Corresponding author: Ge-Xia Qiao (
Academic editor: L. Mound
An illustrated key is provided to the 19 genera of the subfamily Idolothripinae from China, and a checklist given to 62 named species, of which six species are newly recorded from China, together with the genus
The insect order
The present work, as part of ongoing studies on the
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Taiwan | |
Taiwan | |
Taiwan | |
Guangdong | |
Hainan | |
Taiwan | |
Taiwan | |
Southern China | |
Guangxi | |
Hainan | |
Zhejiang | |
Guangxi; Yunnan | |
Tibet; Guangxi; Hainan | |
Yunnan; Hainan | |
Beijing; Inner Mongolia | |
Hebei | |
Guangdong | |
Sichuan | |
Inner Mongolia | |
Taiwan [known only from description] | |
Guangdong; Hainan | |
Tibet; Guangdong | |
Yunnan; Hainan | |
Fujian; Guangdong; Hainan | |
Yunnan | |
Southern China | |
Hainan | |
Fujian; Yunnan; Hainan; Tibet | |
Yunnan; Hubei | |
Guizhou | |
Hubei; Guizhou; Yunnan; Hainan; Tibet | |
Hubei; Yunnan; Guangdong; Hainan | |
Fujian; Guangxi; Guangdong; Yunnan; Hainan; Taiwan | |
Taiwan | |
Hainan | |
Guangdong; Hainan | |
Guangxi; Taiwan | |
Hainan | |
Hebei; Shaanxi; Shanxi | |
Taiwan | |
Guangdong; Taiwan | |
Inner Mongolia; Fujian; Zhejiang; Sichuan; Ningxia | |
Inner Mongolia | |
Guangdong; Fujian; Hainan; Taiwan | |
Guangdong; Hainan | |
Hainan; Taiwan | |
Hainan; Taiwan | |
Taiwan | |
Taiwan | |
Yunnan; Hainan | |
Yunnan; Hainan; Taiwan | |
Hubei | |
Hebei; Henan | |
Yunnan | |
Yunnan; Hainan | |
Yunnan | |
Henan; Shaanxi; Gansu; Taiwan | |
Guangxi; Taiwan | |
Sichuan | |
Henan; Taiwan | |
Hainan; Taiwan | |
Fujian; Guangdong; Sichuan; Hainan | |
Yunnan | |
Taiwan |
§ Newly recorded from China;
§§ Newly recorded from mainland China.
In the only available review of the
Descriptions and drawings are from slide-mounted specimens using Nikon Eclipse 80i & Leica DM4000B microscopes. Images were prepared with a Leica DM2500 using DIC illumination, and processed with Automontage and Photoshop software.
1 | Tube with prominent lateral setae ( |
2 |
– | Tube smooth, without lateral setae, or lateral setae minute ( |
6 |
2 | Tube elongate, more than 10 times as long as basal width ( |
3 |
– | Tube no more than 5 times as long as basal width | 4 |
3 | Head with projection in front of eyes much longer than broad, with two pairs of stout setae ( |
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– | Head with projection in front of eyes broader than long, with one pair of stout setae ( |
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4 | Maxillary stylets long, usually retracted to eyes, close together in middle of head |
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– | Maxillary stylets short and wide apart, usually V-shaped | 5 |
5 | Pelta lateral lobes broadly joined to median lobe ( |
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– | Pelta lateral lobes narrowly joined to, or separated from, median lobe ( |
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6 | Abdominal tergites III–V each with three pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae ( |
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– | Abdominal tegites III–V each with at most two pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae ( |
7 |
7 | Metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent | 8 |
– | Metathoracic sternopleural sutures present | 13 |
8 | Eyes prolonged posteriorly on ventral surface of head ( |
9 |
– | Eyes equally developed ventrally and dorsally | 10 |
9 | Antennal segment IV with 3 (rarely 2) sensoria; abdominal tergites II–VII each with one pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae in macroptera |
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– | Antennal segment IV with 4 sensoria; abdominal tergites II–VII usually each with two pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae |
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10 | Female with inner margin of fore femur with row of about 4 tubercles at least ( |
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– | Fore femur of female without tubercles on inner margin | 11 |
11 | Abdominal tegites III–V each with one pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae ( |
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– | Abdominal tegites III–V each with two pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae | 12 |
12 | Pelta divided into three lobes ( |
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– | Pelta not divided into three lobes ( |
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13 | Metathoracic sternopleural sutures complete ( |
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– | Metathoracic sternopleural sutures incomplete; eyes usually not prolonged ventrally | 14 |
