Two new species of the genus Tsauria Koçak & Kemal (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae) from China, with descriptions of female genitalia of three species

Abstract Two new species of cixiid planthoppers genus Tsauria Koçak & Kemal, Tsauriabrevispina Zhi & Chen, sp. nov. and T.longispina Zhi & Chen, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from China and T.transspinus (Zhang & Chen, 2011) was removed to give the genus four species in total. The female genitalia of three species are described and illustrated for the first time. A key to all known species of Tsauria based on male genitalia, and a key to three species (except for T.major) based on female genitalia, are provided.


Introduction
established the cixiid planthopper genus Discophorellus with the type species Discophorellus major Tsaur & Hsu, 1991 from China (Taiwan), and placed this genus in the tribe Cixiini of the subfamily Cixiinae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Later, Koçak and Kemal (2009) proposed a new replacement name Tsauria for Discophorellus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991 because the latter is a junior homonym of Discophorellus Wibmer & O'Brien, 1986 (Coleoptera). But, Zhang and Chen (2011) did not recognize the homonym of Discophorellus and described two new species from China: D. cehengensis and D. transspinus. Subsequently, Xing and Chen (2014) transferred the two species described by Zhang and Chen (2011) to Tsauria. However, the taxonomic status of T. transspinus (Zhang & Chen, 2011) is reviewed in this study and, based on a few diagnostic characters, removed from Tsauria (see Discussion). So far, Tsauria includes two species: T. cehengensis (Zhang & Chen, 2011) and T. major (Tsaur & Hsu, 1991).
Herein, two new species: Tsauria brevispina Zhi & Chen, sp. nov. and T. longispina Zhi & Chen, sp. nov. are described and illustrated from China. Female genitalia of three Chinese species are described and illustrated for the first time. The genus now includes four species, and all from China. A key to all known species of Tsauria based on male genitalia, and a key to three species (except for T. major) based on female genitalia, are provided.

