The genus Saissetia (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Coccidae) in China, with description of a new species

Abstract Saissetia kunmingensis Cao & Feng, sp. nov., a member of the genus Saissetia Kanda, 1960, is a new species in China that is described and illustrated in this study, based on adult females. This species was found on Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae) plants from Kunming, Yunnan Province (China). An updated key to females of the eight species of Saissetia which occur in China was developed.


Introduction
Soft scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Coccidae) are the third largest family in the Coccomorpha, followed by the Diaspididae (armored scales) and the Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) (García Morales et al. 2016). Many species of soft scales are distributed in many countries throughout the world and considered to be important pests on agricultural and horticultural crops as well as ornamental plants (Henderson and Hodgson 2005). In China, they are also important pests on all of these types of plants (Yang 1982).
Prior to this study, the genus Saissetia Deplanche consisted of 45 known species in the world of which seven species had been reported from China (García Morales et al. 2016). In this study, we describe and illustrate a new species Saissetia kunmingensis sp. nov. from China. This new species shares certain characteristics with S. coffeae (Walker) and S. oleae (Olivier). An updated key to adult females of the eight species in the genus Saissetia known to occur in China is provided.

Materials and methods
Scale insect samples were collected from leaves and twigs of Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. (Oleaceae) in Yunnan Province in China and then stored in envelopes. Specimens were immersed in chloroform to remove wax secretions before the preparation of slides. Slides were mounted using methods described by Henderson and Hodgson (2000). Insect morphology was observed under an EVOS digital inverted microscope. The illustration of the adult female ( Fig. 1) was drawn with an Olympus BH-2 stereoscopic microscope. In the illustration, the dorsum is depicted on the left side and the venter on the right side and important characters are shown around the main illustration. Photographs of ventral tubular ducts of young adult females (Fig. 2) were taken by an EVOS digital inverted microscope and a Nikon ECLIPSE Ti-U microscope. Photographs were enhanced with Adobe Photoshop CS6. All measurements were made using NIT-Elements D software and are presented in micrometers (μm) or millimeters (mm).
Saissetia Deplanche, 1859: 6;Newstead 1917: 361;Hall 1935: 73;De Lotto 1956: 239;De Lotto 1957: 170;De Lotto 1963: 191;De Lotto 1965: 219;Tang 1991: 215;Henderson and Hodgson 2000: 208;Choi and Lee 2017: 101;Zhang et al. 2018: 97. Generic diagnosis. Adult female. Body dorsum convex, H-shaped ridge present medially on dorsum. Derm with sclerotized reticulations and dermal areolations becoming well developed in older females; dorsal setae conical, thick and sturdy; submarginal tubercles present or absent on submarginal area; dorsal tubular ducts absent; anal plates triangular, together quadrate, each with a distinct discal seta; some discal setae with a sharp and pointed apex, or with a fimbriate and frayed apex. Marginal setae slender or curved, spinose with pointed apexes, bifid, frayed, or fimbriate and branched, all with well-developed basal sockets. Legs well developed, each with or without a well-developed tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; multilocular disc-pores with 10-12 loculi, usually 10, present in vulvar area and on anterior abdominal segments, some sparsely present on thorax; ventral tubular ducts (VTDs) present in a broad submarginal band; 1 to 4 types of VTDs, including type I: ducts with a long outer ductule and a narrow inner ductule, width LG tibio-tarsus of hind leg MS marginal setae MLDP multilocular disc-pore POP preopercular pores SDP spiracle disc-pore SSP stigmatic spines VTD ventral tubular ducts of type I-III VS ventral setae. of inner ductule half or less than half width of outer ductule, with a flower-shaped terminal gland; type II: ducts with a moderately long outer ductule and a long, extremely narrow inner ductule with a well-developed terminal gland; type III: a short, small duct with a filament-like inner ductule without a glandular end; type IV: a duct with a broad inner ductule of similar width and length as the outer ductule, with a well-developed terminal gland. Diagnosis. The adult females of S. kunmingensis sp. nov. can be diagnosed by a combination of the following features: (1) body almost circular to broad oval; (2) derm with sclerotized reticulations well developed; (3) dorsal submarginal tubercles convex, one or two between anterior stigmatic clefts, one or two between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, and three or four between each posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft; (4) dorsal tubular ducts absent; (5) dorsal setae conical, thick and spinose; (6) anal plates each with a distinct long discal setae with a sharp and pointed apex; (7) marginal setae slender, straight, mostly with a toothed apex, occasionally with a simple pointed apex; (8) antennae with 8 segments; (9) spiracles normal, with a distinct sclerotic plate, rarely indistinct; (10) legs with tibio-tarsal articulation and a small tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; (11) multilocular disc-pores usually have 10 loculi, occasionally 11, present around vulva, across mediolateral of all abdominal segments, a few present laterad to metacoxa, sometimes present on thorax; (12) three types of VTDs (for descriptions and distributions of these see species description).
