Corresponding author: Pascal Rousse (
Academic editor: G. Broad
We revise the 10 genera and 23 species of the tribe Phaeogenini (Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) known to occur in the Afrotropical region. We describe the following 13 new taxa:
The
Taxapad (
Specimens were point mounted on black, acid-free cards for examination (using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope with LED light source), photography and long–term preservation. Images were taken using the EntoVision® multiple–focus imaging system. This system combines a Leica® M16 microscope with a JVC® KY–75U 3–CCD digital video camera attached that feeds image data to a notebook computer. The program Cartograph®5.6.0 was then used to merge an image series (representing typically 10–15 focal planes) into a single in–focus image. Lighting was achieved using techniques summarized in
Specimens from the major European and North American museums housing Afrotropical ichneumonids were studied. Specimens of Afrotropical
Natural History Museum, London, UK (Gavin Broad)
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada (Andrew Bennett)
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Claire Villemant)
Museum fur Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany (Franck Koch)
Muséum Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervueren, Belgium (Eliane de Coninck)
National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya (Martha Gikunga)
KwaZulu–Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (Burgert Muller)
Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa (Simon van Noort)
Instytut Zoologiczny Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland (Tomasz Huflejt)
Zoologische Staatsammlung, München, Germany (Stefan Schmidt)
Although all types from ZMPA are labeled as lectotypes designated by J. Sawoniewicz, the designation was not published. They are considered here as syntypes.
The morphological terminology follows
: body length, from toruli to metasomal apex (mm)
: antenna length, from base of scape to flagellar apex (mm)
: front wing length, from tegula to wing apex (mm)
(head dorsal width index): maximal width / central length of head in dorsal view
(head frontal width index): maximal width / central height of head in frontal view
(dental index): length of upper mandibular tooth / length of lower tooth
(malar line index): malar line / basal mandibular width
(inter–oceller index): shortest distance between posterior ocelli / ocellus diameter
(oculo–ocellar index): shortest distance between eye and posterior ocellus / ocellus diameter
(length index of flagellomere n): length / width of flagellomere n
(ovipositor sheath–tibia index): length of ovipositor sheath / length of hind tibia
Unless otherwise specified, the first three measurements (absolute measures) were measured on all specimens in the type series, with measurements from the primary type reported separately in brackets if necessary. The relative indices were measured on the primary type specimen only, or on one selected individual if no type could be examined (
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1 | Mandibles unidentate, falcate (A) | 2 |
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– | Mandibles bidentate, shape various (a) | 7 |
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2(1) | Areolet open, 3Rs–m absent (A); hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 absent (A) | |
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– | Areolet closed, 3Rs–m present, sometimes non–tubular (a); hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present, sometimes very faint (a) | |
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3(2) | Clypeus wide, about twice as wide as high, strongly pointed apico–laterally (A); flagellum entirely testaceous (male unknown) (B) | |
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– | Clypeus narrower, about one and a half times wider than high, weakly pointed apico–laterally (a); flagellum tri–coloured in both sexes: basally testaceous, medially white and apically black (b) | |
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4(2) | Frons transversely striate (A); head reddish and yellow (B) | |
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– | Frons polished with fine isolated punctures (a); head black (b) | |
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– | Frons coarsely punctate (aa); coloration of head various (yellow, orange or red to black) (bb) | 5 |
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5(4) | Colour entirely yellow to orange (A); mesoscutum polished with sparse punctation (B) | |
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– | Coloration darker, at least head black to dark red (a); mesoscutum transversely striate (b) | 6 |
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6(5) | Propodeum without any distinct carina (A); mesosoma uniformly orange (B); flagellum of female with a white median ring (male unknown) (B); Southern Africa | |
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– | Propodeum with apical transverse carina strong (a); mesosoma multi–colored, black, yellowish and testaceous (b); flagellum uniformly colored in both sexes (b); Eastern Africa | |
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7(1) | Metasomal tergite 2 with gastrocoeli and thyridiae totally absent (A, B) | 8 |
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– | Metasomal tergite 2 with gastrocoeli (G) present, faint to deep, and thyridiae (T) differentiated (a, b) | 18 |
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8(7) | Propodeal apophyses strong, spine–like, at least as long as basally wide (A) | 9 |
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– | Propodeum without spine–like apophyses, or apophyses hardly distinct (a) | 10 |
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9(8) | Antenna short with less than 25 flagellomeres (A); head mostly dark brown to black with mandibles, clypeus and frons pale yellow (B) | |
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– | Antenna longer with more than 25 flagellomeres; head mostly pale yellow with occiput and vertex black | |
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10(8) | Sternaulus deep and long, reaching beyond mid–length of mesopleuron (A); areolet open, 3Rs–m absent (B); hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 absent (B) | |
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– | Sternaulus absent or at least much weaker and shorter (a); areolet closed, 3Rs–m present (b); hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present, sometimes non pigmented (b) | 12 |
