The genus Cahara Ghauri, 1978 of China (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Halyini) with descriptions of two new species

Abstract Cahara Ghauri from China with three species is reviewed here. Two of them, Cahara incisura sp. n. and Cahara nodula sp. n. are described here. Key to the three Chinese species, habitus photographs and illustrations of genitalia are also provided. All examined materials including the types of three species mentioned are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (NKUM).


Introduction
erected a new genus Cahara of Halyini to accommodate three species formerly belonged to genus Dalpada Amyot & Serville, 1843, and the other six new species. Later in 1986, Zheng and Liu (1986) reported one new species C. tibetana found in China. Xu and Zheng (1993) discussed the phylogenetic relationships of the nine genera of Dalpada-group including Cahara based on 18 morphological characters. Hasan and Kitching (1993) make a cladistic analysis of 21 tribes in Pentatomidae, and suggest a monophyletic clade as "megarrhamphine tribal-group" to accommodate Halyini, Megarrhamphini, Tetrodini and Phyllocephalini. Wall (2004) also states that the Halyini is not monophyletic. Memon et al. (2011) make a phylogenetic analysis using 61 morphological characters from 31 genera of south Asian Halyini, and the single most parsimonious tree shows that Ameridalpa Ghauri, 1982 is the sister group to Cahara, while the bootstrap support value is under 50%. Later Barão et al. (2012) point out that the analysis of Memon et al. (2011) has some under-developed aspects.
Here we do not discuss the status of Cahara in Halyini, since both the monophyly and definition of Halyini are doubted. Memon et al. (2011) only define the south Asian Halyini, and indicate that the inclusions in the Halyini of many genera from other parts of the world is under discussion, but Cahara has always been placed in Halyini (Ghauri 1978, Zheng and Liu 1986, Xu and Zheng 1993, Memon 2002, Rider 2006, Memon et al. 2011. In this paper two new species from China are described. So far totally twelve species of Cahara are recorded.

