Genus Acropora Oken, 1815
Acropora abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083)
CoTW CCW
Acropora abratanoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083) [sic]. Reported – Lamberts 1983.
Acropora abrotanioides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora abrotenoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083) [sic]. Reported – Work and Rameyer 2002.
Acropora danai (Milne Edwards, 1860) (206990) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1995; Mundy 1996; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006.
Acropora irregularis (Brook, 1892) (206993) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.
Acropora rotumana (Gardiner, 1898) (207001) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997.
Acropora tutuilensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (430656) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Kenyon et al. 2010; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location (synonym Acropora tutuilensis). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species has four synonyms with Acropora tutuilensis Hoffmeister, 1925 accepted as a valid species by Veron et al. (2019) and as a synonym of A. abrotanoides by Wallace (1999) and Wallace et al. (2012) suggesting some ambiguity in species identifications and species boundaries.
Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846) (206991)
CoTW CCW
Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846) (206991). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).
Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864) (207020)
CoTW CCW
Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864) (207020). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This is not an easy species to identify in the field. Photographic evidence from Corals NPAS (2016) is inconclusive, but a specimen identified by C Wallace is in the QM.
Acropora anthocercis (Brook, 1893) (207024)
CoTW CCW
Acropora anthocercis (Brook, 1893) (207024). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland 2007a; QM 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by J Wolstenholme). Distribution – Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.
Acropora aspera (Dana, 1846) (207011)
CoTW CCW
Acropora aspera (Dana, 1846) (207011). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Mundy 1996; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Birkeland et al. 2013; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
Acropora cribripora Dana, 1846 (741197) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b.
Acropora hebes (Dana, 1846) (367984) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – Randall and Myers (1983) accepted Acropora hebes (Dana, 1846) as a valid species while Veron et al. (2019), Wallace (1999), and Wallace et al. (2012) did not.
Acropora austera (Dana, 1846) (207052)
CoTW CCW
Acropora austera (Dana, 1846) (207052). CoTW CCW Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; AM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925; DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora austera cf. (Dana, 1846) (207052). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – The photo of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to show a specimen of Acropora pagoensis Hoffmeister, 1925.
Acropora batunai Wallace, 1997 (288187)
CoTW CCW
Acropora batunai Wallace, 1997 (288187). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – VU.
Acropora carduus (Dana, 1846) (288189)
CoTW CCW
Acropora carduus (Dana, 1846) (288189). CoTW CCW Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora prolixa (Verrill, 1866) (1261651) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846) (207016)
CoTW CCW
Acropora ceralis (Dana, 1846) (207016) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.
Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846) (207016). CoTW CCW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora cerealis cf. (Dana, 1846) (207016). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora cerialis (Dana, 1846) (207016) [sic]. Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.
Acropora cymbicyathus (Brook, 1893) (207109) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.
Acropora symbicyathus (Brook, 1893) (207109) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Acropora chesterfieldensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288191)
CoTW CCW
Acropora chesterfieldensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288191). CoTW CCW Reported – Fenner 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu/Olosega. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is documented by clear photographic evidence (Fenner 2018) to support its presence in American Sāmoa.
Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891) (207075)
CoTW CCW
Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891) (207075). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora complanata (Brook, 1893) (207071) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.
Acropora vasiformis (Brook, 1893) (207073) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846) (207095)
CoTW CCW
Acropora arcuata (Brook, 1892) (207089) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.
Acropora armata (Brook, 1892) (206992) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.
Acropora corymbosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207018) possible heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; BPBM 2018.
Acropora cytharea (Dana, 1846) (207095) [sic]. Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.
Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846) (207095). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; AM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora reticulata (Brook, 1892) (207021) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.
Acropora reticulata cf. (Brook, 1892) (207021) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.
Acropora symmetrica (Brook, 1891) (207005) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – The photo of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be incorrect.
Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846) (207045)
CoTW CCW
Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846) (207045). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora digitifera ? (Dana, 1846) (207045). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora digitifera cf. (Dana, 1846) (207045). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 2003.
Acropora leptocyathus (Brook, 1891) (207025) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Lamberts 1983; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925; Green et al. 1997.