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11(10) | Mesoscutum and propodeum smooth (A–B); mesosoma mostly brown with pronotum yellow (C); Madagascar | |
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– | Mesoscutum transversely striate, propodeum reticulate (a–b); mesosoma mostly yellow, dorsally black (c); South Africa | |
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12(10) | Propodeum smooth, unsculptured (at least anteriorly) with median areas fused into one single mid–longitudinal area (A) | |
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– | Propodeum coarsely sculptured with area superomedia delimited (a); mainland Africa | |
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13(12) | Mesosoma mostly black with mesopleuron sparsely and regularly punctate (A); tropical Africa | |
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– | Mesosoma yellowish orange, mesopleuron polished (a); Madagascar | 14 |
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14(13) | Apex of propodeum expanded between hind coxae, reaching half their length (A); clypeus strongly transverse (Ci < 3.0) (B); metasoma of female strongly elongate, longer than hind leg, with ventral margins of tergites 3 and following overlapping (C) | |
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– | Apex of propodeum hardly expanded between hind coxae (a); clypeus extremely transverse (Ci > 3) (b); metasoma of female shorter, shorter than hind leg, with ventral margins of tergites 4 and following overlapping (c) | |
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15(12) | Tergite 2 and following densely and deeply punctate (A) | 16 |
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– | Tergite 2 shallowly punctate, following tergites alutaceous to smooth with isolated fine punctures (a) | 17 |
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16(15) | Ocelli moderately sized, IOi < 2.0 (A); metasoma mostly reddish (B) | |
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– | Ocelli small, IOi ≥ 2.0 (a); metasoma mostly black (b) | |
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17(15) | Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present as an unpigmented fold (A); mesosoma mostly black with one pale yellow longitudinal stripe on pronotum and another one on mesopleuron, mesopleuron and pronotum ventrally fading to reddish (B); flagellum unicolorous (male unknown) (B) | |
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– | Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 fully pigmented (a); mesosoma mostly reddish, pronotum black with a yellow longitudinal stripe, subtegular ridge and axillar troughs black (b); flagellum medially whitish (male unknown) (b) | |
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18(7) | Occipital and hypostomal carinae joining at mandibular base, the junction separated from mandibular basis by less than carina width (A); postpectal carina complete (B); face quadrate without distinct mid–longitudinal bulge (C) | 19 |
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– | Hypostomal and occipital carinae joined distinctly above mandibular base (a); postpectal carina ventrally widely interrupted in front of mid coxae (b); face short and transverse with a strong mid–longitudinal bulge laterally limited by grooves (c) | |
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19(17) | Metasomal tergite 2 stout, less than 1.5× longer than apically wide (A); gastrocoeli deep, thyridiae concolourous with remainder of tergite (A); flagellum shorter than fore wing (B); malar space long (Mi > 0.5) (C) | |
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– | Metasomal tergite 2 elongate, more than 2× longer than apically wide (a); gastrocoeli very shallow, thyridiae lighter than remainder of tergite (a); flagellum slender, longer than fore wing (b); malar space short (Mi < 0.5) (c) | |
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20(19) | Propodeum without any longitudinal carina, no area defined; punctate rugulose (A); head mostly black (B) | |
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– | Propodeum with longitudinal carina present, area superomedia complete; weakly rugulose (a); head mostly yellowish–orange (b) | |
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21(18) | Propodeum striate (A); head mostly yellow in frontal view (B) | |
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– | Propodeum punctate (a); head mostly white in frontal view (b) |
Highly distinctive genus, characterized by sternauli deeply impressed and extending beyond mid–length of mesopleuron. Head polished and smoothly sculptured, dorsally expanded and flattened, somewhat triangular in profile; mandible bidentate, upper tooth 1.5–2.0× longer than lower tooth; subocular groove present; clypeus transverse, its ventral margin regularly convex; flagellum of female regularly enlarged toward apex; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining at mandibular basis; epomia weak; notaulus weakly impressed; postpectal carina complete and strong; propodeum moderately elongate, regularly curved in profile view, propodeal carination well developed to about absent; fore wing with areolet open, hind wing with 1/Cu&cu–a straight and distal abscissa of Cu1 absent; tarsal claws simple; gastrocoelus and thyridium indistinct; ovipositor distinctly extending beyond apex of metasoma.
Because of its strong and long sternaulus, this genus was first placed in the
The genus was previously only known from Madagascar, with a single species. Here we report a new species from South Africa.
Testaceous overall with pronotum, base of antenna and legs yellow; mandible triangular, strongly tapered toward apex, teeth small; malar line short; torulus on a distinctly bulging platform; ocellar triangle reduced, equilateral; antenna with 21 flagellomeres (
Madagascar (Toliara province) (
Female unknown. Male: bright yellow overall with variable dorsal testaceous to black markings on mesosoma and metasoma; face and clypeus strongly convex in profile; toruli on a weak platform; malar line long; ocellar triangle equilateral; antenna with 19–20 flagellomeres; mesosoma laterally punctate but scutellum and most of pronotum smooth; sternaulus crenulate, extending to mid coxa; mesosoma dorsally alutaceous but propodeum coarsely reticulate with carination strongly reduced; metasoma deeply punctate–reticulate. HdWi 1.3; HfWi 1.3; Ci 1.6; Mi 0.9; Di 2.2; IOi 1.7; OOi 1.7; Fli14.2; Fli151.7; OTi NA.