Description. Appearance of live insects. Insects yellow brown, mature adult females dark brown and reddish brown. Body broadly oval, almost circular. Dorsum of mature adults strongly sclerotized, distinctly convex with H-shaped ridge present.
Margin. Marginal setae 66.9-80.6 μm long, with well-developed basal sockets, mostly slender and straight, with a frayed, fimbriate and branched apex, but a few marginal setae with sharp and rather bluntly pointed apices; with 38-44 setae between anterior stigmatic clefts, 9-10 setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts on each side, and 27-31 setae between the posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft. Stigmatic clefts not deep but distinct, each cleft containing three slender, tapered and bluntly spinose stigmatic spines, with well-developed basal sockets; median spine longest, 129.8-133.9 μm long, about 5 to 6 times as long as the lateral spines, each 26.2-29.0 μm long.
Venter. Derm membranous. Antennae with 8 segments, rarely 7 segments, total antennal length 453.8-463.4 μm; segment III longest. Usually 3 pairs of setae present between antennae near their base, 1 pair of short inner setae and 2 pairs of long outer setae. Three pairs of long pregenital setae present, 160.8-183.5 μm long. Other ventral setae setose, short and fine, quite sparsely distributed, 8.4-17.1 μm long. Submarginal setae 22.7-37.5 μm long, present in a single row around body. Legs well developed, each with tibio-tarsal articulation and a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis which are rarely absent, tibia 154.8-176.4 μm long, longer than tarsus, which is 119.6-128.9 μm long. Claw without a denticle; claw digitules broad and expanded at apex, about 32.0-32.4 μm long. Tarsal digitules longer than claw digitules, slender, knobbed, expanded at apex, about 48.6-54.9 μm long. Spiracles normal, with a distinct sclerotic plate (rarely indistinct). Spiracular disc-pores mostly with five loculi in the outer ring; spiracular pore bands narrow, each 3-4 rows wide. Anterior spiracular pore band with 11-19 pores, posterior spiracular pore band with 12-20 pores. Multilocular disc-pores each primarily with 10 loculi, occasionally 11, present around vulva, becoming progressively less frequent anteriorly, but present across mediolateral areas of all abdominal segments, a few present laterad to metacoxa, sometimes present on thorax. Ventral tubular ducts (VTDs) present, of three types; I, II and III (Fig. 2). Type I ducts have a rather long, broad outer ductule, 23.9-28.5 μm long, and a narrow inner ductule of similar length, 24.9-29.8 μm long, width of inner ductule being half or less than half of width of outer ductule, with a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland; type I ducts are present submarginally in a broad band around the body, and mediolaterally on posterior abdominal segments. Type II ducts have a slightly short, broad outer ductule, 13.2-20.8 μm long, and an extremely narrow filament-like inner ductule longer than the outer ductule, 17.1-31.6 μm long, with a well-developed terminal gland; type II ducts are located submarginally and mediolaterally on posterior abdominal segments, becoming sparse, few and discrete between 2 spiracular pore bands and on the anterior of the head. Type III ducts have a short outer ductule, 7.4-11.1 μm long, and a fine inner filament-like ductule without any terminal gland; these are distributed submarginally on posterior abdominal segments, and rarely on the outer submarginal area of the head.
Etymology. The species epithet kunmingensis refers to the place where this new species was collected, i.e., the city of Kunming.
Host plant. Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. Saissetia kunmingensis sp. nov. is morphologically similar to S. coffeae, which also has three types of VTDs, but these can be separated by the features shown in Table 1. (For descriptions of the types of VTDs see the generic diagnosis). Saissetia kunmingensis sp. nov. also has similar morphology to S. oleae. The morphological features that can be used to separate these two species are shown in Table 2.

Discussion
The new species is at present only known from Kunming, Yunnan Province. Further studies should be conducted to explore the distribution of this new species and other Saissetia species, especially in the north-east region of China. The only host plant found in this study was Osmanthus fragrans, so the host range also needs to be further studied. Saissetia kunmingensis sp. nov. is potentially an important pest in China. The adult females infest branches, twigs and leaves, and glassy wax and honeydew secreted by this species can make the leaves adhere to each other, which can lead to decay or even death of the host plants.  Only present mediolaterally on posterior abdominal segments (Hodgson and Henderson 2000) Anal plates Posterior margin much longer than anterior margin Length of posterior margin almost equal to or slightly longer than anterior margin (Tang 1991;Hodgson 1994) Marginal setae 38-44 setae between anterior stigmatic clefts on head; mostly fimbriate 15-30 setae between anterior stigmatic clefts on head; mostly sharp (Hodgson and Henderson 2000)