Sawfly taxa (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) described by Edward Newman and Charles Healy

Abstract Type specimens of seven nominal species of sawfly described by Edward Newman and one by Charles Healy were studied. This material is housed in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, United Kingdom. The following new synonymies are proposed (valid names in parentheses): Hartigia Schiødte, 1839 (Phylloecus Newman, 1838), Cephus helleri Taschenberg, 1871 (Phylloecus faunus Newman, 1838) and Euura gallae Newman, 1837 (Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837)). The type species of Euura Newman, 1837 and Euura subgenus Gemmura E. L. Smith, 1968 belong to the same taxonomic species, Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837), so that these genus group names become new synonyms. Lectotypes are designated for Phyllotoma tormentillae Healy, 1868, Fenusa ianthe Newman, 1837, Fenusa parviceps Newman, 1837, Selandria pallida Newman, 1837 and Phylloecus faunus Newman, 1838. 26 new combinations are proposed for species formerly placed in Hartigia and here transferred to Phylloecus, and 4 original combinations are re-instated as valid.


Introduction
Edward Newman (1801-1876) described 24 species-group and six genus-group sawfly taxa as new to science. In many cases, the type material of these nominal taxa has apparently never been re-examined. During ongoing studies on West Palaearctic nematine sawflies (see STI Nematinae Group 2013), it became clear that clarification of the identity of Euura gallae Newman, 1837 is necessary. This being the type species of Euura Newman, 1837, the correct interpretation of the species name is required to ensure future nomenclatural stability. Through the kind assistance of the staff of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH), potential type specimens of several species described by Newman were located and sent to us for examination. Although only a few of these taxa belong to the Nematinae, it seems appropriate to deal here with the entire material, as well as the type series of a species described by Charles Healy (1826-1876. Newman undertook the identification of the Tenthredinidae, mostly leaf-mining species, on which Healy published several papers describing their biology. In his introduction, Newman (1837) stated that the material referred to in that article was "in the possession of the Entomological Club". The statement applies also to the sawflies discussed by Newman (1838), which despite its different title, is effectively a continuation of the same work. The Hymenoptera in the collection of the Entomological Club were donated in to the OUMNH in 1927 (Smith AZ 1986; J. Hogan personal communication).

Material and methods
All specimens mentioned in this paper are deposited in the Hope Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom. They are all mounted in a similar way (Figs 1, 7): pinned along the dorso-ventral axis through the thorax with a short, headless pin which is carried on a small cardboard stage supported by a longer pin with a head. When the specimens were received for examination, nearly all had only a single label, with an identical printed, lower part (Figs 6,12). At the top of this label appears the handwritten name under which the specimens stood in the collection of the Entomological Club. Although these labels are not original, they are interpreted here as representing determinations made by Newman. None of the specimens bears any data on collection locality or date on the labels or cardboard stage.
Taxa are listed in alphabetical order, under their current valid names. Complete lists of all the synonyms of species mentioned below and references to their original descriptions may be found in Taeger et al. (2010). Below are cited only the names and descriptions of taxa described by Newman or Healy, and of taxa considered here to be conspecific with the former, when the latter names are in general current use as valid. , is impossible to identify as belonging to one of the currently recognised species. The description reads: "Euura gallae. Nigra : antennis nigris, apice ferrugineis: pedibus pallidis. Black: mouth yellow; antennae rust-coloured at the tip; the legs entirely pale. The insect is the size of Nematus pallipes: the only specimen I have observed was taken by Mr. Walker, in Scotland."