MALE (5 specimens). B 2.5–2.8; A 1.9–2.1; F 2.1–2.3 (Holotype: B 2.7; A: 1.9; F 2.2).
FEMALE. Unknown.
In line with Seyrig’s derivation of his specific epithet
South Africa (Eastern Cape and Free State).
Strictly Afrotropical genus, with three species of which one is newly described here.
Female: head more or less extensively yellowish–orange ventrally, remainder of head pale yellow with vertex and occiput black; remainder of body uniformly yellowish–orange, apex of metasoma sometimes infuscate; antenna short with 23 flagellomeres, basally dark testaceous, medially white and apically dark brown; head strongly transverse in frontal view; upper mandibular tooth 3× as long as lower tooth; clypeus nearly 4× wider than high; head and body very faintly sculptured, mostly smooth and polished; propodeal carination moderate; metasoma slightly elongate but shorter than hind leg; tergite 4 and following ventrally overlapping. B 7.8–8.9; A 4.8–5.2; F 4.6–4.9 (holotype: B 8.9; A 5.2; F 4.9); HdWi 1.6; HfWi 1.4; Ci 3.9; Mi 0.5; Di 3.1; IOi 1.1; OOi 0.7; Fli1 3.8; Fli15 0.8; Fli21 0.7; OTi 0.2. Male: head without yellowish–orange ventral coloration; metasoma brown, tergites 2–3 basally yellow, all metasomal tergites apically yellow margined; flagellum entirely dark brown, slenderer; otherwise similar to female. B 6.4; A 5.4; F 3.4.
Madagascar (Toamasina and Toliara provinces) (
Head rufo–testaceous, dorsally black with upper orbits partially to totally yellow; female with flagellomeres 6–8 posteriorly pale yellow; mesosoma mostly black; legs mostly testaceous with coxae partially to totally pale yellow; metasoma basally black, often lightening towards apex; head mostly smooth with some sparse punctures on face and above toruli level; pronotum and metapleuron smooth, mesopleuron sparsely punctate, mesonotum finely and sparsely punctate, propodeum basally smooth and apically transversely rugose–striate; metasoma finely and sparsely punctate; face strongly bulging medially, clypeus strongly transverse; propodeal carination moderate; metasoma elongate but shorter than hind leg. HdWi 2.2; HfWi 1.1; Mi 0.5; Ci 2.9; Di 3.2; IOi 1.5; OOi 1.0; Fli1 1.8; Fli15 0.7; Fli22 0.6; OTi 0.1.
FEMALE (2 specimens). B 7.0–7.3; A 2.5–2.7; F 3.6–3.9 (Holotype B 7.3; A 2.7; F 3.9).
MALE (2 specimens). B 5.6–5.7; A 3.4–3.5; F 3.5–3.8. Antenna slenderer, not widened apically, without median pale ring, with 25 flagellomeres in the only specimen with complete antennae (Fli1 1.9; Fli15 1.0; Fli24 1.0); ventral margins of tergites not overlapping; otherwise similar to female.
Named after the type locality. Noun in apposition.
Democratic Republic of Congo,Uganda, Zimbabwe.
The two specimens from Kivu (MRAC) differ significantly from the type series: they are about half the size with shorter antennae; the mesopleuron is more smoothly sculptured, transversely strigose; and the OT index is 0.3. The coloration and sculpture are otherwise similar. Whether or not they actually belong to the same species is currently unclear. We refrain from delimiting these specimens as a separate species until further material is at hand to assess the degree of intra–specific variation within this taxon.
Female: head more or less extensively yellowish–orange ventrally, remainder of head pale yellow with vertex and occiput black; remainder of body yellowish–orange, apex of metasoma sometimes infuscate; antenna short with 22 flagellomeres, basally dark testaceous, medially white and apically dark brown; upper tooth of mandible twice as long as lower tooth; head and body very faintly sculptured, mostly smooth and polished; propodeum strongly extending apically between hind coxae to their half–length; propodeum mid–longitudinally deeply concave, carination moderate; metasoma strongly elongate, distinctly longer than hind leg; tergite 3 and following ventrally overlapping. B 11.7; A 4.2; F 5.2. HdWi 1.9; HfWi 1.1; Ci 2.8; Mi 0.7; Di 1.9; IOi 1.2; OOi 0.8; Fli1 4.0; Fli15 1.1; Fli21 0.8; OTi 0.1. Male: head without yellowish–orange ventral coloration; metasoma dark brown, tergites 2–3 basally yellow, all metasomal tergites apically yellow margined; flagellum entirely dark brown, slenderer; metasoma hardly reaching beyond apex of hind tibia; otherwise similar to female. B 7.2; A 3.8; F 4.8.
