Corresponding author: Yun-Xia Luan (
Academic editor: L. Deharveng
More than 1500 proturan specimens from Hainan Island are systematically studied. An annotated list of all species of
Bu Y, Xiong Y, Luan Y-X, Yin W-Y (2019) Protura from Hainan Island, China: new species, checklist and distribution. ZooKeys 879: 1–21.
Hainan Island is the second largest island of China and is located off the southernmost point of the mainland (18°10'–20°10'N, 108°37'–111°03'E; Fig.
The sampling localities in Hainan Island. Numbers 1–13 indicate the localities listed in Tables
There are several previous publications on the
In 2011 and 2017, we investigated the soil fauna of Hainan Island on several occasions and collected many proturan specimens. In the present paper,
Most of specimens were collected between 1984 and 2004, and more recent specimens were collected during the expeditions in 2011 and 2017. All localities sampled so far are listed in Table
The sampling localities of
Number | Locality | Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Sampling years |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Ledong County, Jianfengling National Natural Reserve | 18°23'– 18°52'N, 108°44'–109°02'E | 120–330 | 1984, 1993, 2003, 2004 |
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Wuzhishan City, Wuzhishan National Natural Reserve | 18°49'–18°59'N, 109°32'–109°43'E | 800–1200 | 1984, 1985, 2004, 2011 |
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Wuzhishan City, Diaoluoshan National Natural Reserve | 18°43'–18°58'N, 109°43'–110°03'E | 500–1000 | 1985, 2004 |
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Haikou City, Dongzhaigang National Natural Reserve | 19°51'–20°01'N, 110°32'–110°37'E | 20 | 2004 |
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Haikou City, Crater National Geological Park |
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223 | 2003 |
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Tunchang County, Meiling Mountain |
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150–230 | 2003 |
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Tunchang County, Limu Mountain |
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600–1000 | 2003 |
|
Baoting County, Ganshenling Provincial Natural Reserve |
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500 | 2003 |
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Changjiang County, Qizi bay |
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15 | 2011 |
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Baoting, Qixianling National Forest Park |
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150 | 2017 |
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Sanya City, Yalong Bay Tropical Paradise Forest Park |
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200 | 2017 |
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Sanya City, Luhuitou Park |
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80 | 2017 |
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Sanya City, Sanya bay |
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5 | 2017 |
Observations were made with a phase contrast microscope (Leica DM 2500). Photos were taken by a digital camera (Leica DMC 4500). Line drawings were made using a drawing tube. All specimens are deposited in the collections of Shanghai Natural History Museum (
Abbreviations used in the text follow the paper by
Habitus short and robust. Pseudoculi circular without lever. Calyx of maxillary glands globular and smooth. Foretarsal sensilla of the exterior side reduced; interior sensilla
South China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Hainan).
Holotype, female (slide no. HN-SY-P2017016) (
Holotype: body length 570 μm, yellow-brown, foretarsus darker (Fig.
Adult chaetotaxy of
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | (2+2)/6 | ||
II | 6/14 | (4+2)/4 | |||
III | 6/12 | (6+2)/4 | |||
Abd. | I | 4/12 | 4/2 | ||
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II–III | 2/16 |
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4/3 | ||
IV–VI | 2/16 |
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4/9 | ||
VII | 0/16 | 4/9 | |||
VIII | 4/14 | ||||
4 | |||||
IX | 12 | 4 | |||
X | 10 | 4 | |||
XI | 6 | 6 | |||
XII | 9 | 6 |
Tergites I–VII with pores
Abdominal appendages typical of the genus. Subapical setae and apical setae on appendage III 11 μm and 5 μm long respectively. Striate band on abdominal segment VIII reduced to a single serrate line (Fig.
Latin “paradisum”, after “Paradise Forest Park” where type specimens were collected.
China (Hainan)
The genus
Lectotype, female (slide no. 1), paralectotype, female (slide no. 2) (
Body length of holotype 880 μm and paratype 720 μm; yellow-brown, with foretarsus darker (Fig.
