondary carinal striae present mediad procoxa; mesoventrite very wide and short, mesoventral margin weakly sinuate, not projecting, marginal stria broadly interrupted; mesometaventral stria strongly and broadly arched forward to near mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending posterad toward inner third of metacoxa, abbreviated behind middle; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria present in basal half, passing through deep fovea behind inner corner of metacoxa, continuing laterad behind coxa; propygidium and pygidium with dense, shallow ground punctation; propygidium with slightly elongate punctures separated by about half their diameters basomedially, smaller and sparser laterally and apically; pygidium with small coarse punctures rather uniformly scattered by about 4× their diameters; marginal pygidial stria absent. Male genitalia (
This species can be easily recognized by the pattern of elytral striation (
Male genitalia of
This species is named for the distinct, large fovea behind the metacoxa.
BELIZE: Orange Walk: Rio Bravo Conservation Area [
This species is extremely similar to the preceding, differing mainly in the following characters: length: 2.03–2.37 mm, width: 1.72–2.00 mm; body slightly narrower, less broadly rounded; pronotum with more numerous, ~40, lateral discal punctures; elytron with subhumeral striae absent, striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria complete or rarely narrowly interrupted at middle, 4th stria present in basal fourth and as short apical fragment, 5th stria represented by short apical fragment, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, more frequently connected to apical marginal elytral stria (about half of available specimens); 1st abdominal ventrite with a small fovea behind the inner corner of metacoxa, lateral stria present, ending in fovea, not continuing laterad behind metacoxa; propygidium and pygidium with similar dense ground punctation, the coarse punctures of propygidium much more dense and numerous, coarse punctures of pygidium also more numerous; apical marginal stria absent. Male genitalia indistinguishable from those of
This species’ name refers to the apical stria along the posterior elytral margin.
NICARAGUA: Granada: Mombacho Volcano [
Length: 2.18–2.25 mm, width: 1.87–1.90 mm; body rufopiceus, elongate oval, widest at humeri, subdepressed; frons and epistoma depressed at middle; frontal stria rounded at sides, interrupted over antennal bases, arcuate at middle; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, emarginate apically; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation and ~24 coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria complete along anterior and lateral margins; submarginal pronotal stria continuous behind anterior margin, extending posterad along anterior half to two-thirds of lateral margin, obsolete at base; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in apical third to one-half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical third to one-half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytron with apical marginal series of small punctures; pronotal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, keel microsculptured between; prosternal lobe rather short; anterior mesoventral margin straight, marginal stria interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward about two-thirds mesoventral length toward anterior margin; lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, inner stria complete, the outer stria apically abbreviated; postmetacoxal fovea inconspicuous; propygidium with dense ground punctation visible at sides and along apical margin, with coarser round punctures fairly uniformly and densely separated by about one-half their diameters; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation throughout, with small secondary punctures uniformly separated by about twice their diameters; marginal pygidial stria absent. Male genitalia (
Among species in the
Records of the
We name this species for Jean-Michel Maes, director of the Entomological Museum of Leon, Nicaragua, who has tirelessly promoted appreciation of insect biodiversity in Central America.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Quebrada Bonita Station [
Length: 1.75–2.37 mm, width: 1.68–2.12 mm; body rufopiceous, strongly rounded, convex; frons broad, slightly depressed in middle; frontal stria just turning inward between eyes, absent from middle; labrum less than twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate apically; left mandible untoothed, right with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotal disk with prescutellar impression weak, with very fine prescutellar fovea in some individuals, ground punctation fine and inconspicuous, with ~10 coarser lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across front and sides, rarely abbreviated or fragmented at sides; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer and inner subhumeral striae absent, striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria present in basal third and apical one-sixth, rarely complete, 4th and 5th striae present as apical rudiments, sutural stria present in apical four-fifths; apical elytral stria absent; prosternal keel broad, flat, weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae well-separated at base, sinuate, joined anteriorly in broad arch; prosternal lobe short; mesoventrite short, wide, weakly projecting anteriorly, marginal stria narrowly interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria arched forward to middle of mesoventrite, sinuate at sides; lateral metaventral stria extending toward outer third of metacoxa, slightly abbreviated at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria, abbreviated outer lateral stria, with fine postmetacoxal fovea between them; propygidium and pygidium with dense, fine, shallow ground punctation; propygidium with coarse basomedial punctures, sparser laterally and posteriorly; pygidium lacking any interspersed coarse punctures; apical marginal stria absent. Male genitalia (
This larger, convex species can be distinguished by the absence of the central part of the frontal stria, generally complete lateral submarginal pronotal stria (
Male genitalia of
This species occurs along the Pacific coastal areas of Costa Rica, and is named accordingly.
PANAMA: Colón:San Lorenzo Forest [
This species is extremely similar to the preceding,
This species and
This species’ name refers to its shining integument.
COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station [
Length: 2.06–2.56 mm, width: 1.81–2.31 mm; body rufobrunneus, generally with a very faint, dull greenish tinge, elongate oval, strongly convex; frons depressed at middle; frontal stria rounded at sides, broadly interrupted above antennal bases, with a short sinuate fragment at middle; supraorbital stria weak, detached from sides of frontal stria; labrum narrow, less than twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate at apex; left mandible untoothed, right with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotal disk weakly depressed basomedially, but lacking distinct prescutellar impression, with very fine, inconspicuous ground punctation and ~10 larger, shallow punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across front and along anterior half of lateral margin, obsolete basally; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria absent or represented as very short fragment in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria present in basal third, and as short apical fragment, striae 4-5 represented by short apical fragments only, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; elytral disk with crenulate, frequently fragmented apical marginal stria; prosternal keel broad, truncate at base, carinal striae converging almost straight to narrow anterior arch; meso- and metaventrite together convex; mesoventrite short, wide, not projecting anteriorly, marginal stria broadly interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward to near mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria short, not extending past middle of ventrite; 1st abdominal ventrite with single, abbreviated lateral stria, with small fovea behind inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium and pygidium with dense, fine, shallow ground punctation; propygidium with coarse basomedial punctures, sparser laterally and posteriorly; pygidium with few very small, interspersed coarse punctures; apical marginal stria absent. Male genitalia (
This species is very similar to several in this group, having only two complete dorsal elytral striae, with the 3rd stria present basally and apically, and the 4th and 5th present only as apical fragments (
We limit the type series to specimens from northeastern Costa Rica and adjacent areas in Nicaragua.
Records of the
The name of this species refers to its faint metallic greenish tinge.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Las Alturas Biological Station [
Length: 2.12–2.53 mm, width: 1.84–2.18 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, sides distinctly rounded; frons and epistoma depressed at middle; frontal stria with sides rounded, interrupted over antennal bases, forming a detached arc at middle; labrum less than twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate at apex; left mandible untoothed, right with small, acute basal tooth; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, with very fine, sparse ground punctation and ~18 coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous across front of pronotum, extending along anterior two-thirds of lateral margin, obsolete at base; median pronotal gland openings situated about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, inner and outer subhumeral striae absent, striae 1-3 complete (3rd rarely interrupted), 4th and 5th striae present only in apical third, sutural present in apical three-fourths; elytral disk lacking apical marginal striae or punctures; prosternal keel and prosternal lobe with faint microsculpture; prosternal keel broad, weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, convergent and nearly united along base, united anteriorly in broad arc; prosternal lobe with marginal stria close to margin, abbreviated at sides; mesoventral margin broadly projecting, marginal stria weak and variably fragmented at middle; mesometaventral stria strongly arched forward at middle to near anterior mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending toward inner third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria and abbreviated outer lateral stria; postmetacoxal fovea absent; propygidium and pygidium with moderately dense, fine ground punctation; propygidium with coarser elongate punctures dense in basal two-thirds, obsolete apically; pygidium lacking coarser punctures; marginal pygidial stria absent. Male genitalia (
The basally abbreviated submarginal pronotal stria, usually complete elytral striae 1-3 (
Male genitalia of
The name of this species means ‘voracious’.
MEXICO: Jalisco: Chamela Biological Station [
Length: 1.75–2.06 mm, width: 1.44–1.78 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval; frons weakly impressed, with fine, inconspicuous ground punctation; sides of frontal stria rounded, interrupted over antennal bases, rarely complete, central portion sinuate; supraorbital stria weak, fragmented, detached from frontal stria; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly asymmetrically emarginate; left mandible untoothed, right with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotal disk lacking prescutellar impression, ground punctation fine, sparse, with ~16 coarse lateral punctures; marginal and submarginal pronotal striae complete across front and sides; median pronotal gland openings about two-thirds pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, inner and outer subhumeral striae absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present as short apical fragment, sutural present in posterior two-thirds; elytra with apical series of small punctures; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, united in narrow anterior arch; prosternal keel with marginal stria abbreviated at sides, narrowly interrupted at middle; mesoventral margin weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria broadly interrupted; mesometaventral stria broadly and strongly arched forward to mesoventral margin; lateral metaventral stria extending toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, both abbreviated, inner slightly longer than outer; postmetacoxal fovea absent; propygidium and pygidium lacking microsculpture, with fine, very sparse ground punctation; propygidium with medium, ocellate punctures separated by one-third their diameters in basal half, punctures smaller and sparser toward apex; pygidium with conspicuous coarse punctures uniformly separated by about 3× their diameters; marginal pygidial stria absent. Male genitalia (
This species’ name recognizes Estación de Biología Chamela, where most of the specimens of this species were collected.