Madagascar (Toamasina province) (
Mandible bidentate, triangular and evenly narrowed towards apex, with a weak ventral flange, upper tooth twice as long as lower tooth; face transverse, wider than high; clypeus distinctly transverse, lenticular, hardly separated from face medially, its ventral margin somewhat impressed; occipital carina complete; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining at mandibular base; flagellum of female moderately enlarged and flattened beyond middle, flagellum of male without tyloids; epomia present and strong; mesoscutum steeply elevated above pronotum; postpectal carina complete and strong; propodeum moderately short, basal half about horizontal and apical half sloping down in lateral view; carination complete and strong, spiracle quite round; fore wing with areolet pentagonal, closed, 3Rs–m non–tubular and faintly pigmented; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 faint; gastrocoeli large and moderately deep; tarsal claws simple; thyridiae moderately weak but distinct, transverse and wide with interval narrow, distant from anterior margin by more than their width; hypopygium hiding base of ovipositor sheath; ovipositor very shortly projecting beyond metasomal apex.
Head black, body usually reddish–orange with apex of mesosoma, and base and apex of metasoma black; body sometimes far more extensively black marked; face, frons, vertex and temple shallowly and densely to moderately densely punctate; malar line long; antenna with 23–30 flagellomeres, slightly widened from basal third; mesosoma entirely polished and moderately setose; pronotum moderately punctate with a large median smooth area; mesopleuron densely punctate, speculum smooth; metapleuron coarsely punctate–rugose; mesonotum moderately punctate; scuto–scutellar groove smooth; scutellum carinate to mid–length; propodeum shallowly punctate rugose, area petiolaris concave, carination complete with area superomedia hexagonal, slightly wider than long; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 discernible though faint; metasoma alutaceous but apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 2 longitudinally striate. B 4.5–5.3; A 3.1–3.2; F 3.3–3.7 (ranges measured on all observed material); HdWi 1.7; HfWi 1.2; Ci 1.8; Mi 0.9; Di 3.2; IOi 1.6; OOi 1.6; Fli1 3.5; Fli15 1.4; Fli23 1.1; OTi 0.4 (indices measured on BMNH South African female specimen).
South Africa, Mexico. Otherwise widespread from Europe and the Middle East to the Indo–Australian region, China and Japan. Introduced into numerous countries in the Indo–Australian and West Indies regions for biocontrol purpose.
Commonly used as a biological control agent of
Mandible bidentate; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining close to or distinctly above mandibular base; area superomedia defined, receiving costula at or beyond middle; gastrocoelus indistinct, thyridium absent; fore wing with areolet closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present, hardly distinct to fully pigmented (
The genus is represented by 57 species, with a worldwide distribution with the exception of the Australasian and Antarctic regions.
Mostly black species with yellowish to pale yellow markings on head, mesosoma and legs (pale coloration more extensive in males); entire head densely setose; antenna short and stout with 22 flagellomeres, flagellomeres quadrate to shorter than wide in female, slightly longer in male; ocelli reduced, inter–ocellar distance twice as long as ocellar diameter; mesosoma of female distinctly depressed, more than twice as long as high in profile; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 weak; metasomal tergites deeply and regularly punctate–reticulate. HdWi 2.0; HfWi 1.3; Mi 1.0; Ci 2.6; Di 5.0; IOi 2.1; OOi 1.1; Fli1 1.0, Fli15 0.8; Fli21 0.8; OTi 0.3.
FEMALE (17 specimens). B 3.3–4.4; A 1.4–1.6; F 2.1–2.8 (Holotype B 3.9; A 1.5; F 2.5).
MALE (5 specimens). B 2.8–4.3; A 2.0–2.3; F 2.0–2.9. Pale coloration more extensive; pale yellow: inner orbits, face, clypeus, mandible, palpi, anterior and dorsal margin of pronotum, tegula, antero–dorsal corner of mesopleuron; mesopleuron often with a faint, hardly delimited mid–longitudinal pale stripe; legs light testaceous with coxae and trochanters pale yellow but hind coxa with large black markings, flagellum entirely testaceous ventrally; antenna slenderer (Fli1 = Fli15 = Fli21 = 1.4); pilosity on head sparser and shorter; mesosoma stouter, less than twice as long as high in profile; otherwise similar to female.
Named after the type locality. Asante Sana is Swahili for “thank you very much”. Noun in apposition.
South Africa (Eastern and Western Cape).
(female unknown). Head black with face, clypeus and mandible pale yellow, mesosoma black, metasoma mostly reddish to brown with tergite 1 almost black; temple straight in dorsal view; head finely punctate to coarsely punctate–reticulate; mesosoma densely and deeply punctate but area petiolaris transversely strigose; propodeum short, its posterior half almost vertical; propodeal carination strong and complete; area petiolaris strongly concave; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 very faint, reaching wing margin; metasomal tergites deeply and regularly punctate; B 4.8; A NA; F 3.3; HdWi 2.1; HfWi 1.2; Mi NA; Ci NA; Di NA; IOi 1.3; OOi 1.0; Fli1 NA; Fli15 NA; Fli21 NA; OTi NA. Male unknown.
The holotype of
South Africa (Cape Province).