14 | Maxillary palp with a large stout terminal sensorium ( |
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– | Maxillary palp without stout terminal sensorium, or small | 15 |
15 | Maxillary stylets close together medially ( |
16 |
– | Maxillary stylets wide apart, almost V-shaped ( |
17 |
16 | Antennal segment IV with 2 sensoria |
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– | Antennal segment IV with 3 sensoria |
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17 | Antenna 7-segmented, segment VII with an incomplete suture |
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– | Antenna 8-segmented, but segments VII and VIII sometimes broadly joined ( |
18 |
18 | Antennal segment IV with 3 sensoria |
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– | Antennal segment IV with 4 sensoria |
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There are 22 species listed in this genus, of which five are recorded from China:
Head usually broad; postocular setae usually longer than eye, and pointed at apex; stylets long and wide apart; antennae 7-segmented, VII and VIII usually joined with incomplete or complete suture, III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotum with 4 or 5 pairs of acute setae, sometimes anteroangular setae reduced; notopleural sutures incomplete or complete; basantra present, mesopraesternum reduced a small plate or absent; sternopleural sutures present; fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes; fore wings broad, usually without duplicated cilia; pelta irregular, usually eroded at posterior margin medially; tergites II–VII with 1 pair of wing-retaining setae; tube usually with sides convex, maximum width more than twice apical width; anal setae much shorter than tube.
1 | Tube longer, more than 1.3 times as long as the widest part ( |
2 |
– | Tube broad, about as long as the widest part ( |
3 |
2 | Pronotal notopleural sutures incomplete ( |
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– | Pronotal notopleural sutures complete; accessory setae S2 on abdominal tergite IX minute ( |
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3 | Accessory setae S2 on abdominal tergite IX minute; postocular setae about as long as eyes ( |
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– | Accessory setae S2 on abdominal tergite IX well-developed ( |
4 |
4 | Head broad, about 1.6 times as broad as long; postocular setae about 2.0 times as long as eyes | |
– | Head about 1.2 times as broad as long; postocular setae about 1.4 times as long as eyes ( |
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There are 24 species listed in this genus, of which three are recorded in China:
Head slightly longer than broad; dorsum of head usually with 3 or 4 pairs of well developed capitate setae; maxillary palp terminal sensorium stout, stylets long and wide apart; antennae 7-segmented, morphological VII and VIII completely fused, III with 2 sensoria, IV with 2; pronotal major setae usually expanded, notopleural sutures incomplete or complete; basantra present, mesopraesternum reduced; sternopleural sutures present; fore tarsal tooth usually absent in female, present in male; usually aptera; pelta broad, with obviously lateral lobes; tube straight sided, usually shorter than head; anal setae usually slightly longer than tube.
1 | Dorsal surface of body fully reticulated | |
– | Dorsal surface of body smooth or simply sculptured | 2 |
2 | Postocular cheek setae small, much shorter than postoculars | |
– | Postocular cheek setae well developed, length more than 0.5 of postocular setae, with apex expanded |
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Currently there are 53 species listed in this genus, of which seven have been recorded from China:
Head much longer than width across eyes, usually prolonged in front of eyes; eyes usually equally developed ventrally and dorsally, sometimes obviously prolonged on ventral surface (
There are 17 species listed in this genus, although none have previously been recorded from China. However, specimens from Northern China representing two unidentified species of this genus are available in NZMC.
Head usually longer than wide, projecting in front of eyes; eyes strongly prolonged ventrally; postocular setae well-developed; stylets V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 or 1 sensoria, IV with 3 or 2; pronotal major setae pointed or blunt, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; wings, if present, with numerous duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in male; pelta broad, rounded triangular; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 1 pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae in macroptera; tube surface smooth, without prominent setae; anal setae about as long as tube.