The name
The group is highly diverse in external morphology ranging from 2.5–8mm in size, with a great variety of external sculpturing. They all have the outer subhumeral elytral stria complete, and in most it forms a distinct lateral marginal carina of the elytron (
1 | Elytral striae deeply impressed to carinate, strongly convergent apically toward suture ( |
2 |
– | Elytral striae distinct or not, never deeply impressed or carinate, at most weakly convergent apically; Mexico to South America | 3 |
2 | Elytral striae strongly carinate ( |
|
– | Elytral striae deeply impressed but not carinate ( |
|
3 | Elytral striae very weakly impressed; lateral marginal elytral carina strong; pronotum depressed near posterolateral corner | 4 |
– | Elytral striae varied, impressed or not; lateral marginal elytral carina weaker; pronotum not depressed in posterolateral corners | 6 |
4 | Epistoma lacking oblique lateral carinae; left mandible with strong basal tooth ( |
|
– | Epistoma with oblique lateral carinae ( |
5 |
5 | Elytral striae very faintly impressed, 4th and 5th absent, 2nd and 3rd represented by scratch-like basal rudiments ( |
|
– | Elytral striae finely impressed, but distinct, 4th and 5th present in apical half, 2nd and 3rd complete | |
6 | Pygidium lacking marginal sulcus | |
– | Pygidium with marginal sulcus | 7 |
7 | Elytra coarsely punctate, elytral striae largely obliterated by punctures ( |
|
– | Elytra with only very fine, sparse ground punctation; elytral striae distinct and complete | 8 |
8 | Body very large (>7mm); legs broadly expanded, meso- and metatibiae subtriangular ( |
|
– | Body much smaller (<3mm) ( |
Not specified beyond Maryland State, USA.
Length: 1.68–1.75 mm, width: 1.50–1.55 mm; body rufescent, broadly rounded, strongly convex, with very fine granulate microsculpture on most surfaces; frons broad, weakly depressed at middle, sides of frontal stria rounded, curving evenly, transverse across front; supraorbital stria complete, connected to sides of frontal stria; epistoma weakly depressed, slightly elevated at sides, weakly emarginate apically; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, flat, weakly emarginate apically; left mandible with broad, blunt basal tooth, right with slightly smaller, subacute tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with only very faint, shallow lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria continuous along all edges; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, close to margin, subcarinate, continuous with anterior submarginal stria, pronotal disk depressed along their inner edges; median pronotal gland openings faintly annulate, located about two-thirds pronotal distance behind anterior margin; elytron with two complete, crenulate epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria carinate, forming lateral elytral margin continuous with lateral pronotal margin, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-5 complete, rather broadly depressed, with outer edge of stria strongly carinate, sutural stria obsolete in basal third, similarly deeply impressed, all striae converging toward midline apically; elytral disk with numerous coarse punctures near apical margin; prosternal keel truncate at base, with carinal striae complete, divergent and free basally and apically; prosternal lobe very short, with marginal stria weak to obsolete; mesoventrite broadly and shallowly emarginate along anterior margin, with marginal stria very close to margin, weak at middle; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward to anterior mesoventral margin, meeting inner corner of mesocoxa at side, continued by lateral metaventral stria which extends laterally, parallel to postmesocoxal stria, strongly abbreviated; metaventrite moderately convex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, depressed along complete inner lateral stria, outer stria obsolete basally; propygidium uniformly and densely covered with coarse punctures; pygidium with fewer and sparser punctures, mainly at sides, impunctate toward apex; marginal pygidial sulcus well impressed along most of margin, obsolete toward base. Male genitalia (
The two Nearctic species of the
Various
Male genitalia of
Records of the
Not specified beyond Rhode Island State, USA.
Length: 1.56–1.93 mm, width: 1.34–1.62 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, with rather conspicuous ground punctation and sparse patches of granulate microsculpture; frons broad, depressed at middle, sides of frontal stria rounded, slightly sinuate above antennal bases, complete, weakly arcuate dorsad across front; apical margin of epistoma weakly emarginate; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, weakly emarginate apically; left mandible bluntly produced along inner edge, right mandible with more discrete, acute tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression or lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria continuous along lateral and anterior edges; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, close to margin, subcarinate, continuous with anterior submarginal stria, pronotal disk depressed along their inner edges; median pronotal gland openings distinctly annulate, located about two-thirds pronotal distance behind anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria weakly carinate, forming weak lateral elytral margin continuous with lateral pronotal margin, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-5 complete, faintly carinate along their outer edges, sutural stria obsolete in basal fourth, all striae converging toward midline apically; elytral disk with numerous coarse punctures near apical margin; prosternal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, divergent basally, free basally and apically; prosternal lobe very short, marginal stria weak; mesoventrite truncate along anterior margin, with marginal stria very close to margin; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward to anterior mesoventral margin, continued by lateral metaventral stria which extends laterally, close and parallel to postmesocoxal stria, strongly abbreviated at midpoint; metaventrite moderately convex; 1st abdominal ventrite depressed, especially at sides along complete inner lateral stria; propygidium uniformly and densely covered with coarse punctures; pygidium with fewer and sparser punctures, mainly at sides, impunctate toward apex; marginal pygidial sulcus well impressed along most of margin, obsolete toward base. Male genitalia extremely similar to those of
See diagnosis under
BRAZIL: Minas Gerais:Mar de Hespanha [
Length: 5.67 mm, width: 4.66 mm; body piceous, elongate oval, strongly convex; frons broad, sides of frontal stria divergent between eyes, angulate mediad above antennal bases, arcuate dorsad at middle; supraorbital stria fine, narrowly detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma depressed at middle, slightly elevated at sides, truncate apically; labrum rather narrow, apically arcuate; antennal club small, barely twice as long as antennomere 8, only sparsely tomentose on dorsal and ventral bases; mandibles broad, left mandible lacking basal tooth, right mandible with small, blunt (worn?) basal tooth; pronotum with faint, punctiform prescutellar impression, disk impunctate, with only inconspicuous ground punctation; marginal pronotal stria complete along lateral and anterior edges; lateral submarginal stria complete along side, bent inward at front, narrowly detached from anterior submarginal stria which is very finely impressed, faintly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings located behind ends of anterior submarginal stria, about one-fourth pronotal length from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, inner and outer subhumeral striae complete, simple, dorsal striae 1-4 complete, all extended mediad along basal margin as fine striae, 5th stria present only in apical fourth, sutural stria present in apical half; elytral disk lacking apical punctures; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, narrow, with carinal striae complete, weakly divergent, free basally and apically; secondary carinal striae present, parallel to basal half of carinal striae; prosternal lobe truncate apically, with complete marginal stria diverging straight posterad at sides, nearly meeting lateral prosternal striae; mesoventrite narrow, anterior margin very weakly produced, with complete marginal stria; metaventrite narrowly depressed along midline, impunctate; mesometaventral stria subangulately arched forward, extending to about one-fourth behind anterior mesoventral margin, continued by lateral metaventral stria posterolaterad to outer third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with one complete lateral stria; all tibiae broadly expanded, prothoracic tibiae with outer edge evenly arcuate, with fine marginal teeth, meso- and metatibiae approximately triangular, with apical width equal to about three-fourths tibial length, each bearing fine marginal spines; meso- and metatarsi short, retractable into poorly developed apical tibial grooves; propygidium and pygidium with ground punctation very fine, each bearing irregularly sparse, small round punctures; marginal sulcus of pygidium fine, complete. Male: not known.
This species is unmistakeable in its large size (
Records of the
We honor Lewis's suggested specific name for this species, which might indicate some knowledge of its myrmecophily that is not reflected on any of the specimen's labels. Its true habits remain unknown.
MEXICO: Mexico: Real de Arriba [
Length: 2.40 mm, width: 2.00 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval; frons broad, depressed at middle, with sides of frontal stria weakly divergent between eyes, sinuate over antennal bases, weakly arcuate dorsad at middle; supraorbital stria concealed in type; epistoma wide, depressed, with fine lateral marginal striae, shallowly emarginate apically; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate apically; left mandible with blunt basal tooth, right with smaller, subacute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, disk with fine but conspicuous ground punctation, lacking coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria complete along lateral and anterior edges; lateral submarginal stria complete along side, close to margin, with marginal bead narrowly elevated, pronotal disk depressed along inner edge, especially toward front, curved posteromediad at anterior pronotal angle, not meeting anterior submarginal stria, which is fine, faintly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings located behind ends of anterior submarginal stria, about one-third pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, forming weak but distinct lateral elytral margin, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-5 complete, carinate along their outer edges, 2-5 with basal ends curving inward along basal margin, sutural stria obsolete in basal fourth; elytral disk with series of apical marginal punctures; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, carinal striae complete, divergent, separate at base, close and parallel in anterior two-thirds, connected apically; prosternal lobe bluntly rounded apically, marginal stria very fine, obsolete at sides; mesoventrite wide, apical margin shallowly emarginate, marginal stria fine, narrowly interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria present as a broad, more or less transverse arch between mesocoxae, mesometaventral suture depressed near coxa; metaventral stria present from mesocoxal depression posterolaterad toward metepisternum, continuous with short recurrent stria along metaventral-metepisternal suture; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; all tibiae weakly expanded, submarginal ridge of the meso- and metatibiae forming a nearly continuous carina parallel to margin; ground punctation of propygidium and pygidium very fine, inconspicuous, propygidium with very faint, shallow, though moderately wide, secondary punctures, pygidium lacking secondary punctures; marginal pygidial sulcus absent. Male genitalia (
This species is quite isolated, and lacking a pygidial sulcus, was not immediately recognized as an
This species’ name honors Howard E. Hinton (1912–1977), recognizing his collection of the type specimen, as well as his many contributions to our knowledge of Neotropical
Honduras, but not known for certain (see below).