Adult chaetotaxy of
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | (4+2)/6 | ||
II | 6/14 | (4+2)/4 | |||
III | 6/12 | (6+2)/4 | |||
Abd. | I | 2/12 |
|
4/2 | |
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|||||
II–III | 0/14 | 4/3 | |||
IV–VI | 0/14 | 4/9 | |||
VII | 0/18 | 4/9 | |||
VIII | 6/14 | ||||
4 | |||||
IX | 14 | 4 | |||
X | 12 | 4 | |||
XI | 6 | 6 | |||
XII | 9 | 6 |
Tergites I–VII with pores
Abdominal appendages typical of the genus. Subapical setae and apical setae on appendage III 12–13 μm and 6–8 μm long, respectively. Striate band on abdominal segment VIII reduced to a single serrate line (Fig.
Named for Dukou City (now Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province) where type specimens were collected.
China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
Comparison between
|
||
---|---|---|
body length (μm) | 570 | 720–880 |
pseudoculus (μm) | 8 | 13 |
foretarsus (μm) | 31 | 46–50 |
sensilla |
short, rod-like | longer, sward-like |
sensillum |
short and spatulate | longer, sward-like |
4 ( |
2 ( |
|
2 ( |
0 | |
16 ( |
14 ( |
|
16 ( |
18 ( |
|
4 ( |
6 ( |
|
setae on tergite IX | 12 ( |
14 ( |
setae on tergite X | 10 ( |
12 ( |
2 ( |
4 ( |
The description is given above.
1 male, 1 mj, locality 3, 19-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 4 females, 1 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, locality 1, 14-I-2004; 10 females, 6 mj, locality 2, 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Neimenggu).
5 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 female, VI-1993; 1 female, IV-1994, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 9 females, 2 males, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 1 female, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 6 females, 1 male, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 9 females, 2 males, 13 mj, locality 1, 14-I-2004; 7 females, 3 males, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 1 female, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 2 females, 5 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 2 females, 1 male, 2 mj, locality 9, 20-III-2011, coll. Y. Bu & C. W. Huang. 14 females, 10 male, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017; 3 males, locality 12, 17-X-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi).
3 females, locality 2, 14-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangxi).
4 females, 1 male, locality 1, 30-XI-1984; 2 females, 2 males, locality 2, 14-XI-1984; 1 male, 2 mj, locality 3, 19-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
2 female, 1 male, locality 2, 19-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, Ningxia).
2 females, locality 2, 14-XI-1984; 5 females, 5 males, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi); Japan.
4 females, locality 1, 1-XII-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 1 male, 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 7 females, 5 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 1 mj, locality 3, 27-I-2004; 3 females, 1 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 7 females, 9 males, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guizhou).
3 females, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Yunnan, Guizhou).
2 females, 2 males, locality 1, 19-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Jiangxi)
1 female, locality 1, 17-XII-2002; 1 female, locality 2; 8 females, 4 males, 1 mj, locality 3, 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
1 female, 1male, 1 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 7 females, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, 1 LI, locality 13, 16-X-2017; 1 LI, locality 12, 17-X-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in South China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan).
1 female, locality 5, 26-II-2003, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Ningxia).
8 females, 6 males, 2 mj, locality 1, XII-1984; 24 females, 24 males, 27 mj, locality 3, 23-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 3 males, locality 8, 22-II-2003, coll. Y. Xiong. 2 females, 3 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong, Sichuan).
40 females, 33 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, VI-1993, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 1 female, 5 males, locality 8, 22-II-2003; 4 females, 1 male, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 1 female, 3 males, 4 mj, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 19 female, 15 males, 8 mj, locality 1, 7-X-2003; 33 females, 31 males, 15 mj, locality 1, 14-I-2004; 1 male, locality 3, 960 m elev., 27-I-2004; 8 females, 8 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Yunnan).
2 females, 2 males, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan); Malaysia, Brunei.
2 females, 1 male, locality 2, 14-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Yunnan).
1 female, 2 males, 1 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, 1 male, 2 mj, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 1 female, 2 males, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 6 females, 3 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 2 females, 1 male, 1 mj, locality 2, 820 m elev., 27-I-2004; 3 females, 2 males, 2 mj, locality 3, 1000 m elev., 27-I-2004; 2 females, 1 male, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 2 females, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, locality 10, 23-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong, Sichuan).
1 female, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi)
1 female, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Liaoning).