Mostly black species interspersed with numerous brown and yellow maculae; entire body shining; head sparsely to moderately densely punctate; face distinctly protruding medially; antenna short and stout; mesosoma coarsely punctate or strigose laterally, more finely punctate dorsally; mesoscutum without differentiated lobes; propodeal carination strong and complete; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present but non–pigmented; metasomal tergites sparsely punctate to almost smooth. HdWi 2.6; HfWi 1.2; Mi 0.6; Ci 2.4; Di 2.5; IOi 1.8; OOi 1.2; Fli1 1.6; Fli15 1.2; Fli24 1.0; OTi 0.4. Male unknown.
FEMALE (2 specimens). B 4.8–5.1; A 3.0–3.2; F 3.0–3.4 (Holotype B 5.1; A 3.2; F 3.4).
MALE. Unknown.
Named in honour of the Table Mountain National Park, the conservation area encompassing the type locality. The original inhabitants of the Cape, the KhoiKhoi, called the Table Mountain
South Africa (Kwazulu–Natal and Western Cape).
This species and the following one are sympatric and closely related. They share the same microsculpture, particularly the coarsely punctate and strigose mesosoma and the blunt median tubercle on the face. They are, however, distinct, and can be differentiated by the length of antennae, the pigmentation of the distal abscissa of Cu1 on the hind wing and the strikingly distinct coloration pattern.
Mostly reddish interspersed with black and yellow markings; entire body shining; head sparsely to densely punctate; face distinctly protruding medially; mesosoma coarsely punctate or strigose laterally, more finely punctate dorsally; mesoscutum without differentiated lobes; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 fully pigmented; propodeal carination complete but costula faint; metasomal tergites 1–3 densely and shallowly punctate, following tergites alutaceous. HdWi 2.4; HfWi 1.1; Ci 2.3; Mi 0.8; Di 1.3; IOi 1.8; OOi 1.2; Fli1 1.8; Fli15 1.0; Fli28 0.8; OTi 0.3. Male unknown.
FEMALE (2 specimens). B 5.8–6.1; A 3. 6–3.7; F 3.7–3.9 (Holotype B 5.8; A 3.6; F 3.7).
MALE. Unknown.
Named in honour of the Table Mountain National Park, to which the type locality belongs. In 1503, a Portuguese explorer, Antonio de Saldanha, climbed and named the mountain
South Africa (Western Cape).
The genus is represented by 28 species in the Afrotropical, Nearctic and Palearctic regions, with three described Afrotropical species. We add here one species from Southern Africa and one from Tanzania.
Head black; mesosoma tri–colored black, yellow and testaceous; metasoma mostly testaceous with T1 partially black; legs yellow to light testaceous; head mostly punctate but face transversely puncto–striate; clypeus bluntly produced apico–laterally; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina distinctly above mandibular base; antenna with 30 flagellomeres; mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely punctate with speculum smooth, remaining of mesosoma striate; propodeal carination reduced to apical transverse carina; metasoma densely punctate with T1 longitudinally puncto–striate; gastrocoelus and thyridium deep, inter–thyridia interval narrow. B 6.3; A 5.4; F 4.3; HdWi 2.1; HfWi 1.3; Ci 2.2; Mi 1.2; IOi 2.7; OOi 3.2; Fli1 5.2; Fli15 1.5; Fli30 1.0; OTi 0.4. Male: similar to female but flagellum slenderer with 31 flagellomeres, sometimes with black spots on mesosoma greatly reduced; B 5.4; A 4.6; F 3.7.
Ethiopia, Kenya. South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda (new records).
Mostly reddish–testaceous with yellow parts on head, mesosoma and coxae; head finely and very densely punctate, punctures somewhat arranged into transverse striations on face, into oblique striations on clypeus, frons and vertex transversely striate; clypeus apico–laterally sharply pointed; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina distinctly above mandibular base; antenna with 29 flagellomeres; mesosoma and metasoma densely and coarsely punctate but speculum and scutellum smooth, and most of pronotum, antero–dorsal corner of mesopleuron, most of mesoscutum, propodeum and most of tergite 1 striate; propodeum with a faint lateral longitudinal carina; gastrocoelus and thyridium deep, inter–thyridiae interval narrow; B 6.3; A NA; F 4.9. HdWi 1.6; HfWi 1.1; Ci 2.0; Mi 1.0; IOi 1.0; OOi 2.0; Fli1 5.0; Fli15 NA; Fli30 NA; OTi 0. 3. Male unknown.
Kenya. Rwanda (new record).
Head mostly black, mesosoma mostly yellowish orange, metasoma testaceous; antenna with a pale median ring; most of microsculpture densely punctate to punctate–reticulate but mesoscutum transversely striate; clypeus apico–laterally bluntly pointed; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina shortly but distinctly above mandibular base; propodeum without carination; gastrocoelus and thyridium deep, inter–thyridiae interval narrow. HdWi 1.7; HfWi 1.1; Ci 1.6; Mi 0.8; IOi 1.5; OOi 1.5; Fli15.8; Fli151.3; Fli301.0; OTi 0.3. Male unknown.
FEMALE (4 specimens). B 7.5–7.6; A 5.5–5.7; F 4.7–4.9 (Holotype B 7.6; A 5.6; F 4.8).
MALE. Unknown.
Named after the type locality. Noun in apposition.
South Africa (Kwazulu–Natal, Western Cape), Zimbabwe.