Length: 2.62 mm, width: 2.18 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, with very conspicuous ground punctation, with scattered coarser punctures, particularly on elytra; frons broad, shallowly depressed at middle, with strong ground punctation and granulate microsculpture; sides of frontal stria subparallel between eyes, curving anteromediad onto sides of epistoma, absent from central part of frons; supraorbital stria absent; anterior margin of epistoma weakly emarginate; labrum about 2.5× as wide as long, narrowed to more or less truncate apex; left mandible untoothed, right with small, acute basal tooth; pronotum with fine, sublinear prescutellar impression, disk with strong ground punctation at middle, finer along sides where granulate microsculpture is more evident; marginal pronotal stria complete along lateral and anterior margins; lateral submarginal pronotal stria subcarinate, more or less complete along side, very close to marginal stria, merging with it in anterior one-fifth, pronotal disk narrowly depressed along inner edge of stria; anterior submarginal stria weak, present for short distance behind middle third of head; median pronotal gland openings located laterad ends of anterior submarginal stria, about 8 puncture widths behind anterior margin; anterolateral pronotal gland openings not evident; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, uppermost distinctly carinate; outer subhumeral stria complete, strongly carinate, forming lateral elytral marginal carina; inner subhumeral stria carinate, converging to apex of inner subhumeral stria; 1st dorsal stria carinate, impressed only in apical third, also converging to apex of subhumeral striae, basally barely detectable, scratchlike; dorsal striae 2-3 faintly visible as fine basal rudiments, 4th stria represented only by very short basal arch connected to base of sutural stria, 5th stria as series of punctures extending most of elytral length, sutural more or less complete, strongly fragmented toward apex; elytral disk with strong ground punctation and numerous coarser punctures intermingled, more densely toward apex; prosternal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, divergent basally, subparallel in anterior two-thirds, not joined apically; prosternal lobe moderately short, subtruncate, lacking marginal stria; meso- and metaventrite with fine but conspicuous ground punctation and distinct granulate microsculpture; mesoventrite with anterior margin emarginate, marginal stria fine, complete; mesometaventral stria forming broad arch, extending to near anterior mesoventral margin, meeting mesocoxa at sides; lateral metaventral stria originating at mesocoxa, extending posterolaterad to metepisternum; 1st abdominal ventrite with single complete lateral stria; ventrites 2-4 with irregular transverse stria along posterior margin; all legs, especially tibiae, moderately broadly expanded, the apical width of the meso- and metatibiae slightly more than one-half their lengths, their edges with spines reduced to obsolete; propygidial and pygidial disks with fine ground punctation, rather coarse secondary punctation, and conspicuous, granulate microsculpture; propygidium with lateral marginal striae; marginal sulcus of pygidium complete and well-impressed. Male not known.
This species is unique in many characters, particularly the pattern of elytral striation (
Various
This species is named for its apparent association with orchids, as it has only been collected during an inspection of plant material being imported into the U.S. from Honduras.
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní Research Station [
Length: 1.93 mm, width: 1.62 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, subdepressed, generally smooth, but with conspicuous pronotal ground punctation; frons weakly depressed at middle, with conspicuous ground punctation and very faint granulate microsculpture; frontal stria rounded at sides, slightly sinuate across front; epistoma mostly flat, weakly emarginate at apex; labrum about twice as wide as long, rounded at sides, weakly emarginate apically; left mandible with weak, blunt basal tooth, right mandible concealed in type; pronotum lacking discrete prescutellar impression, but with ground punctation coarser and denser toward prescutellar region; pronotal disk lacking coarse lateral punctures, but with faint granulate microsculpture throughout; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete along side, close to margin, weakly carinate, barely curved inward in front; anterior submarginal pronotal stria absent; median pronotal gland openings behind eye on each side, about 8 puncture widths behind anterior pronotal margin; elytron with single epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria complete, subcarinate, forming weak lateral elytral margin, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-5 complete, sutural stria complete and distinctly widened toward base; elytral interstriae with very faint granulate microsculpture; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, carinal striae divergent posteriorly, slightly shortened in front, meeting in narrow anterior arch; prosternal lobe rounded, marginal stria complete; anterior margin of mesoventrite broadly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched forward to about mesoventral midpoint, angulate near mesocoxa, continued by lateral metaventral stria to near metacoxal midpoint; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium and pygidium with fine ground punctation, propygidium with very sparse, small secondary punctures, pygidium lacking secondary punctures; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, complete. Male genitalia (
The placement of this species in the
Male genitalia of
We name this species in honor of Victoria Moseley Bayless, curator of the Lousiana State Arthropod Museum and co-collector of the unique type of this species.
COSTA RICA: Heredia: La SelvaBiological Station
Length: 1.62–2.00 mm, width: 1.40–1.75 mm; body rufobrunneus, smooth, dully shining, elongate oval, moderately depressed; frons and epistoma broad, depressed between strongly carinate frontal striae which descend onto the epistoma, not crossing the anterior frontal margin; labrum about three times as wide as long, weakly emarginate apically; left mandible with large, blunt basal tooth, right with much smaller, subacute tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, disk broadly depressed in posterolateral corners, with very fine ground punctation, lacking coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria complete along lateral and anterior margins; lateral submarginal pronotal stria subcarinate, more or less complete along side, very close to marginal stria, merging with it in anterior one-fifth, pronotal disk narrowly depressed along inner edge of stria; anterior submarginal stria weak, present for short distance behind middle third of head, parallel and/or connected to anterior marginal stria at ends; median pronotal gland openings faintly annulate, located about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior pronotal margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, the uppermost distinctly carinate; outer subhumeral stria complete, strongly carinate, forming lateral elytral marginal carina; inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal stria 1 very fine, scratch-like, present in apical two-thirds, dorsal striae 2-3 very fine, scratch-like, variably present in basal half, striae 4-5 absent, sutural stria fine, present in apical half; elytral disk depressed in anterolateral corner, in common with pronotal depression; elytron lacking apical marginal punctures; prosternal keel truncate to weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae complete, divergent and separate basally and apically; most of venter with conspicuous waves of microsculpture; prosternal lobe short, wide, subtruncate apically, lacking marginal stria; anterior margin of mesoventrite weakly outwardly produced, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria present as a broad, more or less transverse arch between mesocoxae, mesometaventral suture depressed near coxa; metaventral stria extending posterad from mesocoxal depression curving laterad toward metepisternum, continuous with short recurrent stria along metaventral-metepisternal suture; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria more or less complete, outer stria rudimentary; all tibiae weakly expanded, submarginal ridge of the meso- and metatibiae forming a weak, continuous carina parallel to margin; ground punctation of propygidium and pygidium very fine, inconspicuous, both lacking secondary punctures; propygidium with lateral striae; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, complete. Male genitalia (
This species and the following two represent a very closely related trio, united by their unique posterolateral pronotal depressions (
Various
This species is named for its type locality, the popular and incredibly diverse Estación Biológica La Selva, in Herédia, Costa Rica.
PANAMA: Chiriquí: La Fortuna Station [
This species is very similar to the preceding, differing mainly in the following characters: length: 1.68–1.72 mm, width: 1.53–1.56 mm; body form broader, sides not as strongly rounded; pronotal sides almost subparallel, elytra slightly rounded at sides; frons flat, not at all depressed; frontal stria not carinate, finely impressed, evenly rounded at sides onto front, recurved dorsad along anterior margin of frons, interrupted at middle, not extending onto epistoma; both mandibles very strongly and acutely dentate; anterior submarginal pronotal stria absent; pronotal disk more strongly depressed in posterolateral corners; all dorsal elytral striae fine but distinct, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical three-fourths, sutural present in apical two-thirds; prosternal lobe larger, more broadly rounded apically; venter with vestigial or no microsculpture; marginal mesoventral stria absent; meso- and metatibiae with submarginal spines, not forming a submarginal ridge; propygidium and pygidium completely lacking marginal striae. Male genitalia are extremely similar to those of the preceding species (see
This species is very closely related to both the preceding and following species, but differs radically in the simple form of the frontal striae, being not at all carinate (
This species is named for the very strong teeth on the mandibles.
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Las Cruces Biological Station [
This species is very similar to
This species falls right between the preceding two morphologically, having the strong frontal carina of
We name this species in honor of the late James ʽsteve’ Ashe (1947–2005), formerly of the University of Kansas, in recognition of his exceptionally productive fieldwork in Central America.
The following 27 species are not assigned to any species group. Most are rather generalized, but lack obvious similarities to species in other recognized groups. The majority of these have a detached anterior submarginal pronotal stria, and median pronotal gland openings only slightly displaced posterad the anterior pronotal margin. These characters might appear to ally them with species in the
The last two species treated in this section,
MEXICO: Tabasco: Teapa [
Length: 1.90–2.68 mm, width: 1.47–2.06 mm; body rufo-brunneus, elongate oval, widest at humeri, prothorax markedly narrower, sides nearly parallel; head with frons broad, flat to weakly depressed; frontal striae parallel between eyes, finely impressed, sinuate in front, complete or very narrowly interrupted at sides, continuous with complete supraorbital stria; labrum about half as long as wide, shallowly emarginate; pronotum with linear prescutellar impression, about equal in length to scutellum; lateral marginal pronotal stria continuous along sides and front, narrowly interrupted behind head in some individuals; lateral submarginal stria complete, turning inward, ending freely at front; anterior submarginal stria close to margin, crenulate, diverging from margin at sides; median pronotal gland openings inconspicuous; pronotal disk with some coarser punctures at sides, varying in number and density; elytron with two complete epipleural striae; outer subhumeral stria complete, inner weak, present in apical half in some individuals, varying to absent; dorsal striae 1-4 complete, 5th and sutural striae subequal, present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, sinuate, meeting in arch near presternum; secondary carinal striae variably present between procoxae and carinal striae; prosternal lobe generally strongly reflexed, somewhat long and narrow, its marginal stria curving away from margin toward presternal suture at sides; mesoventrite truncate in front, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria bent forward in a blunt angle, nearly to marginal stria, meeting lateral metaventral stria at a small angulation near mesocoxa, extending toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae close together, outer stria curving behind metacoxa; propygidium short, with small punctures separated by about twice their diameters intermixed with fine ground punctures; pygidium with much smaller coarse punctures amid ground punctation; pygidum rarely with fragments of apical marginal stria (mostly in Venezuelan specimens, among material available). Male genitalia (
This is a rather distinctive species based on external morphology, with a subquadrate body form (
Ranging from southern Mexico to Paraguay, this species spans a surprisingly broad geographic range for one with such apparently specialized habits. Unusually, most specimens have ecological data, and it appears that an association with bat guano in caves or other bat roosts is the primary niche. One label, on a Panamanian specimen, is even more specific, indicating dung of
Various
Male genitalia of
Records of the
BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia [
Length: 2.18–2.34 mm, width: 2.00–2.12 mm; body rufo-piceous, strongly rounded, widest behind humeri, sides evenly rounded to front and rear, most surfaces coarsely and conspicuously punctate; frons with sides rounded, shallowly depressed at middle, frontal striae diverging anterad, central portion of frontal stria more or less straight, faintly sinuate at middle, crenulate; supraorbital stria absent; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly emarginate anteriorly; left mandible untoothed, right with small basal tooth; pronotum with weak, indistinct prescutellar depression, ground punctation very conspicuous, interspersed coarser punctures becoming more numerous to sides; marginal pronotal stria continuous from sides to front, narrowly interrupted at middle; lateral submarginal stria continuous at side, curving inward, ending freely behind eye; anterior submarginal stria present, straight across front (not recurving posterad at ends), ending freely behind eye; median pronotal gland openings present between free ends of submarginal striae, about 4 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae; all dorsal striae broadly but shallowly impressed, crenulate, inner and outer subhumeral striae complete in basal two-thirds, obscured by coarse punctures toward apex, striae 1-5 reaching base, progressively more abbreviated apically, 5th stria fragmented over much of its length, sutural stria complete; elytra with very conspicuous ground punctation, as on pronotum, coarser punctures uniformly interspersed in interstriae; prosternal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, united in a narrow anterior arch; secondary carinal striae present for short distance behind prosternal gland openings; prosternal lobe short, but evenly rounded, reaching hypomeron at sides, marginal stria complete on anterior portion, obsolete at sides; mesoventrite straight to very weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria detached at sides from lateral metaventral stria, displaced anterad and parallel to marginal mesoventral stria; lateral metaventral stria beginning behind mesometaventral suture, extending posterolaterad toward outer third of metacoxa; postmesocoxal stria recurved to mesepimeron; metaventral disk without coarse punctures in middle, but with large punctures at sides; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria, with increasingly coarse punctures toward posterior margin, especially near ends of lateral striae; abdominal ventrites 2-4 with nearly uniform series of large, shallow punctures along posterior margins; propygidium with uniform coarse punctures separated by one-half their widths; pygidium with coarse punctures smaller, denser; marginal stria complete, constituted by a series of deep confluent punctures; protibia 4-dentate, with small marginal spines. Male not known.