There are 27 species listed in this genus, of which three are recorded from China:
Head much longer than wide, projecting in front of eyes; eyes strongly prolonged ventrally; postocular setae well-developed, one pair of ocellar setae developed; stylets V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 or 1 sensoria, IV with 2, sensoria small; pronotal major setae expanded, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures complete; usually apterous; fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes; pelta broad, rounded triangular; abdominal tergites usually without sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube surface smooth, without prominent setae; anal setae shorter or a little longer than tube.
1 | Antennal segment III with one sensorium | |
– | Antennal segment III with two sensoria |
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There are 12 species listed in this genus, of which only one,
Head longer than wide; eyes equally developed ventrally and dorsally; postocular setae well-developed, ocellar setae usually small; stylets long and close together medially; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 3; pronotal major setae usually pointed or blunt, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures present; wings, if present, with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in male, absent in female; pelta broad, with two slender lobes; abdominal tergites III–VI with 1 pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube surface smooth, without prominent setae; anal setae usually shorter than tube.
This genus comprises six Asian species, of which four are recorded from southern China,
Head much longer than wide, projecting slightly in front of eyes, cheeks with numbers of stout setae; eyes equally developed ventrally and dorsally; postocular setae well developed, interocellar setae usually developed; stylets V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotal major setae usually pointed or blunt, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesothoracic spiracular area of male usually prolonged into prominent process; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; wings, if present, with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes, a series tubercles present on inner margin of fore tibiae in large males; pelta divided into one large median lobe, 2 small lateral lobes; abdominal tergites III–VI with 2 pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube surface smooth, without prominent setae; anal setae usually shorter than tube.
1 | Antennal segment III largely yellow with brown apex |
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– | Antennal segment III largely yellow but brown at apex and base | 2 |
2 | Antennal segment III short, about 3 times as long as apical brown part |
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– | Antennal segment III elongate, more than 4 times as long as apical brown part |
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Species of this genus can be found in all tropical countries, and 141 species are currently listed, with eight recorded from China:
Head much longer than wide, projecting in front of eyes, cheeks usually with numbers of stout setae; eyes equally developed ventrally and dorsally, or a little prolonged ventrally; postocular setae well-developed, interocellar setae well developed, and one pair of median dorsal setae usually developed; stylets short and V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotal major developed setae usually pointed or blunt, notopleural sutures complete or nearly complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; wings, if present, with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in male, absent in female, fore femur of large males usually with sickle-shaped seta on external apical margin; pelta broad, two lateral lobes broadly joined with middle one; abdominal tergites III–VI with 2 pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube surface smooth, without prominent setae; anal setae usually shorter than tube.
1 | Head with cheek setae dark | 2 |
– | Head with cheek setae yellow or pale | 3 |
2 | Head only slightly produced in front of eyes, length about 1/8 as long as width; inner margin of male fore femora with tubercles ( |
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– | Head strongly produced in front of eyes, length about 1/2 as long as width; inner margin of fore femora without tubercles in both sexes; pelta narrowly jointed to lateral wings or separated | |
3 | Head process in front of eyes short, width 3–5 times its length; tibiae uniformly dark brown | 4 |
– | Head process in front of eyes long, width 1–3 times its length; tibiae sometimes pale in the apical half | 5 |
4 | Head produced process very short, width about 5 times as long as length ( |
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– | Head produced process short, width about 3 times as long as length; antennal segment III more than 4 times as long as apical brown part; pelta narrowly jointed with lateral wings, joint short ( |
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5 | Tibiae largely yellow, with sub-basal 1/3 brown (head produced process about as long as width) ( |
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– | Mid tibiae uniformly brown at least | 6 |
6 | Antennal segments IV–V uniformly brown, sometimes a little shallow at base; fore tarsal elongate, about 3 times as long as width ( |
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– | Antennal segments IV–V brown with basal pedial pale; fore tarsal various | 7 |
7 | Antennal segment III longer than IV; VI brown with basal 1/5 yellow ( |
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– | Antennal segment III as long as IV; VI uniform brown |
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This genus currently comprises 37 species, of which eight are recorded from China:
Head usually longer than width across eyes; eyes small, equally developed ventrally and dorsally; postocular setae well-developed; stylets long, V-shaped or sub-parallel; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV 4; pronotal major setae pointed or blunt, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; wings, if present, with numerous duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in male; pelta broad, with two broad lateral lobes; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 1 pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae in macroptera; tube surface smooth, without prominent setae; anal setae shorter than tube.