Female unknown. Male: entirely bright yellow to yellowish–testaceous, flagellum brown with a pale median ring; head densely and shallowly punctate but vertex and temple smooth and polished; clypeus transverse, with very weak lateral protuberances and one strong truncate submedian tooth on ventral margin; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina at mandibular base; mesosoma laterally densely and coarsely punctate, mesonotum polished and sparsely punctate, propodeum transversely punctate reticulate; propodeal carination reduced to incomplete apical transverse carina; metasoma densely and coarsely punctate; gastrocoelus and thyridium indistinct. HdWi 1.3; HfWi 1.2; Ci 2.0; Mi 0.5; IOi 0.9; OOi 1.5; Fli1 3.0; Fli15 1.3; Fli33 2.2; OTi NA.
MALE (2 specimens). B 6.8–7.5; A 4.7–5.0; F 4.2–4.7 (Holotype B 7.5; A 5.0; F 4.7).
FEMALE. Unknown.
Named after the holotype locality. Noun in apposition.
Senegal, Tanzania.
Two males of this species have been collected. Surprisingly, the two collection sites are located at the two lateral extremities of the African continent, both specimens showing only slight differences in the density of punctation and the length of antennae. However, both localities fall within the arid Sahel belt that extends from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia and Somalia in the east, paralleling the southern edge of the Sahara desert. From the horn of Africa this arid habitat extends south down the eastern side of Africa through Kenya to northern Tanzania where Mkomazi Game Reseve is situtated. It must then be presumed that this species is far more widespread than indicated by the known distribution. We predict that the species will likely occur throughout the Sahel zone.
Head black but mandible, scape and pedicel white; flagellum brown with a pale median ring; remainder of body reddish but dorsal margin of pronotum pale yellow, propleuron and tergites 7 and following black; face puncto–striate, clypeus moderately punctate, frons and vertex polished with fine and very sparse punctures; clypeus bluntly pointed apico–laterally; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina at mandibular base; antenna with 31 flagellomeres; mesosoma moderately punctate but most of pronotum, speculum and scutellum smooth, and antero–dorsal corner of mesopleuron, middle of mesoscutum and propodeum strigose; propodeum with apical transverse carina and some trace of lateral longitudinal carina present; metasoma densely and coarsely punctate; gastrocoelus moderate, thyridium hardly distinct; B 6.2–6.4; A 5.6–5.7; F 4.4–4.6 (Holotype 6.4; A 5.7; F 4.6); HdWi 1.6; HfWi 1.2; Ci 2.0; Mi 1.0; IOi 1.2; OOi 2.0; Fli1 5.8; Fli15 1.2; Fli29 1.5; OTi 0. 3. Male: antenna without pale ring, otherwise similar to female; B 7.8; A 6.9; F 5.5.
Madagascar (Antananarivo, Toliara and Toamasina province) (
Mandible bidentate, upper tooth much longer than lower tooth; clypeus distinctly separated from face, its ventral margin acute and irregularly convex; hypostomal and occipital carinae joining distinctly above mandibular base; flagellum of female enlarged from middle on; pronotum somewhat enlarged ventrally, epomia weak; sternaulus deeply impressed, crenulate, reaching mid–length of mesopleuron; notaulus indistinct; postpectal carina interrupted in front of mid coxae; fore wing with areolet pentagonal, closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present, unpigmented; tarsal claws simple; propodeum fully carinate with strong spine–like apophyses; gastrocoelus and thyridium indistinct.
Genus restricted to Madagascar, with two species.
Head pale yellow with occiput, vertex, and a thin transverse stripe at toruli level black; mesosoma dark red interspersed with black and pale yellow markings; metasoma reddish; antenna black with 29 flagellomeres (broken from flagellomeres 8 and 10 in the lectotype) with a median pale yellow ring; head and body entirely smooth and polished but some rugosity along propodeal carinae; mid–longitudinal bulge of face delimited by moderately deep submedian longitudinal furrow; propodeal carination strong. B: 9.4; A NA; F 6.0; HdWi 1.8; HfWi 1.2; Ci 2.1; Mi 0.7; IOi 1.2; OOi 0.8; Fli1 3.1; Fli15 NA; Fli28 NA; OTi 0. 3. Male:
Madagascar (Antananarivo, Antsiranana and Fianarantsoa provinces) (
This species is very closely related to the following one.
Head pale yellow with occiput, genae and vertex black, and with face and facial orbits dark brown to black; mesosoma dark red interspersed with black and pale yellow markings; metasoma reddish with tergite 4 and following black; antenna with 23 flagellomeres basally testaceous, medially pale yellow, and apically black; otherwise entirely similar to
Madagascar (Antsiranana province) (
Head hemispherical, coarsely sculptured; mandible bidentate, upper tooth much longer than lower tooth; mesoscutum steeply elevated above pronotum; postpectal carina complete and strong; propodeum elongate, regularly rounded without differentiated horizontal anterior part in profile view; propodeal carination weak, more or less complete; fore wing with areolet closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 absent; gastrocoelus long and shallow, thyridium indistinct; ovipositor very shortly projecting beyond metasomal apex.