This is a readily recognizeable species, distinguished by the coarse punctation on most of the body (
This is among the most strongly punctate species of
ECUADOR: Napo: Puerto Misahuallí [
Length: 1.93–2.18 mm, width: 1.93–2.00 mm; body piceous, rounded, convex; frons weakly depressed, frontal stria complete, continuous with complete supraorbital stria; pronotum with lateral submarginal stria complete, continued anteriorly by anterior marginal stria, which is then interrupted for the distance of the outwardly arcuate anterior pronotal emargination; anterior submarginal pronotal stria detached, barely recurved posterad at apices, median pronotal gland openings just beyond the ends of this stria; pronotal disk with few or no lateral punctures and lacking prescutellar impression; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria entire, sinuate at middle, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel projecting into mesoventral emargination, prosternal carinal striae connected in wide anterior arch, about one-fifth short of presternal suture; prosternal lobe short, marginal stria continued laterally by series of punctures; mesoventral marginal stria usually interrupted; mesometaventral stria arched forward in middle, metaventral disk lacking punctures; 1st abdominal ventrite with two striae on each side, outer stria frequently interrupted; abdominal ventrites 3 and 4 with single series of very large punctures at sides; propygidium with fine, sparse ground punctation and a dense group of deep punctures slightly removed from all margins; pygidium with ground punctation denser than that of propygidium with coarser punctures concentrated along basal margin, more sparsely scattered elsewhere; marginal pygidial stria complete, finely crentulate. Male genitalia (
This is a rather isolated species, with the divided medioventral processes of the aedeagus (
Although we did not study the type specimen, we have seen numerous specimens determined by the species’ author, all agreeing in characters with the original description, and to this widespread, more or less invariable species.
Male genitalia of
BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 5 km SSE Buena Vista, Flora y Fauna Hotel [
Length: 1.84–2.18 mm, width: 1.53–1.81 mm; body rufo-piceous, elongate oval, widest near humeri, generally impunctate except in well-defined areas; head with frons broad, weakly depressed at middle, lateral arms of frontal striae diverging strongly anterad, central portion of frontal stria complete, outwardly arcuate, faintly sinuate at middle; supraorbital stria variably present, usually just at middle, detached from frontal stria; labrum small, about two-thirds as wide as long, rounded apically; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, disk smooth with ground punctation fine and inconspicuous, with small number (<10) coarser punctures near sides; lateral marginal pronotal stria complete at sides and on to anterior margin but interrupted for width of head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete at sides, rather distant from margin, curving inward at front, ending freely behind eye, almost meeting anterior submarginal stria which has its ends curved posterad for a very short distance; median pronotal gland openings beyond ends of recurved stria, about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, striae 4-5 subequal, present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternum with keel produced posteriorly, with carinal striae running to one-fifth from presternal suture, united in a narrow anterior arch, barely interrupted at base; prosternal lobe rather narrow, marginal stria complete; mesoventrite emarginate, marginal stria interrupted at middle; mesometaventral stria arched forward to near mesoventral margin, sinuate near mesocoxa, continued by lateral metaventral stria posterolaterad toward outer corner of metacoxa, slightly abbreviated at apex; postmesocoxal stria recurved to mesepimeron; 1st abdominal ventrite generally with two complete lateral striae, outer occasionally fragmented; propygidium with conspicuous, fine ground punctation and uniformly covered with large, deep punctures separated by about one-third their widths; pygidium with very dense ground punctation and slightly larger punctures separated irregularly by 1–2× their diameters; marginal pygidial stria deeply and coarsely impressed, complete. Male genitalia (
Although rather unremarkable externally, this species has highly autapomorphic male genitalia (
Various
Male genitalia of
This species’ name recognizes the Flora y Fauna Hotel, a popular and productive ecotourism site in the Andean foothills of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and the type locality of this species.
ECUADOR: Manabí: Lalo Loor Reserve [
Length: 1.81–2.22 mm, width: 1.59–1.93 mm; body piceus, broadly rounded, widest near middle of elytra; frons flat, more or less parallel-sided, with sides of frontal stria weakly rounded; central portion of frontal stria outwardly arcuate, complete or narrowly detached from sides; supraorbital stria present, detached from frontal stria; epistoma convex, labrum short, very weakly asymmetrical, with left side more strongly produced than right; left mandible untoothed, right with small, acute basal tooth; pronotal disk with small, irregular but distinct prescutellar impression, with inconspicuous ground punctation and ~10 coarser, elongate punctures toward sides; marginal stria interrupted for width of head; lateral submarginal stria complete along side, curved inward at front nearly to anterior submarginal stria, the ends of which are perpendicularly recurved, median pronotal gland openings visible laterad its ends, about 8 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with three complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half only, mostly below a humeral swelling, inner subhumeral stria weakly impressed, present in most of apical half, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical two-thirds, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, elytra depressed along suture; prosternal keel truncate at base, carinal striae complete, well separated, converging only slightly to front, connected basally and apically; prosternal lobe with complete marginal stria; mesoventrite with anterior margin straight, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward to near marginal stria, continued by lateral metaventral stria toward outer third of metacoxa; postmesocoxal stria recurved to mesepimeron; 1st abdominal ventrite with single complete (inner) lateral stria and fragments of outer lateral stria, with series of small punctures along posterior margin; propygidium with fine sparse ground punctation, larger shallow punctures uniformly interspersed, separated by about one-half their diameters; pygidium with denser ground punctation and small coarse punctures irregularly but sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial stria complete, fine, slightly crenulate. Male genitalia (
This species is best recognized by its small size, the presence of a prescutellar impression, the weak vestige of an inner subhumeral stria, and the strongly arched mesometaventral stria (
Male genitalia of various
This species is named for the seasonally dry forest environment (in Spanish, bosque seco) where it is found.
FRENCH GUIANA:Mana [
This species was thoroughly described by its author, but we take this opportunity to present some useful additional diagnosticcharacters: length: 2.18–2.56 mm, width: 1.87–2.09 mm; body broadly oval, largely impunctate dorsally; frons broad, depressed at middle, lateral arms of frontal stria diverging arcuately; frontal and supraorbital striae complete and continuous; submarginal pronotal striae rather removed from lateral and anterior margins, nearly meeting behind eye, with very narrow interruption; central portion of anterior pronotal margin distinctly projecting at middle; median pronotal gland openings beyond ends of recurved anterior submarginal stria, about 8 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with outer subhumeral stria complete, strongly impressed apically, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel produced at base, carinal striae complete, sinuately subparallel, united by anterior arch; mesoventrite shallowly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria weakly arching forward at middle, continuous with lateral metaventral stria which runs posterad toward inner third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria, outer stria variable, complete, fragmented, or absent; propygidium with ground punctation sparse, but with uniformly close, small deep punctures separated by one-third their diameters; pygidium with dense ground punctation, sparse coarser punctures and a complete, deeply crenulate, but rather thin marginal sulcus. Male genitalia (
This distinctive species can be recognized by its broad lateral pronotal margin (
Various
BRAZIL: São Paulo: São Miguel [
Length: 1.50–1.53 mm, width: 1.31–1.37 mm; body small, rounded, nearly circular, generally impunctate, faintly bicolored, head, pronotum, venter and pygidia rufescent, elytra piceous; head vertical when retracted; frons flat, relatively narrow, sides rounded, central portion of frontal stria outwardly arcuate, sinuate over antennal bases, complete or narrowly interrupted at sides; epistoma flat; labrum about twice as wide as long, apical margin straight; pronotum wide, sides evenly rounded to anterior corners; pronotal disk with basal plicae present in front of 3rd elytral stria, short; small, irregular but distinct prescutellar impression present, disk otherwise with fine, sparse ground punctation, no coarser punctures present; lateral marginal stria interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, close to margin, curved inward anteriorly nearly to anterior submarginal stria, which is crenulate, narrowly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings situated between free ends of submarginal striae, about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with single complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, laterad humeral swelling, inner subhumeral absent, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical two-thirds, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae converging to front, connected anteriorly but not basally; mesoventrite projecting at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward at middle, sinuate near mesocoxae, continued by lateral metaventral stria, which curves posterolaterad toward middle of metepimeron; metaventral disk impunctate at middle, with few coarse lateral punctures; 1st abdominal ventrite with single arcuate inner lateral stria, and weak series of small punctures along posterior margin; propygidium with ground punctation very sparse, coarser shallow, round punctures in basal two-thirds, denser and larger toward base, apical third impunctate; pygidium with very small, sparse punctures separated by 4´ their diameters or more, diminishing to apex; apical marginal stria fine, present on apical half, obsolete at base. Male: genitalia not known.