Acropora schmitti ? Wells, 1950 (288245) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora schmitti Wells, 1950 (288245) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.
Acropora wardii Verrill, 1902 (740141) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species includes the synonym Acropora schmitti Wells, 1950 that is recognized by Veron et al. (2019), but not by Wallace (1999) nor Wallace et al. (2012). Randall and Myers (1983) recognized Acropora wardii Verrill, 1902 as a valid species that appears to be different from A. digitifera.
Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846) (207106)
CoTW CCW
Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846) (207106). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species has been reported by several studies with one of them providing photographic evidence (Corals NPAS 2016) and one specimen report by C Wallace from QM (2018). The coral documented by Corals NPAS (2016) is an uncertain identification. This species can be difficult to identify, but based on the identification by C Wallace we conclude that this species is present.
Acropora donei Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288198)
CoTW CCW
Acropora akajimensis cf. Veron, 1990 (288183) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.
Acropora akajimensis Veron, 1990 (288183) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.
Acropora donei ? Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288198). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora donei Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288198). CoTW CCW Reported – Craig et al. 2001; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Montgomery and D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and TongaSāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 41 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – Acropora akajimensis is a synonym of A. donei, but Veron et al. (2019) recognize A. akajimensis as a valid species while Wallace (1999) and Wallace et al. (2012) do not. The A. akajimensis reported in Montgomery et al. (2019) was based on a skeletal analysis of a sample that matched the description of A. akajimensis very closely, and not A. donei. A. donei is neat and tidy with the radial corallites and branches being relatively blunt and relatively uniform in thickness. A. akajimensis appears much more jagged and disorganized, with pointy corallites and branches. More taxonomic research is needed for these species. The nearest confirmed ecoregion for A. akajimensis is New Caledonia (Veron et al. 2019).
Acropora eurystoma (Klunzinger, 1879) (207108)
CoTW CCW
Acropora eurystoma (Klunzinger, 1879) (207108). CoTW CCW Reported – NMNH 2018.
Acropora pagoenis Hoffmeister, 1925 (411144) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.
Acropora pagoensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (411144) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type (synonym Acropora pagoensis). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Red Sea north-central. Geographical range extension – Southeast. Notes – In Hoffmeisterʻs (1925) original description of A. pagoensis, he cites it as similar to A. eurystoma. However, Wallace (1999) and Veron et al. (2019) consider this species a probable synonym of Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846). All citations have used the name A. pagoensis except for NMNH (2018) in which one specimen from American Sāmoa was identified by S Cairns as A. eurystoma. Hoffmeister (1925) further states this species is distinctive from A. eurystoma. We consider A. eurystoma present based on A. pagoensis being synonymized under A. eurystoma, however, we believe A. pagoensis may be a valid species and A. eurystoma is not likely a valid name for the American Sāmoa observations. Veron et al. (2019) and Wallace (1999) consider this species to be endemic to the Red Sea. We believe more taxonomic investigation into this species is warranted, which should include colonies collected from American Sāmoa.
Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892) (207097)
CoTW CCW
Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892) (207097). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora gemmifera cf. (Brook, 1892) (207097). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and TongaSāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Acropora globiceps (Dana, 1846) (430645)
CoTW CCW
Acropora globiceps (Dana, 1846) (430645). CoTW CCW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
Acropora globiceps ? (Dana, 1846) (430645). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora globiceps cf. (Dana, 1846) (430645). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – Fenner (this study) has examined the type specimens of Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846) and A. globiceps. All colonies examined (including the ones within the DMWR collection) belong clearly to A. globiceps. The name A. globiceps was forgotten until Wallace (1999) and Veron (2000) used it again. It appears likely that all reports of A. humilis from the Samoan Archipelago are actually A. globiceps.
Acropora granulosa (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207093)
CoTW CCW
Acropora granulosa (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207093). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora granulosa cf. (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207093). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846) (207044)
CoTW CCW
Acropora conferta (Quelch, 1886) (207107) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.
Acropora hyacanthus (Dana, 1846) (207044) [sic]. Reported – BPBM 2018.
Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846) (207044). CoTW CCW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora surculosa (Dana, 1846) (207085) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.