Named after the Kibale National Park where all specimens have been collected.
Uganda.
The general habitus of
Holotype male: Uganda, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field Station, 1523m,
Female unknown. Male: head and mesosoma mainly reddish yellow, propodeum slightly infuscate dorsally, metasoma brownish with apices of tergites 2–7 yellow; body densely and deeply punctate with propodeum rugulose–reticulate, tergite 1 smooth, following tergites alutaceous; notaulus moderate; propodeum mid–posteriorly concave, carination almost complete with area superomedia present but weak, hexagonal, slightly wider than long. HdWi 1.5; HfWi 1.2; Ci 2.1; Mi 0.2; Di 3.8; IOi 0.8; OOi 1.2; Fli1 5.7, Fli15 2.1, Fli24 1.8; OTi NA.
MALE (Holotype). B 4.2; A 3.2; F 2.8.
FEMALE. Unknown.
Named after the acronym of Makerere University Biological Field Station, where the holotype was collected. The field station is affectionately called “Mubfs” by those privileged to have experienced a stay there. Noun in apposition.
Uganda.
Head mainly black, mesosoma yellow and dark brown, metasoma dark brown with apices of tergites 2–7 yellow; head and mesosoma almost entirely deeply and densely punctate to punctate–reticulate, tergite 1 smooth, following tergites finely punctate; propodeum without longitudinal carina, transverse carinae present, but incomplete. HdWi 1.4; HfWi 1.1; Ci 1.8; Mi 0.2; Di 4.0; IOi 1.0; OOi 1.0; Fli1 5.9, Fli15 1.0, Fli28 1.8; OTi 0.2.
FEMALE (5 specimens). B 5.1–6.2; A 3.8–4.4; F 3.5–3.9 (Holotype B 5.1; A 3.8; F 3.5).
MALE (1 specimen). B 5.4; A4.5; F 3.6. Mesosoma dark brown and pronotum yellowish; otherwise similar to female.
Named after the Toro Kingdom, the region of western Uganda where this species was collected. Noun in apposition.
Uganda.
The genus is represented by seven species in the Afrotropical, Neotropical and Oriental regions, with one Afrotropical species. We describe here a new species from Uganda.
Head and metasoma mostly yellowish, metasoma with dorsal brown maculae; head mostly faintly sculptured but face densely punctate; clypeus very high, strongly pointed apico–laterally; frons with a faint mid–longitudinal carina; antenna very long and slender; mesosoma laterally punctate–reticulate, mesoscutum wrinkled, propodeum reticulate; both transverse carinae of propodeum present; epicnemial carina mid–ventrally highly raised and medially anterior–pointing into a sharp angle; gastrocoelus moderately deep, thyridium wide and oblique. HdWi 1.7; HfWi 1.1; Ci 1.2; Mi 1.0; IOi 1.1; OOi 1.4; Fli1 8.3; Fli15 1.5; Fli37 1.8; OTi 0.6. Male unknown.
FEMALE (2 specimens). B 8.0–8.4; A 6. 5; F 4.7–4.9.
MALE. Unknown.
Flummox: “be a mystery or bewildering” in reference to the atypical
Uganda. Nigeria? (
The CNCI specimen, from Nigeria, was not included in the type material. It indeed exhibits surprising differences: flagellum bi–colored, yellow from base to flagellomere 15, then with remaining flagellomeres black; overall coloration yellow without darker dorsal markings; and median carina of frons absent. The clypeus is, however, typical of
Democratic Republic of Congo 2 females 3 males: Congo Belge: Kivu Rutshuru 1285m. 11.vii.1935. G.F de Witte: 1083b. (MRAC); Kenya 1 female: KENYA, Ruma National Park, 1250m,
Entirely pale to bright yellow, more or less yellowish–orange dorsally; basal half of flagellum testaceous, apical half black with a white ring; antenna long and slender, apical half distinctly enlarged, apical truncation of scape strongly oblique; head mostly smooth but face densely and shallowly punctate; clypeus high, its ventral margin medially protruding; antenna with 32–37 flagellomeres; mesosoma laterally densely, shallowly and coarsely punctate, including speculum, but pronotum shallowly strigose; mesonotum nearly smooth, with notaulus long and crenulate and scuto–scutellar groove longitudinally striate; propodeum coarsely reticulate with apical transverse carina and some remnant of submedian longitudinal carinas present apically; epicnemial carina mid–ventrally highly raised and produced anteriorly into a sharp angle; metasoma finely and deeply reticulate but tergite 1 almost smooth; gastrocoelus large, oblique and shallow; gastrocoelus long, moderately deep, thyridium at basal fifth of tergite 2. B 6.4–8.2; A 4.5–5.4; F 3.8–4.8 (ranges measured on all observed females); HdWi 1.7; HfWi 1.1; Ci 1.7; Mi 1.1; IOi 1.3; OOi 1.3; Fli1 7.4; Fli15 1.3; Fli35 2.0; OTi 0.3 (indices measured on SAMC female). Male: similar to female. B 6.9; A 5.1; F 4.2.
Democratic Republic of Congo,Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Zimbabwe (new records). Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar.