The small size and strongly convex body of this species (
This species’ name refers to its unusually rounded and convex body form, quite distinctive within
PERU: Madre de Dios: Manú National Park, Manú Lodge [
Length: 1.81–.03 mm, width: 1.44–1.68 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, widest just behind humeri; frons broad, flat, sides rounded, frontal stria outwardly arcuate, fine, complete; supraorbital stria absent; epistoma markedly convex along anterior edge; labrum short, transversely ridged, apical margin weakly emarginate; left mandible with blunt basal swelling, right with small, acute tooth; pronotal disk with sublinear prescutellar impression about equal in length to scutellum, with fine ground punctation and ~8 shallow, larger punctures near sides; marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind width of head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete, curved inward anteriorly nearly to anterior submarginal stria, which is weakly crenulate, narrowly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings situated beyond free ends of anterior submarginal striae, about 8 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with single complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, below humeral swelling, inner subhumeral absent, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical third, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel produced at base, carinal striae extremely fine, connected in narrow anterior arch about one-fourth from presternal suture, posteriorly barely disconnected along basal margin; prosternal lobe narrow, marginal stria complete, slightly diverging from margin toward base; mesoventrite emarginate in front, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward close to marginal stria, continuous with lateral metaventral stria which runs obliquely toward posterior corner of metepisternum, ending about two puncture widths short of it; median part of metaventral disk impunctate; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria and basal fragments of outer; propygidium with small, shallow, slightly elongated punctures separated by 1.5× their widths; pygidium with ground punctation moderately dense, slightly larger punctures interspersed densely along basal margin, more sparsely toward apex; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, crenulate, unusually distant from margin, especially at middle, with a flat marginal bead about one-fifth pygidial length contrasting with convex basal part. Male: not known.
The unusual pygidial sulcus, distant from the margin leaving a broad apical marginal bead (
Records of the
This species’ name is based on the wide pygidial bead beyond its marginal sulcus.
COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Peñas Blancas [
Length: 1.90 mm, width: 1.31 mm; body rufescent, elongate, nearly parallel-sided; frons weakly depressed in middle, with ground punctation conspicuous; sides of frontal stria divergent between eyes, interrupted over antennal bases, sinuate across front; supraorbital stria connected to frontal stria at sides, but interrupted at middle, ends curved slightly forward; epistoma convex, with slightly denser punctation than frons; labrum about twice as wide as long, outer margin sinuate, weakly projecting at middle; left mandible with incisor bluntly produced, but not toothed, right mandible with acute basal tooth; pronotal disk with prescutellar puncture in middle of weak depression, with fine ground punctation, with numerous (>30) coarser punctures at sides; lateral marginal stria interrupted for width of head, central portion of anterior margin weakly produced; lateral submarginal stria complete, curved inward anteriorly nearly to anterior submarginal stria, which is weakly crenulate, narrowly obliquely recurved at sides; median pronotal gland openings situated between free ends of submarginal striae, about 4 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with single epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical two-thirds and with basal point, sutural stria nearly complete, barely abbreviated at base; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, carinal striae complete, subparallel, connected anteriorly and posteriorly; prosternal lobe narrow, marginal stria complete; mesoventrite shallowly emarginate in front, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward to middle of mesoventrite, sinuate near mesocoxa, continued by lateral metaventral stria posterolaterad toward middle of metacoxa; postmesocoxal stria recurved to mesepimeron; short fragment of secondary lateral metaventral stria present behind mesocoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer obsolete in posterior half; propygidium uniformly covered with medium sized, shallow punctures, separated by about one-half their widths, ground punctation fine and sparse; pygidium with denser ground punctation, with slightly larger punctures sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, deep, faintly crenulate, slightly removed from margin, with flat marginal bead about one-eighth total pygidial length. Male genitalia (
The elongate body shape (
Various
Male genitalia of various
This species’ name refers to its body shape, which is more markedly elongate than most
PERU: Cusco: Cock of the Rock Lodge NE of Paucartambo [
Length: 2.34 mm, width: 1.81 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, widest at middle of elytra; frons flat with sides rounded, frontal stria continuous, arcuate in front; supraorbital stria absent; epistoma short, flat; labrum short, with apex asymmetrical, left side more strongly produced than right; left mandible untoothed, right with acute basal tooth; pronotal disk depressed along basal margin between the 4th elytral striae, with fine ground punctation only, lacking coarse punctures at sides; marginal stria interrupted for width of head; lateral submarginal stria complete, curved inward anteriorly nearly to anterior submarginal stria, which is weakly crenulate, narrowly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings situated laterad end of anterior submarginal stria, about 8 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural present in apical two-thirds; apices of striae 2-5 weakly connected by series of apical punctures; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, carinal striae complete, converging to front, connected by narrow anterior arch, secondary striae present behind prosternal gland openings, weak; prosternal lobe narrow, marginal stria complete; mesoventrite shallowly emarginate in front, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward to near middle of mesoventrite, continued by lateral metaventral stria which runs obliquely toward outer corner of metacoxa; central part of metaventral disk impunctate; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium uniformly covered with small punctures separated by about their widths; pygidium with ground punctation dense, but extremely fine, with slightly larger punctures densest toward base, sparser toward apex; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, deep, outer edge crenulate, inner edge smooth. Male: not known.
This species is not extremely distinctive, but the lack of lateral pronotal punctures (
This species’ name comes from the Latin name of the Andean Cock-of-the-rock,
PERU: Madre de Dios: 15 km NE Puerto Maldonado, Cuzco Amazónico Reserve [
Length: 1.84–2.22 mm, width: 1.68–2.03 mm; body rufo-piceous to piceous, sides rounded, subdepressed, dorsum rather flat; frons strongly depressed in middle, frontal stria present only as short median fragment, detached from lateral portions; supraorbital stria present only as isolated median fragment; pronotum with lateral submarginal stria obsolete in basal half, curved inward anteriorly, but not meeting anterior submarginal stria, the ends of which are barely recurved at sides; marginal stria continuous on lateral and anterior margins, rarely interrupted at middle; median pronotal gland openings present between ends of lateral and anterior submarginal striae; prescutellar impression distinct, oval; pronotal disk with numerous coarse punctures at sides; elytron with single complete epipleural stria, with subhumeral interval strongly elevated, enlarging the epipleural region, which bears 15–20 coarse punctures in basal half, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae broadly, crenulately impressed toward their bases, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria nearly complete, diverging from suture, with basal puncture (which may represent vestige of arch between sutural and 5th striae); prosternum broad, emarginate at base, carinal striae joined anteriorly and posteriorly; mesoventrite projecting anteriorly, marginal stria complete, mesometaventral stria broadly angulate to middle of mesoventrite; central portion of metaventral disk lacking coarse punctures; abdominal ventrite 1 with numerous coarse punctures on each side, with 2 lateral striae, outer stria abbreviated behind metacoxa; propygidial disk with uniform coarse, shallow punctures separated by about one-third their widths; pygidium with dense, fine ground punctation, with barely larger punctures sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial stria very fine, obsolete in basal corners. Male genitalia (
This is a very distinct species, most easily recognized by the elevated and punctate epipleuron (
This species is named for the punctures of the elytral epipleuron.
PARAGUAY: Cazaapá: San Rafael Reserve [
Length: 1.97–2.15 mm, width: 1.68–1.87 mm; body piceous, with conspicuous fine ground punctation throughout, ovoid with sides weakly rounded; frons strongly depressed at middle, with sides of frontal stria arcuately divergent at sides, interrupted above antennal bases, with a short isolated median arc; supraorbital stria present but disconnected from frontal stria; labrum about half as long as wide, apical margin straight; pronotal disk with distinct, irregularly oval prescutellar impression, with numerous coarse, elongate punctures near sides; marginal pronotal stria nearly complete across front, narrowly interrupted at middle; lateral submarginal pronotal stria present only in anterior half, curving inward in front, ending freely behind eye; anterior submarginal pronotal stria transverse, apices sinuate or barely recurved; median pronotal gland openings just laterad apices of anterior submarginal stria, about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, interrupted at middle, with a short basal fragment, inner subhumeral absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with few punctures arranged subserially along apical margin; prosternal keel broad, flat, shallowly emarginate at base, carinal striae straight, converging to front, connected in a wide anterior arch; mesoventral margin sinuate, projecting at middle, marginal stria complete, additional strial fragments in anterior corners; mesometaventral stria detached from lateral metaventral, arching weakly forward onto posterior third of mesoventrite; anterior end of lateral metaventral stria extending mediad beyond apex of mesometaventral stria, extending posterolaterad toward middle of metacoxa; central part of metaventral disk with conspicuous ground punctation, but without coarser punctures; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae, inner ones convergent anterad (though still widely separate where they meet anterior margin); propygidium and pygidium both with very dense ground punctation, both with slightly larger round punctures interspersed, those of the propygidium separated by about their widths at middle of disk, becoming sparser toward the sides, pygidial punctures smaller, but generally more uniformly distributed across disk; marginal pygidial stria fine, present in apical half to three-fourths, obsolete at base. Male genitalia (
This species can be recognized by the combination of conspicuous pronotal ground punctation (
Male genitalia of various
This species is named after Zachary Falin of the University of Kansas, in recogniton of his numerous contributions to this study, assisting with loans, as well as having collected the types of this, and several other new species.