Results and discussion
Five specimens bearing the name Euura gallae, all females, were found in the Hope Collections. Four of these belong to the Euura atra species group. They have nearly completely dark mouthparts, except for the labrum, and the femora are conspicuously black basally. They therefore do not agree with the description of the holotype. The fifth specimen (Figs 1-6) has more extensively pale mouthparts and antennae, the malar area is conspicuously pale, and the legs are almost completely pale. This specimen is identified as the holotype of E. gallae.
Newman's description of E. gallae pre-dates Hartig's of N. mucronatus by a couple of months. Article 23.9 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is here applied, to reverse the precedence of the species names, because the name E. gallae (nomen oblitum) has not been used as valid after 1899, and E. mucronata (Nematus mucronatus: nomen protectum) has been used as a valid species name in [very many] more than 25 works published by more than 10 authors in the last 50 years. A list of these references is available from us on request.
The type species of Euura Newman, 1837 by subsequent designation of Rohwer (1911: 80) is Euura gallae Newman, 1837. Dalla Torre (1894 listed E. gallae as a valid species of Cryptocampus Hartig, 1837, but with a footnote "= ? C. saliceti (Fall.)." At this time, C. saliceti (Fallén, 1808) was in use as the name of the species called Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837) by most recent authors. Konow (1905b) placed E. gallae as a synonym of Cryptocampus medullarius (Hartig, 1837). The latter is a junior subjective synonym of the species currently known as E. amerinae (Linnaeus, 1758). Rohwer (1911: 94) and all subsequent authors followed Konow's opinion, in that gallae was regarded as a synonym of E. amerinae, or one of the subjective junior synonyms of that taxon. It is unlikely that any specialist, apart from Newman himself, has examined the holotype of E. gallae. Clearly, the identity of E. gallae has until now been widely misinterpreted. As a result of the new identification, the genus group name Gemmura E. L. Smith, 1968 (type species Nematus mucronatus Hartig, 1837), proposed as a subgenus of Euura, becomes a junior objective synonym of Euura Newman, sensu stricto. If in future it should be considered that recognition of subgenera within Euura is necessary, then a new name for the stem-galling groups would be needed. However, in our opinion there is at present neither sufficient phylogenetic support, nor a practical justification (because the genus includes too few species) for such an act. Distinction of species groups, if considered necessary, should be achieved by employing "informal" group names whose use is not regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Such names might, for example, be the "mucronata group" for the bud-gallers and the "atra group" for the stem-gallers.  (Klug, 1818) det. A. Liston 2013", "DEI-GISHym 19995". Condition: fair, but apical tarsomeres of all legs missing.

Fenella nigrita
Discussion. Although the sex of the type specimen[s] is not explicitly mentioned by Newman, the described colour pattern is found only in the female of this species.
The comment "This insect appears generally distributed[..]" leads one to suppose that the description is based on more than one specimen. However, Westwood (1839: 53) wrote "This description is drawn from Mr. Newman's typical specimen, which he has been so kind as to lend me; and of which the fore wings are unlike, the transverse nerve separating the first two submarginal cells being obliterated in one of them[..]". The specimen here designated as lectotype possesses this abnormality (vein Rs+M is missing in the left forewing), and therefore is probably the same specimen as examined by Westwood. The synonymy of F. ianthe with H. lepidus, already adopted by Kirby (1882), is confirmed. (Fallén, 1808) Benson (1951) and Pagliano and Scaramozzino (1990) treated Hartigia and Phylloecus as synonymous, but did not use the latter as the valid name. On the other hand, the misinterpretation of Phylloecus as Janus also has a long history, which can be traced back at least to Kirby (1882), and in recent years this wrong synonymy has become universally accepted. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) unfortunately provides no opportunity of maintaining the name Hartigia in precedence over Phylloecus, because the use of Phylloecus as a valid name after 1899, by for example Marchand (1902) and Richter von Binnenthal (1903), precludes the application of Article 23.9. (reversal of precedence). Neither are the species of Phylloecus of such economic, scientific or cultural importance that an application to the Commission to conserve the name Hartigia seems likely to achieve success, although some species are of rather minor significance to growers of soft fruit and ornamental roses in North America (Smith DR 1986), and Phylloecus faunus has been considered for use in the biological control of Rubus in Australia (e.g. Bruzzese 1982; as Hartigia albomaculatus). As a result of the new synonymy, the following species names are either newly transferred to Phylloecus (comb. n.) or the original name combinations are re-instated as valid (comb. rev.). New combinations are followed in parentheses by the original combination of the species group name. Only the nominal species which were considered to be valid by Taeger et al. (2010) are listed:
Although the name faunus has not to the best of our knowledge been used as valid after 1899, neither has the name helleri been sufficiently used (in 21 publications by 27 authors including co-authors) as valid in the last fifty years to satisfy the conditions of Article 23.9 (reversal of precedence) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). A list of these references is available from us on request. The lectotype of P. faunus agrees in all important points with the characterisation of Hartigia helleri by Jansen (1998). Quinlan (1970) identified a second female specimen in the Natural History Museum, London, which should be regarded as a paralectotype of P. faunus, as H. albomaculatus [sic!], noted that it bore a label "faunas" [presumably in reality faunus] and mentioned that no reliable information is available on where it was caught. One might doubt the reliability of Newman's statement that the types of Phylloecus faunus were collected around London, because under its synonyms Hartigia albomaculata and H. helleri no evidence for the presence of this species in the British Isles has been published, and because neither of the two type specimens still in existence bears any explicit label data referring to the collection locality. However, an occurrence in the London area, at least historically, seems not unlikely. Chevin (1993) presented several records from northern France, under the name H. albomaculata, and later (Chevin and Chevin 2007) recorded H. helleri from the Département de la Manche, not far from the Channel coast. It is concluded that Phylloecus faunus should be used as the valid name of the species referred to in recent years first as Hartigia albomaculata (or H. albomaculatus, misspelling) and latterly as H. helleri, and that after weighing up the evidence, the type locality of P. faunus can be accepted as being in the area of London.