1 | Antennal segment IV with five sensoria |
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– | Antennal segment IV with four sensoria | 2 |
2 | Postocellar setae elongate, longer than diameter of posterior ocelli ( |
3 |
– | Postocellar setae reduced, much shorter than diameter of posterior ocelli ( |
4 |
3 | Antennal segments IV–VIII uniformly brown, at least IV darker than III; abdominal segment IX with posteromarginal setae shorter than tube ( |
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– | Antennal segment IV as yellow as III, V–VIII brown; abdominal segment IX with posteromarginal setae longer than tube ( |
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4 | Major setae blunt at apex | 5 |
– | Major setae acute at apex | 6 |
5 | Metanotum without campaniform sensilla |
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– | Metanotum with pair of campaniform sensilla ( |
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6 | Major setae well developed, postocular setae about 230 microns | |
– | Major setae relatively shorter, postocular setae about 100 microns | 7 |
7 | Body uniformly brown to dark brown |
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– | Body bicolored, largely yellow except brown tube |
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There are 38 species listed in this genus, of which five are recorded from China:
Head usually as long as broad, or a little longer; eyes normal, usually equally developed ventrally and dorsally; postocular setae well-developed; stylets usually V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 1 or 2 sensoria, IV with 3; pronotal major setae pointed or blunt, notopleural sutures complete or incomplete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures present; wings, if present, with or without numerous duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in male; pelta triangular, or with two broad lateral lobes; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 1 pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae in macroptera; tube surface smooth, without prominent setae; anal setae shorter than tube.
1 | Antennal segment III with one sensorium | 2 |
– | Antennal segment III with two sensoria | 3 |
2 | Head uniformly brown, concolorous with thorax; antennal segments uniform brown, concolorous with head, except III yellow; postoculars and pronotal major setae nobbed at apex | |
– | Head bicolored, the front yellow, sides and basal part brown; antennal segments I–VI largely golden yellow; postoculars and pronotal major setae pointed at apex | |
3 | Postoculars and pronotal major setae pointed at apex |
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– | Postoculars and pronotal major setae blunt at apex |
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There are four species listed in this genus. Only
Head much longer than broad, with elongate projection in front of eyes; eyes obviously prolonged ventrally; 2 pairs of postoculars, 2 pairs of interocellars and 1 pair of postocellars well developed; cheeks with 1 pair of stout setae; stylets V- or U-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 2 or 4; pronotal with 5 pairs of major developed setae, anteroangulars close to midlaterals, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; wings, if well developed, with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth absent in both sexes, femur with a few stout setae; pelta wide, with two broad lobes; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 2 or 3 pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube elongate, with prominent lateral setae; anal setae much shorter than tube.
Of the 14 species included in this genus, three are recorded from China:
Head much longer than broad; eyes normal; 1 pair of postoculars well-developed, also 1 pair of interocellars and 1 pair of vertex setae; stylets V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotum usually with 5 pairs of major setae, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; fore wings with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes; females with fore femur bearing a row of tubercles on inner margin; pelta broadly triangular; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 1 pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube longer than head, without prominent lateral setae; anal setae shorter than tube.
1 | Pronotal anteromarginal setae longer than anteroangulars | |
– | Pronotal anteromarginal setae shorter than anteroangulars | 2 |
2 | Postocular setae II minute, much shorter than pair I ( |
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– | Postocular setae II developed, about 1/3 as long as pair I ( |
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The 14 species included in this genus involve some of the largest
Head much longer than broad, with prominent projection in front of eyes; eyes normal; 2 pairs of postoculars developed, also 1 pair of anterocellars well-developed, and 1 pair of postocellars; stylets short, V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotal major setae pointed or blunt, notopleural sutures usually complete, often incomplete; basantra present; mesopraesternum developed; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; fore wings with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in male, absent in female, fore tibiae sometimes with seta-bearing apical tubercle in male, fore femur with a tumor or tubercles on inner margin in large male; pelta broad, with two prominent lateral lobes; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 2 or 3 pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube smooth, without prominent lateral setae; anal setae shorter than tube.