PANAMA: Colón: San Lorenzo National Park, Achiote [
Length: 2.15–2.40 mm, width: 1.75–1.90 mm; body piceous, elongate oval, widest at humeri; head with frons depressed at middle, sides of frontal stria weakly diverging between eyes, complete across front, subangulate at middle; supraorbital represented by a few fragments, disconnected from frontal stria; labrum short, shallowly emarginate apically; left mandible with very weak tooth, right with more prominent basal tooth; pronotal disk with small, irregular, but distinct prescutellar fovea; ground punctation of pronotal disk fine, inconspicuous, with ~15 coarse punctures toward sides, especially anterolaterally; marginal stria more or less complete across front, tending to be fragmented at middle; central portion of anterior margin projecting weakly; lateral submarginal stria complete, curving inward at front, ending freely behind eye; anterior submarginal stria transverse, with ends barely recurved; median pronotal gland openings laterad ends of anterior submarginal stria, about 8 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half and with small isolated fragment in basal half, inner subhumeral weak to absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; elytral disk with few small punctures subserially arranged along apical margin; prosternal keel broad, shallowly emarginate at base, carinal striae converging strongly to front, joined in narrow anterior arch, free basally; prosternal lobe rather wide, with marginal stria present only near apex; mesoventrite with anterior margin sinuate, weakly projecting at middle, with marginal stria complete or very narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria arched forward to basal third of mesoventral disk, continuous with lateral metaventral stria which extends posterolaterally toward middle of metacoxa; central part of metaventral disk impunctate; 1st abdominal ventrite with complete inner lateral stria, abbreviated outer; propygidium with ground punctation fine and sparse, with slightly elongate shallow punctures interspersed, separated by about their diameters; pygidium with fine, very dense ground punctation only, without any coarser punctures; marginal pygidial stria fine, present in about apical half, obsolete on each side to base. Male genitalia (
The finely, evenly punctate pygidium (
Various
This species’ name hints at its wide distribution, from Costa Rica to French Guiana and Peru.
PERU: Madre de Dios: Manú National Park, Cocha Panchita [
Length: 2.31–2.59 mm, width: 1.65–1.87 mm; body rufo-piceous, elongate, parallel-sided to slightly ovoid; frons depressed at middle, with few small punctures, frontal stria with sides rounded, slightly divergent, sinuate above antennal bases, outwardly arcuate at middle; labrum short, apical margin truncate; left mandible untoothed, right with acute basal tooth; prothorax with sides weakly convergent to front, base of disk with weak, indistinct prescutellar impression, middle one-third of disk with only fine ground punctation, sides with numerous coarse punctures; marginal pronotal stria continuous around front; central part of anterior pronotal margin narrowly and weakly, but subacutely produced over head; lateral submarginal pronotal stria present in anterior half only, curved inward at front, ending behind eye; anterior submarginal pronotal stria recurved posterad about one-sixth pronotal length; median pronotal gland openings situated between anterior end of lateral submarginal and anterior submarginal, about 6 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria present in posterior half only, inner subhumeral stria absent, rarely represented by few median punctures, striae 1-4 complete, finely impressed, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; elytral disk with few scattered punctures near apex; prosternal keel moderately broad, shallowly emarginate at base, with carinal striae converging to front, united short distance behind presternal suture, basally connected or not; weak secondary carinal striae present in basal half; prosternal lobe narrowed evenly to hypomeron, with marginal stria present at middle, becoming fragmented laterally; anterior margin of mesoventrite sinuate, very weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward just anterad mesoventral midpoint, subangulate at middle, continuous with lateral metaventral stria which extends sinuately toward outer corner of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with inner lateral stria complete, outer obsolete in posterior half, central portion of disk with conspicuous, shallow punctures in anterior two-thirds, slightly denser toward coxae; propygidium nearly as long as pygidium along midline, with sparse fine ground punctation, with larger, shallow, slightly elongate punctures separated by about their diameters throughout; pygidium with very dense, fine ground punctation only, without larger punctures; marginal pygidial stria fine, completely or nearly so, barely abbreviated in anterior corners in some individuals. Male genitalia (
The strong punctation of the lateral third of the pronotum (
Male genitalia of various
Records of the
This species is named for Rob Brooks who, during his time at the University of Kansas, helped collected numerous interesting
GUYANA: Region 8: 1 km W Kurupukari, Iwokrama Field Station [
Length: 1.75–1.90 mm, width: 1.47–1.59 mm; body rufo-brunneus, elongate oval, widest at humeri, prothorax rather broad, narrowing more conspicuously posterad; frons weakly depressed at middle, often with microsculpture within depression; frontal stria with sides divergent between eyes, broadly outwardly arcuate across front, continuous with complete supraorbital stria; labrum about two-thirds as long as broad, apical margin straight; left mandible untoothed, right with acute basal tooth; pronotum with sides weakly arcuate, convergent; pronotal disk with distinct narrow, sublinear prescutellar impression; pronotal disk with ground punctation fine, with ~15-20 coarser punctures toward sides; lateral marginal pronotal stria complete at side, ending just mesad anterior corner; lateral submarginal stria complete at side, extending forward to anterior margin, replacing marginal for a short distance, ending behind eye, slightly overlapping end of anterior submarginal stria, which is briefly recurved posterad at sides; central portion of anterior pronotal margin weakly projecting; median pronotal gland openings situated laterad ends of anterior submarginal stria; elytron swollen laterad 1st dorsal stria, with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral in posterior half to two-thirds, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical half and with a large basal puncture; sutural stria present in apical three-fourths, widened toward base; prosternal keel rounded, produced at base, with carinal striae sinuately convergent to front, united just short of presternal suture; prosternal lobe with marginal stria more or less complete; mesoventrite emarginate anteriorly, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria arched forward just beyond mesoventral midpoint, continued at sides by lateral metaventral stria, which extends toward middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae on each side; propygidium with fine, dense ground punctation at sides, with small, deep, coarse punctures densely clustered in middle two-thirds; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctures throughout, with slightly larger punctures generally sparse, but concentrated along basal margin and toward apex of disk; apical marginal sulcus complete, deep and coarse. Male genitalia (
The pattern of propygidial punctation (
The name of this species refers to both the deep pygidial sulcus and the deeply impressed median propygidial punctures.
PANAMA: Chiriquí: La Fortuna Station [
Length: 2.03–2.18 mm, width: 1.81–1.90 mm; body rufo-piceous, sides rounded, widest near middle of elytra, strongly convex; frons rather narrow, weakly depressed at middle, frontal stria with sides rounded, diverging slightly between eyes, anterior portion evenly and strongly outwardly arcuate; supraorbital stria represented by a few detached fragments; epistoma convex; labrum about two-thirds as long as wide, weakly emarginate apically; left mandible untoothed, right with acute basal tooth; pronotal disk with fine, indistinct punctiform prescutellar impression, disk with fine, sparse ground punctures only, lacking coarser punctures to sides; marginal stria interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal stria curved inward along anterior margin, ending very close to recurved end of anterior submarginal stria; median pronotal gland openings posterad recurved ends of anterior stria, about one-fourth pronotal length from anterior margin; elytron with one complete epipleural stria markedly crenulate in basal half, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half only, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th and 5th striae subequal, short, present only in apical fourth, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternum broad, base of keel very faintly emarginate, carinal striae sinuate, barely converging, united in broad anterior arch; prosternal lobe with complete marginal stria; mesoventral margin sinuate but not distinctly projecting at middle, marginal stria interrupted for width of keel; mesometaventral stria strongly, broadly arched forward, displacing marginal mesoventral at middle, continuous at sides with lateral metaventral stria which extends toward outer third of metacoxa; metaventral disk impunctate, convex; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria, which is complete, arcuate, curving mediad toward posterior margin; propygidium with small but deep punctures, separated by about 1.5× their diameters, concentrated in a central cluster, with narrow impunctate borders along all edges; pygidium rather flat, with fine, moderately dense ground punctures only, no coarser punctures; apical marginal stria completely absent. Male genitalia (
This small species is quite distinctive in its combination of fine, dense pygidial punctation (which nonetheless appears relatively smooth) and complete lack of marginal pygidial stria (
The name of this species refers to the very fine, dense punctation of the pygidium.
GUYANA: Region 8: 1 km W Kurupukari, Iwokrama Field Station [
Length: 1.78–1.84 mm, width: 1.50–1.53 mm; body rufo-brunneus, broadly oval, widest near elytral midpoint; frons only very weakly depressed at middle, frontal stria rounded at sides, weakly sinuate over antennal bases, weakly arcuate across front; epistoma convex anteriorly; labrum about twice as wide as long, shallowly emarginate along apical margin; pronotal disk with small, shallow, elongate prescutellar impression, fine sparse ground punctation medially, and moderately numerous (~12) coarser, shallow punctures toward sides; marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal stria complete, curved inward at front, nearly reaching weakly recurved ends of anterior submarginal stria; lateral marginal bead of pronotum convex; median pronotal gland openings situated just beyond recurved ends of anterior stria, about 6-8 puncture widths from margin; elytron with one complete epipleural stria, sinuate at middle and crenulate throughout its length, outer subhumeral stria interrupted at middle, rarely with short basal fragment, inner subhumeral stria complete, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel rather broad, flat, very weakly produced at base, carinal striae complete, weakly converging, connected in anterior arch; pronotal lobe with marginal stria complete; anterior mesoventral margin shallowly emarginate at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria weakly arched forward, reaching to about basal third of mesoventral disk, continued at sides by lateral metaventral stria posterolaterad toward rear corner of metepisternum; metaventral disk impunctate, with paired, broad, shallow depressions near posterior margin; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium with fine, sparse ground punctation, uniformly covered with larger punctures separated by slightly less than their diameters; pygidium with coarse, fine ground punctation and larger punctures fairly coarsely interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, even, fine but moderately deep. Male genitalia (
The shallow depressions of the metaventrite of this species (
Male genitalia of
Various
This species’ name refers to the distinctive impressions on either side near the posterior margin of the metaventrite.