5 females, 3 males, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 13 females, 7 males, 9 mj, locality 8, 22-II-2003; 1 female, 1 mj, locality 5, 20-I-2003; 8 females, 13 males, 7 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, 1 male, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 2 females, 5 males, 2 mj, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 2 females, 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 3 females, 1 male, 2 mj, locality 7, 13-VII-2003; 5 females, 2 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 46 females, 45 males, 29 mj, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 12 females, 20 males, 10 mj, locality 2, 820 m elev., 27-I-2004; 5 females, 5 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 500 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 male, locality 2, 20-III-2011, coll. Y. Bu & C. W. Huang. 8 females, 7 males, 3 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Fujian, Guizhou, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Shaanxi).
2 females, 1 male, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 1 female, 2 males, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 5 females, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi).
1 female, 1 male, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan).
5 females, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 female, VII-1993, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 1 female, 3 males, 3 mj, locality 8, 22-II-2003; 4 females, 3 males, 4 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 2 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 3 females, 1 male, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 2 females, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan).
2 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 mj, VI-1993, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 1 female, locality 5, 20-I-2003; 3 mj, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 4 females, 2 males, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, locality 9, 20-III-2011, coll. Y. Bu & C. W. Huang. 2 females, 1 male, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017; 1 male, locality 10, 23-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Xisha Islands, Yongxing Island).
2 females, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 4 males, 7 mj, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 9 females, 3 males, 10 mj, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 2 females, 2 males, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 2 females, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan).
2 females, locality 1, 19-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 females, 2 males, locality 1, 14-IV-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
1 female, 1 male, locality 1, 6-X-2003, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan).
1 female, 1 male, locality 1, 7-X-2003, 14 females; 7 males, locality 1, 14-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 male, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong).
1 female, locality 1, 14-IV-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, 1 male, locality 10, 23-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
6 females, 1 mj, locality 3, 1000 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Shaanxi).
1 female, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangxi).
5 females, 2 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 1 female, locality 1, 14-IV-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan).
2 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 4 males, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 1 male, locality 3, 600 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan).
The 34 species of
The list of proturan species from Hainan Island and their distribution in Hainan Island and three neighboring mainland provinces.
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11** | |||||
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2, 3, 5, 11 | + | ||||
1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 | + | ||||
2 | |||||
1, 3 | + | ||||
2 | + | ||||
2 | + | ||||
1, 2 | |||||
1 | + | ||||
1 | + | + | |||
1, 3 | + | ||||
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1, 5, 12, 13 | + | + | + | ||
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5 | |||||
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1, 3, 8, 11 | + | ||||
1, 3, 5, 6, 8 | + | + | |||
1 | |||||
2 | + | ||||
1, 2, 3, 5, 10 | + | ||||
11 | |||||
1 | + | + | |||
1, 2, 4–8, 11 | + | + | + | ||
1, 4 | + | ||||
1 | |||||
1, 8, 11 | |||||
1, 5, 9–11 | |||||
1, 4, 6 | + | + | + | ||
1 | + | ||||
1 | |||||
1, 11 | + | + | |||
1, 10 | + | ||||
3 | |||||
11 | + | ||||
1 | + | + | |||
1, 4 | + |
* Species known only from Hainan Island so far. ** Numbers indicate the localities given in Table
By comparing the species distribution, we found that the
Among the mainland regions neighboring Hainan Island, the
Sampling localities in Hainan Island are still sparse, and additional collection of proturans should be made in the future, so as to reveal the true diversity and provide a better understanding of the biogeography of
We give our cordial gratitude to Mr Gentao Jin, Mr Zuyao Liu, Mr Chonghui Liao, Mr Bowei Tang, and Mr Chengwang Huang for their help in the collection of specimens, to Mr Yiming Yang for his help in preparation of slides, to Mr Rongdong Xie for his identification of part specimens and to Dr Yi Bai for his help in preparation of the map of Hainan Island. We also appreciate Professor José G. Palacios-Vargas for his linguistic corrections to the manuscript as well as his valuable advice. Special thanks are given to Dr Julia Shrubovych and Dr Loris Galli for their valuable comments and review of the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31772509, 31471958 and 31772510), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (no. 17ZR1418700), and the Open Project of Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration (no. SHUES2019A11).