Acropora surculosa cf. (Dana, 1846) (207085) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – While Wallace (1999) and Veron et al. (2019) concur that Acropora surculosa (Dana, 1846) is a synonym of A. hyacinthus, Randall and Myers (1983) considered A. surculosa to be valid. Randall (1995) reports both A. surculosa and A. hyacinthus from Palau. Colonies in American Sāmoa fit the type of A. surculosa (examined by D Fenner) and appears to be different from A. hyacinthus. Acropora surculosa has smaller colonies with longer cone-shaped branchlets that more often appear to be fused or with multiple branch tips with long tentacles out during the day, while A. hyacinthus has larger colonies with shorter cylindrical branchlets that donʻt fuse or have multiple branch tips with much smaller tentacles if exposed during the day. Photographs show A. surculosa to have significant variation in both Guam (www.guamreeflife.com) and American Sāmoa. More research should pursue the potential for species distinction between these two species.
Acropora intermedia (Brook, 1891) (207035)
CoTW CCW
Acropora intermedia (Brook, 1891) (207035). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; BPBM 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora vanderhorsti Hoffmeister, 1925 (741178) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 37 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species has also been called Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846). Wallace (1999) describes the relationship between A. intermedia, Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846), and A. nobilis.
Acropora jacquelineae Wallace, 1994 (288212)
CoTW CCW
Acropora jacquelineae Wallace, 1994 (288212). CoTW CCW Reported – Fenner 2018. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.
Acropora jacquilinae Wallace, 1994 (288212) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – There have been only two references that report this species, but T Hughes also reports seeing it on Taʻū (T Hughes, pers. comm.). An examination of an A. jacquelineae sample by D Luck concluded that it was not this species based on the fact that the axials were slightly smaller than reported in Wallace (1999) and that there were many small radial corallites while Wallace (1999) reported there are very few such radials in this species (Luck 2013). Examination of skeletal photographs in Wallace (1999) clearly show that corallites in most of the colony indeed have very few radials, but corallites near the edge of the colony have many radials. The sample analyzed by D Luck was taken from the edge of the colony by D Fenner and D Luck likely did not realize that the sample was taken from the edge. Given that this species is listed as threatened under the ESA, careful attention has been paid to the presence of this species and we believe the evidence in hand is sufficient to conclude its presence in American Sāmoa albeit likely as a rare species.
Acropora latistella (Brook, 1892) (207039)
CoTW CCW
Acropora latistella /azurea (Brook, 1892) (207039). Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora latistella (Brook, 1892) (207039). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora latistella ? (Brook, 1892) (207039). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 42 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).
Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893) (207057)
CoTW CCW
Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893) (207057). CoTW CCW Reported – DiDonato et al. 2006; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
Acropora listeri cf. (Brook, 1893) (207057). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – A photographic record exists for this species (Corals NPAS 2016); however, this may be incorrectly identified. In addition, there is a single specimen reported by QM (2018) identified by C Wallace.
Acropora longicyathus (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207114)
CoTW CCW
Acropora longicyathus (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207114). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora syringodes (Brook, 1892) (207014) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.
Acropora syringoides (Brook, 1892) (207014) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Acropora lutkeni Crossland, 1952 (206994)
CoTW CCW
Acropora lutkeni cf. Crossland, 1952 (206994). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora lutkeni Crossland, 1952 (206994). CoTW CCW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – QM (2018) reports this species identified by C Wallace.
Acropora microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207101)
CoTW CCW
Acropora assimilis Brook, 1892 (741262) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.
Acropora microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207101). CoTW CCW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
Acropora microclados ? (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207101). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but there are multiple other specimen reports.
Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207023)
CoTW CCW
Acropora convexa cf. (Dana, 1846) (367986) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.
Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207023). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland 2007a; Birkeland et al. 2013; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora millepora cf. (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207023). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora prostrata (Dana, 1846) (207084) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.
Acropora prostrata ? (Dana, 1846) (207084) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora squamosa Brook, 1892 (741205) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Acropora monticulosa (Brüggemann, 1879) (207103)
CoTW CCW
Acropora monticulosa (Brüggemann, 1879) (207103). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) (207007)
CoTW CCW
Acropora arbuscula (Dana, 1846) (207003) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.