Mandible bidentate; clypeus generally smooth with apical margin thin and finely sculptured; face and clypeus conspicuously short; clypeus clearly separated medially from lower face by a distinct groove; occipital carina meeting hypostomal carina before mandibular base; hind coxa simple or at most witha weak ventral spine; fore wing with areolet closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present; gastrocoelus deep, thyridium large (
The genus is represented by about one hundred species in the Palaearctic, Neotropical and Oriental regions. The two species described below are the first species reported from the Afrotropical region.
Head mostly yellow, dorsally black; mesosoma black and reddish with pale yellow stripes; metasoma mostly dark reddish to dark brown; head and body mostly punctate to puncto–striate, all metasomal tergites finely punctate; face laterally delimited by two wide oblique sulci; clypeus short, strongly transverse; scutellum moderately punctate; propodeum transversely striate, propodeal carination anteriorly faint; hind coxa simple; thyridium wide and deep. HdWi 1.9. HdWi 1.2; Ci 2.6; Mi 0.5; Di 1.3; IOi 1.0; OOi 1. 0; Fli1 3.2, Fli15 1.0; Fli25 0.8; OTi 0.2. Male unknown.
FEMALE (Holotype). B 4.0; A 2.1; F 2.7.
MALE. Unknown.
Named after the type locality in Amatola Mountains, meaning “place of many calves” in the Xhosa local language. Noun in apposition.
South Africa.
Head black and white; background of body reddish–orange to dark testaceous, mesosoma mid–laterally black with upper margin of pronotum white; antenna short and stout, all flagellomeres but basal ones shorter than wide; head mostly densely and shallowly punctate; mesosoma laterally puncto–striate, dorsally densely punctate; metasomal tergites almost punctate–reticulate; hind coxa simple; gastrocoelus moderate, thyridium wide. HdWi 1.8; HfWi 1.3; Ci2.1; Mi 0.8; Di 3.7; IOi 2.0; OOi 1.3; Fli1 2.0; Fli15 0.6; Fli26 0.8; OTi 0.4. Male unknown.
FEMALE (4 specimens). B 4.6–4.9; A 2.3–2.4; F 2.9–3.1 (Holotype B 4.8; A 2.3; F 3.0).
MALE. Unknown.
Named after the type locality. Asante Sana Game Reserve includes aspects of the Nardousberg Mountain. Specimens were collected over an altitudinal range of 1354–2183 m on the south–eastern slopes of the Nardousberg. Noun in apposition.
South Africa (Eastern Cape).
Genus mainly characterized by the the hypostomal carina strongly raised above mandible base, and the more or less distinctly bell–shaped scape (especially in male). Gena distincly excavate near mandible base in male, slightly excised in female; mandible bidentate, upper tooth much longer than lower tooth; clypeus distinct from face, with a mid–ventral concavity, ventral margin impressed and regularly convex; face quadrate to strongly transverse; face and clypeus very short in female; occipital carina ventrally abruptly curved inwards, joining hypostomal carina above mandible base, hypostomal carina strongly raised above mandible; scape more or less bell–shaped: dorso–apically raised and basally widened, more strongly in male; antenna filiform, not enlarged in either sex, flagellomere 1as long as or longer than flagellomere 2; postpectal carina interrupted in front of mid coxa; fore wing with areolet closed, hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 connected to Cu&cu–a; apex of female hind coxa simple or with a short carina; tarsal claws simple; thyridium and gastrocoelus distinct, moderate (
1 male: San Thomé [Sao Tome and Principe], J. Ghesquière 1922 (MRAC).
(
France, Norway, Poland, Slovakia,Czech Republic, Spain. Sao Tome and Principe ? (
A single male specimen of this species was found in MRAC collections. The island of Sao Tome and Principe being a former Portugese colony, we first suspected that the presence of
We are grateful to the curators of the above mentioned museums for loaning specimens and thank Gavin Broad (BMNH) for help with taxon assessment. Matthias Riedel kindly sent us specimens that he had on loan from MNHU in Berlin. Simon van Noort was funded by South African NRF (National Research Foundation) grants: GUN 2068865; GUN 61497; GUN 79004; GUN 79211; GUN 81139. Part of the South African field work conducted by SvN was funded by the National Science Foundation under PlatyPBI grant No. DEB–0614764 to N.F. Johnson and A.D. Austin. Pascal Rousse was funded by SABI (South African Biodiversity Initiative) NRF post–doctoral fellowship GUN 81609, Claude Leon Foundation post–doctoral fellowship, and Société Entomologique de France (Bourse Germaine Cousin). Cape Nature; the Eastern Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and the Northern Cape Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation provided collecting permits for South Africa. The Ugandan Wildlife Authority and UNCST provided permits to conduct research sampling in Uganda. We thank Dr. Richard Bagine, Director of Research, Kenya Wildlife Service for granting R. S. Copeland permission to sample in Kenyan National Parks and Reserves. We thank Bob Copeland for facilitating field work in Kenya. Dr. Helida Oyieke, Head of Collections and Research, National Museums of Kenya, was instrumental in granting permission to loan insects for study.