1 | Pronotal epimeral accessory setae well-developed, as long as epimeral setae ( |
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– | Pronotal epimeral accessory setae minute ( |
2 |
2 | Preocular projection shorter, about as long as wide ( |
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– | Preocular projection longer, about 1.5 times as long as wide |
Of the eight species included in this genus, only
Head much longer than broad, without prominent projection in front of eyes; eyes small; 1 pair of postoculars short, 1 pair of interocellars well-developed, and 1 pair of vertex setae usually longer than postoculars; stylets elongate, reaching eyes and close together; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotal setae vary, anteroangulars close to midlaterals, notopleural sutures reduced; basantra present; mesopraesternum developed; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; fore wings with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth absent in both sexes; pelta hat-shaped, with two slender lateral lobes narrowly fused; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 2 pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tergite VI with a pair of tubercles laterally in male; tube with prominent lateral setae; anal setae shorter than tube.
There are seven species listed in this genus, of which two,
Head usually longer than width across eyes, slightly prolonged in front of eyes; eyes normal; interocellar, postocellar, postocular and mid-dorsal setae usually well-developed; stylets far apart; antennae 8-segmented, segment III shorter than head width across eyes, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotal major setae usually well developed, anteroangulars close to midlaterals, notopleural sutures incomplete; basantra present; mesopraesternum boat-shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; wings usually fully developed with numerous duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth absent in both sexes; pelta always broad, lateral lobes narrowly joined to median major lobe, or separated; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 2 pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae in macroptera; tergite VI with a pair of long lateral tubercles in male, tubercles on VIII small; tube usually shorter than head, with numerous lateral setae; anal setae shorter than tube.
Head much longer than width across eyes, prolonged in front of eyes, usually shorter than broad except in one species (
There are 28 species listed in this genus, of which three are recorded from China:
Head various, usually wider than long; eyes normal, sometimes prolonged ventrally; 1 pair of postoculars well-developed, sometimes postocellar setae elongate; stylets V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 4; pronotal major setae pointed or slightly blunt, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum developed; metathoracic sternopleural sutures present; fore wings, if well developed, with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in male, absent in female; pelta broadly hat-shaped; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 1 pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae in macroptera; tube smooth without lateral setae; anal setae usually slightly shorter than tube.
1 | Head clearly longer than wide |
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– | Head about as long as width | 2 |
2 | Pelta rectangle, without lateral wings ( |
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– | Pelta median rounded, with slender lateral wings ( |
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Of the 11 species included in this genus, four are recorded from China:
Head longer than broad, projecting in front of eyes; eyes distinctly prolonged ventrally; 1 pair of postoculars well developed, 1 pair of interocellar setae elongate; stylets short, V-shaped; antennae 8-segmented, segment III with 2 sensoria, IV with 2 or 4; pronotum usually with 4 pairs of major setae, anteromarginals short, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum developed; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; fore wings, if well developed, with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present or absent; pelta broadly triangular; abdominal tergites II–VII usually each with 2 pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae; tube smooth without lateral setae; anal setae various.
1 | Abdominal segments with wing-retaining setae small and straight in macroptera | |
– | Abdominal segments with wing-retaining setae well developed and sigmoidal | 2 |
2 | Fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes ( |
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– | Fore tarsal tooth absent in both sexes | 3 |
3 | Postocular setae shorter than interocellar setae |
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– | Postocular setae longer than interocellar setae ( |
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There are 20 species listed in the genus, of which 16 are known only from Australia.
Head much longer than broad; eyes normal, sometimes prolonged dorsally; 1 pair of postoculars well developed, close together, anterocellar setae usually elongate; cheeks with 1 pair of stout setae just behind eye; stylets long, close together medially; antennae 8-segmented, segments III–IV each with 2 sensoria; pronotal major setae pointed or slightly blunt, notopleural sutures complete; basantra present; mesopraesternum developed; metathoracic sternopleural sutures present; fore wings, if well-developed, with duplicated cilia; fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes; pelta broad, with two slender lateral lobes; abdominal tergites II–VII each with 1 pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae in macroptera; tube smooth without lateral setae; anal setae shorter than tube.
The authors are very grateful to Laurence Mound for many suggestions and kind help, to Ban-Suo Duan for lending the types of