Acropora formosa gracilis (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.
Acropora formosa var. brachiata (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.
Acropora formosa var. gracilis (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.
Acropora formosa var. gracilis aff. (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b.
Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924a; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Mundy and Green 1999; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006.
Acropora formosa cf. (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.
Acropora gracilis (Dana, 1846) (207060) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.
Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) (207007). CoTW CCW Reported – Mayor 1924a; Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Birkeland et al. 2013; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.
Acropora nana (Studer, 1879) (207100)
CoTW CCW
Acropora azura Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288186) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.
Acropora azurea Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288186) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Fenner et al. 2008. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora nana /valida (Studer, 1879) (207100). Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora nana (Studer, 1879) (207100). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora nana cf. (Studer, 1879) (207100). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846) (207009)
CoTW CCW
Acropora canaliculata (Klunzinger, 1879) (1262051) heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.
Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846) (207009). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; AM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora nasuta cf. (Dana, 1846) (207009). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954 (207049)
CoTW CCW
Acropora palmera Wells, 1954 (207049) [sic]. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.
Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954 (207049). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
Acropora palmeri Wells, 1954 (207049) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – Wallace (1999) and Veron (2000) point out that this species has no differences in corallites or coenosteum with Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846), only the differences in colony shape (almost all branches versus almost all encrusting). This raises the question if these two are separate species or not.
Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902 (207008)
CoTW CCW
Acropora panicualta Verrill, 1902 (207008) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902 (207008). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 41 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but there are multiple specimen reports.
Acropora polystoma (Brook, 1891) (207050)
CoTW CCW
Acropora massawensis von Marenzeller, 1907 (207004) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.
Acropora polystoma (Brook, 1891) (207050). CoTW CCW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.
Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1891) (207015)
CoTW CCW
Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1891) (207015). CoTW CCW Reported – Mayor 1924b; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora pulchra ? (Brook, 1891) (207015). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Acropora retusa (Dana, 1846) (430653)
CoTW CCW
Acropora retusa (Dana, 1846) (430653). CoTW CCW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but Fenner (2018) shows clear evidence of its presence in addition to the QM (2018) specimen identified by C Wallace.
Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846) (207000)
CoTW CCW
Acropora cuspidata (Dana, 1846) (872427) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.
Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846) (207090) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.
Acropora nobilis ? (Dana, 1846) (207090) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora pacifica (Brook, 1891) (207033) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.
Acropora paxilligera (Dana, 1846) (872424) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.
Acropora pinguis Wells, 1950 (207070) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983.
Acropora pinquis aff. Wells, 1950 (207070) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.
Acropora pinquis Wells, 1950 (207070) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.
Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846) (207000). CoTW CCW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Green and Hunter 1998; DiDonato et al. 2006; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora robusta ? (Dana, 1846) (207000). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora robusta cf. (Dana, 1846) (207000). CoTW CCW Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.
Acropora smithi (Brook, 1893) (368476) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Acropora nobilis has been synonymized with A. robusta by Wallace (1999) and accepted by Veron et al. (2019). Fenner has examined its type of A. nobilis in NMNH and agrees with Veron et al. (2019). Many reports of A. intermedia and A. nobilis in American Sāmoa may actually be A. intermedia. The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect. However, given that multiple specimens have been identified from American Sāmoa, we believe that this species is present in American Sāmoa.
Acropora samoensis (Brook, 1891) (207055)
CoTW CCW
Acropora samoensis (Brook, 1891) (207055). CoTW CCW Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora samoensis ? (Brook, 1891) (207055). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropora samoensis aff. (Brook, 1891) (207055). CoTW CCW Reported – Mayor 1924b.
Acropora samoensis cf. (Brook, 1891) (207055). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – The type locality of this species is “Sāmoa Islands.” This could be either American Sāmoa or Independent Sāmoa. These two political entities are parts of the same archipelago, and thus many species present in one are likely in the other. The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect.