Specimens without type status
Amongst the specimens borrowed for examination were also the following Tenthredinidae, apparently identified by Newman. None of these specimens is considered to be a type.
1♂ Euura atra (Jurine, 1807), det. A. Liston, with handwritten superscript on the printed label "Euura cynips, Newm." and the following additional labels: "[printed] 1 Cynips Newm.", "[handwritten / blue paper] Euura roboris Newman". Remarks: The colouration of this specimen (completely black antennae, femora basally black) does not fit Newman's (1837: 260) very short original description of the male of Euura cynips. The specimen therefore cannot be considered to belong to the type series of E. cynips. Newman (1869: 319) wrote that "Euura cynips produces the familiar gall to be found almost everywhere on the leaves of the crack willow (Salix fragilis): this gall is of an oblong form, and protrudes equally from both surfaces of the leaf; it is usually of a red tint on the upper surface [..]". This statement clearly refers to the gall of Pontania proxima (Serville, 1823), but having been published more than thirty years after the description of E. cynips, it cannot be used as an argument for interpreting the name as a synonym of P. proxima. Based on the inadequate original description, Liston et al. (2006) treated E. cynips as a synonym of E. testaceipes (Brischke, 1883) and as a nomen oblitum. This treatment should be maintained. 1♀ Heterarthrus ochropoda (Klug, 1818), det. A. Liston, with handwritten superscript on the printed label "Druida populi". Remarks: No publication has been located in which the name "Druida populi" is used. 2♀ Pontania proxima (Serville, 1823), det. A. Liston, with handwritten superscript on the printed label "Euura roboris, Newm." Remarks: No publication has been located in which the name "Euura roboris" is used. Newman (1869) did make a name Euura quercus available (Taeger et al. 2010), by publishing a seven-word description of a gall on oak that he supposed to have been caused by a sawfly. Whether this has anything to do with "E. roboris", a name possibly indicating a relationship with Quercus robur, cannot at present be answered.
formation about the history of the Entomological Club collection. Dr Hege Vårdal, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, drew attention to the paper by Greve. Dr David R. Smith, United States National Museum, Washington DC, kindly commented on a draft of the manuscript and on the use of the names Phylloecus and Hartigia. Dr Andreas Taeger, Müncheberg, initiated the loan of material from Oxford and together with Dr Stephan Blank, offered advice on the presentation of the results.