BRAZIL: Mato Grosso:Fazenda São Nicolau [
Length: 2.22–2.50 mm, width: 1.87–2.03 mm; body rufo-brunneus, elongate, nearly parallel-sided, sides of elytra weakly arcuate; frons moderately depressed behind frontal stria; frontal stria with sides divergent between eyes, sinuate above antennal bases, continuous, arcuate across front; supraorbital stria complete, meeting sides of frontal stria, area enclosed by frontal and supraorbital striae rather short; labrum about twice as wide as long, rather flat, apical margin shallowly emarginate; left mandible with short, blunt basal tooth, right mandible with more pronounced, subacute tooth; prothorax with disk vaguely and weakly impressed in prescutellar region, very fine, sparse ground punctation, relatively narrow band of ~10 punctures mediad lateral submarginal stria; marginal pronotal stria absent along most of anterior pronotal margin, complete lateral submarginal stria replacing it for a short distance at sides; marginal pronotal bead strongly convex, widening slightly toward the front; anterior submarginal stria weakly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings anterolaterad ends of anterior submarginal stria, about three puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-4 complete, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths, the sutural stria broadening toward base; prosternal keel with base rounded, produced strongly into mesoventrite, carinal striae complete, convergent from base, parallel in anterior half, united by narrow arch; prosternal lobe with complete marginal stria; mesoventral margin emarginate, with marginal stria interrupted; mesometaventral stria arched forward to anterior third of mesoventral disk, continued by lateral metaventral stria posterad toward middle of metacoxa; lateral part of metaventral disk with oblique secondary lateral stria; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae, parallel throughout their lengths; propygidium with fine, dense ground punctation at sides, in middle with slightly elongate, rather deep punctures separated by less than half their diameters, larger punctures also present along entire anterior and lateral margins of propygidium; pygidium with ground punctation as on sides of propygidium, with some larger punctures sparsely interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, complete, crenulate on inner and outer edges. Male: accessory sclerites absent; T8 with sides convergent from base to apex, apices truncate, apical emargination narrow, basal emargination shallow, nearly reaching basal membrane attachment line, ventrolateral apodemes most strongly developed near base, divergent to apex; S8 with sides with sides slightly divergent, apical guides narrow, gradually widened to apex, ventral halves approximate in basal half, divergent apically; T9 parallel-sided in basal two-thirds, convergent to apex, apices widened inward, apically truncate; T10 weakly sclerotized along midline, margins indistinct; S9 stem fairly wide, narrowest near apex, widened to broadly rounded base, with distinct apical emargination, apical flanges small and separate; tegmen stout, widest at middle, evenly narrowed to base and apex, apices broad, appearing truncate from above, with membraneous ventrolateral processes extending from apical corners; medioventral process not at all evident; basal piece almost half tegmen length; median lobe over half tegmen length, with wide gonopore, proximal apodemes strongly differentiated into short, broad, separated bases, and long, well sclerotized extensions reaching to base of tegmen.
This species and the following,
We restrict this type series to specimens from the same locality as the holotype. Considerable variation throughout the range, in combination with the existence of an extremely similar, partially sympatric species urges conservatism. At the same time it is worth noting that individuals from Para, Brazil, and even the geographical outlier from Peru, were dissected to confirm the presence of the highly distinctive aedeagus.
The name is derived from the catfish suborder
FRENCH GUIANA: Itoupé Table Mountain [
This species is extremely similar to the preceding in external characters, and is only described to the degree to which they differ here: length: 1.78–2.40 mm, width: 1.31–1.62 mm; body strongly elongate-oval; labrum narrowed to front, apical margin carinate and outwardly arcuate; punctiform prescutellar impression fairly evident in most individuals; marginal pronotal bead not strongly widened toward front, submarginal stria more or less parallel to margin; median pronotal gland openings further posterad, somewhat variable, generally 4-6 puncture widths from anterior margin; 5th dorsal elytral stria present in apical third, plus with distinct basal point near scutellum; marginal mesoventral stria very narrowly interrupted or complete at middle; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae complete, tending to converge toward front. Male genitalia (
See the preceding species treatment for detailed diagnosis of these two very similar species. We restrict the type series of this species to specimens from French Guiana, though specimens from other localities are consistent in most diagnosticcharacters.
Male genitalia of
Records of the
This species’ name refers to its strongly parallel-sided body.
ECUADOR: Orellana: Yasuní Research Station [
This species can be distinguished by the combination of divergent, subangulate frontal stria (
Male genitalia of
This species’ name refers to its basally abbreviated marginal pygidial sulcus.
Not specified beyondParaguay.
Length: 1.62–2.06 mm, width: 1.31–1.72 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, widest behind elytral humeri; frons more or less flat, frontal stria with sides divergent between eyes, weakly sinuate over antennal bases, complete, arcuate anteriorly; epistoma flat at base, weakly convex anteriorly; labrum short, about one-third as long as wide, apex straight; left mandible untoothed, right with acute basal tooth; pronotal disk weakly flattened at base, with small, indistinct prescutellar impression; ground punctation of pronotal disk fine and sparse, but conspicuous, without coarser punctures at sides; marginal pronotal stria complete at side, ending just mesad anterior corner; lateral submarginal stria complete at side, extending forward to anterior margin, replacing marginal for a short distance, ending behind eye; anterior submarginal stria present, briefly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings situated laterad ends of anterior submarginal stria; elytron with single complete, sinuate epipleural stria, marginal bead broad and smooth beneath; outer subhumeral stria fine, complete, inner subhumeral absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, connected to apex of 4th stria by apical arch, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, markedly widened anterad; prosternal keel produced, arcuate at base, carinal striae complete, convergent from base to middle, diverging slightly anteriorly, connected by anterior arch; prosternal lobe narrow, long, with complete marginal stria; mesoventral margin shallowly emarginate, with complete, fine marginal stria; mesometaventral stria arched forward at middle, sinuate at side, lateral metaventral stria extending toward outer corner of metacoxa, abbreviated at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; ventrites 2-4 with single regular series of small punctures at sides, obsolete at middle; propygidium about two-thirds length of pygidium (which appears shorter than normal, rather than propygidium appearing longer than normal), with uniform medium punctures separated by about their diameters, with fine sparse ground punctation interspersed; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, with larger punctures sparse, more concentrated along basal margin and onto basomedial part of disk; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, strongly crenulate on inner and outer edges. Male genitalia (
Various
Male genitalia of
ECUADOR: Pichincha: Rio Palenque Research Center [
Length: 1.78 mm, width: 1.47 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, sides rounded; frons rather narrow, sides rounded, frontal stria finely impressed, complete across front, weakly sinuate over antennal bases; epistoma with ground punctation slightly denser than that of frons, weakly emarginate apically; labrum narrowed to apex, weakly emarginate; pronotal disk with very faint prescutellar impression, fine, sparse ground punctation, lacking coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; lateral submarginal stria complete along side, nearly meeting anterior submarginal stria, which is very briefly recurved posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings adjacent to ends of anterior submarginal stria; elytron with single complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel weakly produced at base, with complete carinal striae subparallel throughout their lengths, connected basally and apically; prosternal lobe rather narrowly rounded, with complete marginal stria; anterior margin of mesoventrite shallowly emarginate, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria weakly arched forward to near middle of mesoventrite, sinuate at side, continued posterolaterad by lateral metaventral stria toward outer third of metacoxa, weakly abbreviated apically; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae; propygidium with fine sparse ground punctation which becomes slightly denser toward the sides, with small, deep secondary punctures separated by their diameters or slightly more; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, with secondary punctures inconspicuous except along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus absent. Male: not known.
While this species seems to be closely related to
The name of this species is a combination of the Spanish ‘falti-’ or lack, and strius, referring to its lack of a pygidial sulcus.
COSTA RICA: Limón: Sector Cerro Cocori, E. Rojas Farm [
Length: 1.75–1.87 mm, width: 1.37–1.44 mm; body rufobrunneus, elongate oval, widest at humeri; frons quite convex, frontal stria fine, complete, rounded between eyes, sinuate over antennal bases, arcuate across front; labrum small, weakly emarginate; pronotal disk without coarser lateral punctures; pronotum broadly depressed at base, antescutellar fovea present, but rather ill-defined, slightly longer than scutellum; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete and rather distant from margin, curving inward along anterior margin and just meeting anterior submarginal stria, which is barely recurved at sides; median gland openings just posterad ends of anterior submarginal stria, about 5 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytron with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria nearly complete, but either interrupted at middle, or abbreviated from base in all specimens, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, 5th stria distinctly shorter than 4th, but somewhat varied, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds, striae not widened apically; prosternum with keel weakly produced at base, carinal striae subparallel, weakly convergent to front, meeting in broad arch short of presternal suture; mesoventrite shallowly emarginate at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria narrowly arched forward, sinuate near mesocoxae, continued by lateral metaventral stria obliquely toward posterior third of metepisternum, abbreviated apically; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria; propygidium with ground punctation almost invisible, with large, irregularly oval, shallow punctures separated by about their diameters; pygidium with dense fine ground punctures, coarser punctures concentrated near basal margin, but sparsely scattered throughout; marginal pygidial sulcus complete, deep, with edges weakly crenulate.Male genitalia (
The small size of this species suggests relationships with the
This species’ name refers to the sole Costa Rican province where it has been found.
BOLIVIA: La Paz:Espía [
Length: 2.15 mm, width: 1.81 mm; body rufescent, broadly oval, widest behind humeri; frons weakly depressed at middle, with conspicuous fine ground punctation; frontal stria rounded between eyes, with central portion detached from sides; pronotal disk with distinct oval prescutellar impression slightly longer than scutellum, ground punctation fine, with numerous coarser punctures along and close to lateral margin; marginal pronotal stria interrupted behind head, lateral submarginal stria obsolete in basal half; anterior submarginal stria divergent from margin at sides, but not recurved; median pronotal gland openings situated just laterad ends of anterior submarginal stria, about 5 puncture widths from anterior margin; elytra with single complete epipleural stria somewhat deeply and crenulately impressed, outer subhumeral stria present in apical half, and as a basal fragment, inner subhumeral stria absent, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical half, and as distinct basal puncture, 5th stria absent, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae divergent, disconnected basally, weakly convergent anteriorly, united in broad arch about one-fourth from presternal suture; mesoventrite weakly projecting at middle, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward beyond middle of mesoventral disk, arc continuous with lateral metaventral stria which extends to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with single, complete lateral stria; propygidium uniformly sparsely covered with small, very shallow punctures separated by about their diameters; pygidium with fine, shallow but dense ground punctation, with coarser punctures evenly interspersed; marginal pygidial sulcus absent. Male not known.
Although known from a single female, this species is more than adequately distinct enough to justify establishment of a species. It may be related to
We name this species in honor of Rupert Wenzel, the 20th century's pre-eminent histerid specialist, in recognition of his contributions to our understanding of
BRAZIL: São Paulo: Rair da Serra [exact location unknown].