Acropora secale (Studer, 1878) (207080)
CoTW CCW
Acropora diversa (Brook, 1891) (207054) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.
Acropora diversa cf. (Brook, 1891) (207054) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora quelchi (Brook, 1893) (207022) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997.
Acropora quelchi cf. (Brook, 1893) (207022) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora secale (Studer, 1878) (207080). CoTW CCW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora secale cf. (Studer, 1878) (207080). CoTW CCW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Acropra secale /valida/kimbiensis (Studer, 1878) (207080) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is tough to identify in situ, but based on multiple specimens of this species and its synonyms we believe this species to be present.
Acropora selago (Studer, 1879) (207040)
CoTW CCW
Acropora delicatula (Brook, 1891) (207082) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Birkeland et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.
Acropora insignis Nemenzo, 1967 (288211) possible heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018.
Acropora selago (Studer, 1879) (207040). CoTW CCW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – Veron (2000) indicates that A. insignis is quite different from A. selago, which has more appressed radial corallites that are labellate and A. insignis has a distinctive coloration. This makes this species easy to distinguish in the water. Given the dispute with this synonym, more work should be conducted to look at the species variation in this group. Randall & Myers (1983) and Randall (1995, 2003) consider Acropora deliculata (Brook, 1891) a valid species.
Acropora solitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288248)
CoTW CCW
Acropora solitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288248). CoTW CCW Reported – QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu and Cook Islands, central Pacific. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 44 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species is confirmed by multiple specimen reports (QM 2018, Montgomery et al. 2019).
Acropora speciosa (Quelch, 1886) (430655)
CoTW CCW
Acropora rambleri (Bassett-Smith, 1890) (207088) possible heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora rayneri Brook, 1892 (751726) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – BPBM 2018.
Acropora speciosa (Quelch, 1886) (430655). CoTW CCW Reported – Bare et al. 2010; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Mesophotic record – 46 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).
Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) (207105)
CoTW CCW
Acropora africana (Brook, 1893) (207063) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.
Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) (207105). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but there are multiple specimen reports.
Acropora teres (Verrill, 1866) (288255)CoTW taxon inquirendum
Acropora teres (Verrill, 1866) (288255). CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland 2007a; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora teres cf. (Verrill, 1866) (288255). CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – Southeast. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – Acropora teres (Verrill, 1886) has not been recorded in American Sāmoa since Hoffmeister (1925) and Lamberts (1983), except for Birkeland (2007a). The observations by Birkeland (2007a) in Ofu Lagoon concerned preliminary identifications without verification making the present record unverifiable. Given that there have been multiple specimen reports documenting this species, it is possible that this species has been extirpated and is no longer present in American Sāmoa.
Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) (207072)
CoTW CCW
Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) (207072). CoTW CCW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Acropora valida aff. (Dana, 1846) (207072). CoTW CCW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Acropora valida cf. (Dana, 1846) (207072). CoTW CCW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994.
Acropora variabilis (Klunzinger, 1879) (207028) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.
Acropora variabilis aff. (Klunzinger, 1879) (207028) heterotypic synonym. CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Acropora verweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288263)
CoTW CCW
Acropora verweyi cf. Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288263). CoTW CCW Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.
Acropora verweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288263). CoTW CCW Reported – Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.
Genus Montipora Blainville, 1830
Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897 (207144)
CoTW
Montipora aequituberculata ? Bernard, 1897 (207144). CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897 (207144). CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Montipora aquituberculata Bernard, 1897 (207144) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.
Montipora composita Crossland, 1952 (759845) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Montgomery and D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 34 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).
Montipora berryi Hoffmeister, 1925 (869368)
Montipora berryi Hoffmeister, 1925 (869368). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) consider this a possible synonym of Montipora informis Bernard, 1897.
Montipora caliculata (Dana, 1846) (287696)
CoTW
Montipora caliculata /foveolata (Dana, 1846) (287696). Reported – DMWR 2018.
Montipora caliculata (Dana, 1846) (287696). CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.