Materials and methods
Male genitalia were illustrated after treatment with warm 2% NaOH solution for about 30-50 min, while female genitalia were illustrated directly. Photographs of both dorsal and ventral habitus were made using a Nikon SMZ1000. All measurements are in millimeters. All the studied specimens including the examined types are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (NKUM). The terminology of aedeagus follows Konstantinov and Gapon (2005), pygophore follows Schaefer (1977), female genitalia follows Schaefer (1967) 1 Lateral margin of each mandibular plate with an angular process before eye (Figs 3a-b); ventral margin of male pygophore with two mesial processes originating from one stem (Fig. 29) ........... C. tibetana Zheng & Liu, 1986 The genus Cahara Ghauri, 1978 of China (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Halyini (Figs 1a-b); humeral angles not elevated (Fig. 4); rostrum reaching the middle of 3 rd sternum; ventral margin of male pygophore with two lateral separated processes (Fig. 13)  Diagnosis. Rostrum reaching the middle of 3 rd sternum, pronotal humeral angles not elevated upwards, apical meeting trend of mandibular plates are all similar to C. tibetana. But C. tibetana has a distinct angular process before each eye along the lateral margin of mandibular plate, mandibular plates about equal to or slightly longer than clypeus. While in this new species, mandibular plates are always longer than the clypeus, lateral margins of head sinuate and with no angular process before eye.
Description. Color and puncturing. Dorsum fuscous, darkly and thickly punctured, with several obscure patches formed by dense punctures: four or five longitudinal strips on the pronotum, five on the scutellum (one short oblique strip near each arcuate callus behind the fovea of scutellar basal angle, one patch on central disk, two short longitudinal stripes at the level of the posterior apices of frena), two or three patches on each corium. Scutellar apex paler and punctures finer. Calli on the anterior disk of pronotum ochraceous with punctures in the middle. Humeral angles piceous, tips a little pale, with several transverse furrows and wrinkles on the dorsal base. Hemelytral membrane fuliginous, except apices of veins paler. Head beneath black, except buccula and one obscure strip behind each antenniferous tubercle ochraceous. Thoracical pleura thickly and darkly punctured, each episternum with an ochraeous, laevigate and arcuate fascia distally. Mesosternum black strips laterally. Legs ochraceous, with irregular brown spots, tibiae paler in the middle third and darker in the apical third, first two tarsal segment and apex of the third one white dorsally. Ventral abdomen smooth at center, punctures gradually getting denser laterally. Middle third of each laterotergite with a transverse brown impunctate stripe.
Structure. Head. Mandibular plates longer than clypeus, apices with meeting trend but still separated, forming an incision before clypeus. Lateral lobes of mandibular plates are found angulate in the male holotype and the female paratype ( Fig. 1a), but obtuse in the male paratype (Fig. 1b). Buccula with anterior angle not produced, gradually evanescent posteriorly. Antennae ochraceous, darker to the end, antennomere I paler except each lateral side, base of antennomere IV and basal third of antennomere V stramineous, IV> V>III >II>I in length. Rostrum reaching the middle of 3 rd sternum, apex of 1 st segment equal to the posterior end of buccula.
Abdomen. Connexiva exposed broadly, posterior angles sharp and produced. Mesial groove on ventral side not distinct.
Male genitalia. Ventral rim of pygophore with two separated processes on both lateral sides. Suspensory apodeme and infoldings of lateral rims developed. Paramere Lshaped, stem with a short basal process, apex of blade obtuse without any distinct process. Phallotheca cylindric, with a mesial process on the base of ventral side. Aedeagus with a pair of dorsal conjunctival processes, sclerotized and fingerlike, a trifurcate membraneous conjunctival lobe, a pair of ventral conjunctival processes, slightly sclerotized. Median penial plates oblong and narrow, about as long as the protrudent vesica.
Female genitalia. Paler in color, punctured on gonocoxites I and paratergites VIII, punctures on gonocoxites I finer. Mesial margins of gonocoxites I narrowly black, meeting each other along the basal halves, lateral margins of the fingerlike processes not vertical. Gonocoxite II with a transverse tumescent beam full of setae. Paratergits IX obtuse apically, slightly passing beyond the posterior margin of 8 th sternum. Paratergites VIII not protrudent apically.
Etymology. The species name, incisura, refers to the longer mandibular plates that always leave an incision before clypeus. It's feminine. Diagnosis. Humeral angles nodular and elevated upwards (Fig. 5), rostrum longer to pass beyond the middle of the 4 th sternum, mandibular plates without meeting trend apically, 1 st rostral segment passing beyond the posterior end of buccula, ventral rim of pygophore without any distinct processes (see discussion part).
Stucture. Head. Mandibular plates about equal to clypeus or slightly longer than clypeus, apices porrect and having not convergent, both apical and lateral lobes obtuse distally, lateral margins before eye sinuate and without any distinct process. Apex of clypeus broadly exposed (Figs 2a-c). Antennae brown, antennomere I paler, with a longitudinal black strip laterally, apical two third of antennomere IV and apical half of antennomere V black, IV>III≥V>II>I in length. Buccula low, anterior angles pointed and protrudent, outer margins straight. Rostrum with 1 st joint extending beyond the buccula, apex reaching to the middle of 4 th sternum.
Male genitalia. Ventral rim of pygophore V-shaped excavated, sinuate along the margin but without distinct process. Suspensory apodeme and infoldings of lateral rims developed. Paramere L-shaped, stem broad with a small basal process, blade long with an apical process and a basal process, these two processes all directed caudad. Aedeagus with paired sclerotized dorsal conjunctival processes, a trifurcate membranous conjunctival lobe, and a pair of slightly sclerotized ventral conjunctival processes. Median penial plates oblong, apices obtusely angulate. Vesica slim, protrudent.
Female genitalia. Outer margins of gonocoxites I black, so are the apical halves of paratergites IX, pratergites VIII thickly punctured. Gonocoxites I strongly sinuate mesially, broadly and distinctly depressed in the middle of the lateral margins so the fingerlike processes bent dorsally and almost vertical. Apices of fingerlike processes reaching the apical third of paratergites IX. Gonocoxite II with a transverse tumescent beam. Paratergite IX base with a short oblique ridge, apex passing a little beyond the posterior margin of 8 th sternum. Paratergites VIII obtuse distally.
Etymology. The name, nodula, refers to the bulbous, distinct nodular humeral angles of pronotum. It's feminine.
Distribution. Southwest China (Xizang) Ghauri (1978) gives both the external and internal diagnostic characters of Cahara to distinguish it from Dalpada s.s. Some of them are cited and discussed as follows: IX with inner margins bisinuate; 2. C. chaubattia (Ghauri), gonocoxites I with inner margins entirely separated from each other; 3. C. bhowaliana (Ghauri), processes of gonocoxites I much longer, passing beyond gonocoxites II; 4. C. metallica (Ghauri), finger-like processes of gonocoxites I very narrow, short and sharp, gonoxites II exposed widely. All the above distinctive characters are not existing in both C. incisura sp. n. and nodula sp. n.) According to Ghauri (1978), the genus Cahara occurs in the subhimalayan region of India, Pakistan and Nepal, while the three species from southwest China are obviously from the northern Himalayan region. Till now, no distribution overlap between the southern and northern Himalayan species was found. We tried to make a distribution map (Fig. 37) of the twelve species of Cahara based on the published distribution information (Ghauri 1978, Zheng andLiu 1986), but only eleven are showed on the map. The only two localities of C. metallica as well as several other localities, mentioned by "*" and "?" in Table 1, are excluded, because they look too obscure for mapping.