Length: 3.21–3.46 mm, width: 2.56–2.87 mm; body piceous, large, elongate, subdepressed; frons weakly depressed at middle, finely punctate; frontal stria rounded at sides, with a short, detached fragment in front, supraorbital stria complete, connected to sides of frontal; epistoma convex; labrum wide, weakly emarginate; both mandibles with bifid basal teeth; antennal club markedly elongate with basal and middle annuli interrupted; pronotum with lateral margins slightly convergent in basal half, weakly curved inward to apex; pronotal disk with distinct narrow prescutellar impression about as long as scutellum, disk finely punctate throughout, with few barely coarser lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria complete or narrowly interrupted behind head; submarginal stria continuous from sides across front; central portion of anterior pronotal margin faintly projecting at middle; anterior pronotal margin with a single pair of glands, behind eye on each side; elytron with two complete epipleural punctures, outer subhumeral stria nearly complete, sinuate at middle, frequently abbreviated at base, inner subhumeral stria present in middle, variously abbreviated basally and apically, striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical third, 5th stria present in apical fourth, sutural stria present in apical half to two-thirds; elytra with broad band of small punctures present along apical margin; prosternal keel broad, flat, weakly emarginate at base, carinal striae convergent to apex, rarely connected by arch; mesoventral margin sinuate, median projection small, acute, marginal stria complete or narrowly interrupted; mesometaventral stria arched to subangulate at middle, reaching anterior half of mesoventral disk; lateral metaventral stria extending posterolaterad to middle of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with two complete lateral striae very close together, central part of disk with numerous small punctures near these striae; propygidium uniformly covered with small, round punctures separated by slightly less than their diameters; pygidium lacking dense ground punctation, with small punctures diminishing toward apex; marginal pygidial sulcus fine, variably abbreviated at sides, never attaining base. Male genitalia (
This is a very distinctive species of rather obscure relationships. It is much larger than average, with the lateral submarginal pronotal stria close to the margin (
Male genitalia of
Not specified beyond Pará State, Brazil.
Length: 1.68–2.09 mm, width: 1.50–1.87 mm; body rufescent, elongate oval, sides weakly rounded; frons strongly but narrowly depressed at middle; frontal stria with sides divergent, weakly rounded, strongly sinuate over antennal bases, arcuate anterad; supraorbital stria finely impressed, but strongly arcuate dorsad onto vertex, weakly connected with sides of frontal stria; epistoma flat, weakly emarginate at apex; labrum about 3× as wide as long, weakly emarginate, asymmetrical, left side more strongly produced than right, weak projection beneath; left mandible untoothed, right with small, acute basal tooth; pronotum with sides rounded, rather strongly convergent to front, with anterior margin markedly produced over head, lacking prescutellar impression; pronotal disk with fine, sparse ground punctation, with at least a few (up to ~12) coarser punctures at sides; lateral submarginal pronotal stria complete along side, curved inward anteriorly, nearly meeting anterior submarginal stria, which is weakly arcuate, barely turned posterad at sides; median pronotal gland openings annulate, situated behind ends of recurved anterior stria, about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria present in posterior one-third to one-half, inner subhumeral stria absent, elytron swollen in subhumeral region, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical two-thirds, 5th stria present in apical third, sutural present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel rounded, projecting posterad, carinal striae variably shortened, meeting about one-third from presternal suture, anterior one-third of keel narrow; prosternal lobe rather short, marginal stria abbreviated at sides; anterior mesoventral margin emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria weakly arched forward at middle, sinuate at sides, continued by lateral metaventral stria posterad toward inner third of metacoxa; 1st abdominal ventrite with three lateral striae, all three usually abbreviated posteriorly, innermost extending mediad for some distance along anterior margin of ventrite, nearly continuously in some individuals, outermost shortest of the three, ending at an annulate postmetacoxal fovea; sides of propygidium and entire pygidium with dense, fine ground punctation; propygidium with irregular, moderately large punctures at middle, separated by about one-fourth their diameters; pygidium with few barely larger punctures standing out from ground punctation; marginal pygidial stria narrow but deeply impressed apically, becoming shallower, as an interconnected series of punctures toward base. Male genitalia (
The presence of dense ground punctation on the sides of the propygidium (
Various
Male genitalia of
Records of the
VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 6 km S San Isidro [
Length: 1.97–2.06 mm, width: 1.65–1.84 mm; body rufopiceous, elongate oval; frons very weakly impressed; frontal stria rounded at sides, interrupted over antennal bases, arcuate across front; supraorbital stria fine, more or less complete, but narrowly detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma weakly convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, weakly, asymmetrically emarginate apically; both mandibles with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with very fine, inconspicuous ground punctation, lacking coarse lateral punctures; marginal pronotal stria broadly interrupted behind head; submarginal pronotal stria continuous along lateral and anterior margins; median pronotal gland openings simple, about two-thirds pronotal length from anterior margin; elytron with one complete epipleural stria, outer subhumeral stria complete or interrupted at middle, inner subhumeral stria absent, dorsal striae 1-2 complete, 3rd stria present as fine scratch in basal third and as stria in apical third, 4th and 5th striae present in apical fourth, sutural stria present in apical two-thirds; prosternal keel weakly projecting at base, with complete carinal striae connected in rather broad anterior arch; anterior mesoventral margin shallowly emarginate, with complete marginal stria; mesometaventral stria broadly arched forward to near marginal mesoventral, sinuate at sides, continued posterolaterad by lateral metaventral stria, abbreviated apically; 1st abdominal ventrite with single lateral stria abbreviated posteriorly; postmetacoxal fovea small, situated behind inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium with ground punctation fine and sparse, with coarse punctures small, rather deep, and separated by their diameters or slightly more; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation throughout, lacking coarser punctures except along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus very strong and deep, widening slightly to basal corners, but lacking larger basal foveae. Male genitalia (
The strong pygidial sulcus (
We name this species for Andrew Short, collector of the first specimen of the species that we were able to study, in recognition of his efforts cataloging the beetle fauna of Venezuela.
While this study documents a large number of previously unknown species, it is very likely that many more remain to be discovered. Although we had a great wealth of specimen material to work with, there are still many large gaps in sampling, most evidently in much of the central Amazon region. The highest diversity appears to occur on the montane fringes of the Amazon basin, with pockets of diversity and endemism found in some expected places (Guianan Shield, Atlantic Forests) and perhaps some unexpected ones as well, like southeastern Peru. Among poorly sampled areas, the northern Andes of Colombia, and the Guianan Shield parts of Venezeula would appear to be especially promising places to find new species. The Pacific slope of the Andes is generally poorly sampled, but what samples do exist, such as from coastal Ecuador, indicate that there are some localized endemics. Further sampling in forested areas of the Ecuador and northern Peruvian coasts may produce further species. While sampling in southeastern Brazil has been reasonably good, the diversity of unusual and unplaceable species in the region is high, and continued sampling seems likely to yield more diversity.
Central America also hosts a high diversity of species in a couple groups, the
Conversely, there are some areas within the Neotropics where
The ecological habits of
Six of the species have been specifically associated with fungi, including
The ‘typical histerid’ associations with dung and carrion are observed in
Finally, a few
In closing, we will reiterate our hope that this study facilitates the identification of a large component of the neotropical histerid beetle fauna, and that continued collection and documentation of the habits of
We must thank numerous colleagues who provided specimens, including Lee Herman (AMNH), Roger Booth, Martin Brendell, Alfried Vogler and Max Barclay (BMNH), David Kavanaugh and Jere Schweickert (CASC), Fernando Vaz-de-Mello (CEMT), Robert Anderson and François Genier (CMNC), Bob Davidson and John Rawlins (CMNH), Cheryl Barr (EMEC), Jorge León (ECOSUR), Margaret Thayer, Al Newton, and James Boone (FMNH), Mike Thomas and Paul Skelley (FSCA), Hector Barrios (GBFM), Angel Solís (INBIO), Chris Carlton and Victoria Bayless (LSAM), Roy Danielsson (LUND), Phil Perkins (MCZC), Arturo Roig Alsina (MACN), Jean-Michel Maes (MEL), Thierry Deuve and Azadeh Taghavian (MNHN), James Hogan and Darren Mann (OUMNH), Zack Falin and Andrew Short (SEMC), Ed Riley (TAMU), Dave Wagner and Jane O’Donnell (UCONN), José-Luis Navarrete-Heredia (UDG), Lúcia Massutti de Almeida (UFPR), Carlos Flechtmann (UNESP-IS), Brett Ratcliffe (UNL), Gary Hevel, David Furth, and Terry Erwin (USNM), Bernd Jaeger and Manfred Uhlig (ZMHB), Boris Kataev (ZISP), Stéphane Brûlé, Pierre-Henri Dalens, Eddy Poirier and Julien Touroult (SEAG - Société entomologique Antilles-Guyane), and Bruce Gill, Fabio Penati, Nicolas Dégallier, Piet Kanaar, Alida Mercado, Slawomir Mazur and Bill Warner for loaning material from their collections. For assistance with fieldwork and permits we would like to thank Joe Meisel, Catherine Woodward and the Ceiba Foundation, Organization for Tropical Studies, Kelly Swing, Hernan Alvarez and the staff of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Giovanni Onore and the staff of the Yasuní Research Station, Chapal Bol and the Las Cuevas Research Station, Yves Basset, Hector Barrios and the rest of IBISCA-Panama members, Ivan Callegari, Andy Cline, Alexander Petrov, Sarah Smith, Carlos Flechtmann and his students (Silvia Tanabe, Julius Cerqueira, and Bruno Ferreira), and Lúcia Massutti de Almeida and her students (Fernando Leivas, Daniel Moura, Kleber Mise, and Paschoal Grossi) and Fernando Vaz-de-Mello. We are grateful for the assistance in the laboratory of Hunter McCrea, Jennifer Petersen, Sarah Lester, and Conor Keegan. Finally we thank Nicolas Dégallier, Tomáš Lackner, and Martin Fikáček for valuable comments that improved the manuscript. This project was supported by National Science Foundation grant DEB 0949790; partial support came from the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center and NSF grants DEB 9815394 and DEB 0516311.