Montipora capitata (Dana, 1846) (287697)
CoTW
Montipora capitata (Dana, 1846) (287697). CoTW Reported – Corals NPAS 2016; Montgomery et al. 2019.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Montgomery and D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji and Kiribati, south-east Line Islands. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – While its presence is supported by a sample, more analysis should be done by a comparison with samples from Hawaii. Also, see note for Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck, 1816).
Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897 (207163)
CoTW
Montipora efflorescens ? Bernard, 1897 (207163). CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.
Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897 (207163). CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Montipora trabeculata Bernard, 1897 (759819) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is difficult to identify.
Montipora ehrenbergi Verrill, 1872 (207155)
Montipora ehrenbergi Verrill, 1872 (207155). Reported – USACE 1980.
Montipora ehrenbergii Verrill, 1872 (207155) [sic]. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) believe this species is a probable synonym of Montipora hispida (Dana, 1846).
Montipora foliosa (Pallas, 1766) (207182)
CoTW
Montipora acutata Bernard, 1897 (759840) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.
Montipora foliosa (Pallas, 1766) (207182). CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Montipora pulcherrima Bernard, 1897 (759835) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.
Montipora pulcherrima cf. Bernard, 1897 (759835) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.
Montipora scutata Bernard, 1897 (759840) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (synonym Montipora acutata identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).
Montipora foveolata (Dana, 1846) (207133)
CoTW
Montipora foveolata (Dana, 1846) (207133). CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Montipora foveolata cf. (Dana, 1846) (207133). CoTW Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.
Montipora socialis Bernard, 1897 (207173) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.
Montipora socislis Bernard, 1897 (207173) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897 (287709)
CoTW
Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897 (287709). CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Mundy and Green 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 53 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).
Montipora incrassata (Dana, 1846) (287714)
CoTW
Montipora incrassata (Dana, 1846) (287714). CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Fenner 2018.
Montipora incrassita cf. (Dana, 1846) (287714) [sic]. Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 33 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).
Montipora informis Bernard, 1897 (207186)
CoTW
Montipora informis Bernard, 1897 (207186). CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Montipora informis cf. Bernard, 1897 (207186). CoTW Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; DMWR 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Montipora marshallensis Wells, 1954 (1263761)
Montipora marshallensis Wells, 1954 (1263761). Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) believe this name is probably synonymous with Montipora crassituberculata Bernard, 1897. It has otherwise not been reported from American SāmoA Lamberts (1983) reported this species to be rare and Birkeland et al. (1987) reported this species from a single site in 1979.
Montipora spumosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207138)
CoTW
Montipora spumosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207138). CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.
Montipora tuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207156)
CoTW
Montipora tuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207156). CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – The photograph of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) is too blurry for identification, and seems unlikely to be correct.
Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897 (207142)
CoTW
Montipora turgescens ? Bernard, 1897 (207142). CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.
Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897 (207142). CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Mundy and Green 1999; Craig et al. 2001; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – LC.
Montipora turtlensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (287731)
CoTW
Montipora turtlensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (287731). CoTW Reported – Work and Rameyer 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.
Montipora vaughani Hoffmeister, 1925 (430668)
Montipora vaughani Hoffmeister, 1925 (430668). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – This species is easily identified but has one difference with M. foveolata, i.e., rows of corallites that are closer together within rows and farther apart between rows. However, some colonies have areas like this and other areas like M. foveolata. Veron et al. (2019) believe this species is probable synonym of M. foveolata.
Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207139)
CoTW
Montipor venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207139) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.
Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207139). CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.
Montipora verrilli Vaughan, 1907 (207136)
CoTW
Montipora verilli Vaughan, 1907 (207136) [sic]. Reported – CRED 2011. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.
Montipora verrilli auaensis Vaughan, 1907 (207136). Reported – NMNH 2018.
Montipora verrilli var. auaensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (1262050). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925.
Montipora verrilli cf. Vaughan, 1907 (207136). CoTW Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.
Montipora verrilli Vaughan, 1907 (207136). CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.
Montipora verrillii Vaughan, 1907 (207136) [sic]. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.
American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – There appears to be no reliable way to distinguish this species from Montipora patula Verrill, 1870 in spite of claims (Fenner 2005). More analysis of this species and M. patula is needed to determine which species is valid. The latter has not been reported from American Sāmoa.