Materials and methods
The morphological terminology and measurements follow Bourgoin (1987) and Bourgoin et al. (2015). The morphological terminology of female genitalia follows Bourgoin (1993). Body length was measured from apex of vertex to tip of forewing; vertex length was measured the median length of vertex (from apical transverse carina to tip of basal emargination). Fuchsin staining was used to highlight the female genitalia structures studied. Ten to fifteen female specimens per species were dissected. External morphology and drawings were done with the aid of a Leica MZ 12.5 stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with KEYENCE VHX-1000 system. Illustrations were scanned with CanoScan LiDE 200 and imported into Adobe Photoshop CS7 for labeling and plate composition. The dissected male and female genitalia are preserved in glycerin in small plastic tubes pinned together with the specimens.
The type specimens examined are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China (GUGC).
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Figs 9, 10) symmetrical, dorsal margin concave and U-shaped ventrally, widened towards apex; in lateral view, lateral lobes triangularly extended caudally. Medioventral process mastoid ventrally. Anal segment (Figs 9, 11) long tubular, symmetrical, 2.5 times longer than wide in dorsal view; anal style   finger-like, not beyond anal segment. Gonostyli (Figs 9,10,12) in ventral view, symmetrical, widening towards apex, apical part extended, apical margin rounded; in lateral view, "L-shaped". Aedeagus  in total with four processes. Spinose process on left side near apex of periandrium being the longest, straight, directed ventrocephalically; right side of periandrium with a medium-sized spinose process, strongly curved, directed dorsocaudally at apex; periandrium with a mediumsized spinose process positioning slightly to left side of its dorsal margin, directed right-ventrocephalically; ventral margin of aedeagal periandrium with an extremely short spinose process, which is the shortest of all spinose processes of periandrium, hooked, curved towards right side. Endosoma moderately sclerotized, simple, generally curving left.
Female genitalia. Tergite IX (Figs 17,18,20) moderately sclerotized, with a large nearly elliptical wax plate. Anal segment (Figs 17, 19) rectangle, 2.2 times longer than wide in dorsal view. Gonapophysis VIII (Fig. 21) elongate, and slightly curved upwards. Gonapophysis IX (Fig. 22) with one middle tooth, denticulate portion degenerated. Gonoplac (Fig. 23) rod-like, 3.7 times longer than wide in lateral view. Posterior vagina (Figs 24, 25) elongate, with many small round, oval and oblong sclerites both in ventral and dorsal view, dispersed. Base with several relatively large sclerites, and the middle area with a longitudinally oblong sclerite in ventral view; at basal each lateral side with several relatively large sclerites respectively in dorsal view. Internal genitalia as shown in Fig. 26.
Distributions. China (Guizhou, Hubei). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin prefixes "brevi" and noun "spina", referring to the ventral margin of aedeagal periandrium with an extremely short spinose process, which is the shortest of all spinose processes of the periandrium.
Remarks. Male genitalia of T. brevispina sp. nov. is similar to T. cehengensis (Zhang & Chen), but differs in: (1) spinose process on ventral margin of periandrium being the shortest of all spinose processes of periandrium (in T. cehengensis, not the shortest one); (2) spinose process on left side near apex of periandrium being the longest, straight (in T. cehengensis, spinose process in the same position being the shortest, basal two-thirds stout and apical third arc-shaped curved); (3) medioventral process without bristles at apex (the latter with bristles); (4) forewing with 13 apical cells (the latter with 12 apical cells).
Female genitalia of T. brevispina sp. nov. is similar to T. cehengensis (Zhang & Chen), but differs in: (1) posterior vagina elongate (in T. cehengensis, the length of posterior vagina equal to the width); (2) sclerites dispersed both in ventral and dorsal view (in T. cehengensis, sclerites in ventral view mainly concentrated in the middle area and the ones in dorsal view mainly concentrated in left side); (3) Gonapophysis IX with one middle tooth, denticulate portion degenerated (in T. cehengensis, Gonapophysis IX with two middle teeth, denticulate portion with one small rounded odontoid). Coloration. General color yellowish brown (Figs 3, 4, 38-39). Eyes yellowish brown, ocelli pale yellow. Vertex, face, rostrum, pronotum and mesonotum brown. Forewing semi-translucent, yellowish brown, apical 1/5 with a wide blackish brown stripe, stigma yellowish brown. Hind tibiae yellowish brown and abdominal sternites dark brown.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Figs 42,43) symmetrical, dorsal margin concave and U-shaped ventrally; in lateral view, lateral lobes triangularly extended caudally, apex round. Medioventral process mastoid ventrally. Anal segment (Figs 42,44) long tubular, symmetrical, 2.9 times longer than wide in dorsal view; anal style finger-like, slightly beyond anal segment. Gonostyli (Figs 42,43,45) in ventral view, symmetrical, widening towards apex, apical part extended, apical margin rounded; in lateral view, "L-shaped". Aedeagus  in total with four processes. Left side of periandrium with a medium-sized spinose process, slightly curved, directed left-ventrocephalically at apex; right side near apex of periandrium with a short spinose process, directed left-dorsocephalically; periandrium with a medium-sized spinose process positioning slightly to left side of its dorsal margin, slightly curved upward and directed right-dorsally at apex; ventral margin of aedeagal periandrium with an extremely long spinose process, which is the longest of all spinose processes of periandrium, straight, generally directed towards left side, apex directed cephalically. Endosoma moderately sclerotized, structure simple, generally curving left.
Distributions. China (Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Zhejiang). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin prefixes "longi" and noun "spina", referring to the ventral margin of aedeagal periandrium with an extremely long spinose process, which is the longest of all spinose processes of the periandrium.
Remarks. Male genitalia of T. longispina sp. nov. is similar to T. brevispina sp. nov., but differs in: (1) spinose process on ventral margin of periandrium being the longest of all spinose processes of periandrium, straight (in T. brevispina, spinose process on ventral margin of periandrium being the shortest of all spinose processes of periandrium, hooked at apex); (2) spinose process on right side near apex of periandrium slightly curved, directed left-dorsocephalically at apex (the latter strongly curved, directed dorsocaudally at apex).
Female genitalia of T. longispina sp. nov. is similar to T. cehengensis (Zhang & Chen), but differs in: (1) wax plate divided by median keel (the latter widened laterally and without median keel; (2) posterior vagina elongate (in T. cehengensis, the length of posterior vagina equal to the width).

Discussion
Holzinger (2002) emphasized the importance of the morphological characters of the female abdomen wax plate and its conformation in Cixiini. The conformation of the wax-plate area below the anal tube in females has great taxonomic value in Cixiidae. Therefore, following Holzinger's taxonomic practice, we confirmed that the species Tsauria transspinus (Zhang & Chen, 2011) had been incorrectly placed in this genus, for its females lacked the wax plate (Fig. 61), whereas the existence of this structure was critical in Tsauria. Some other characters, such as "vertex with median carina before subapical carina vanished (Fig. 63) and abdomen with shorter anal tube in females (Figs 61-62)" were also distinctly inconsistent with the other members of Tsauria. For the above reasons, in this study we removed Tsauria transspinus from Tsauria and left it as incertae sedis provisionally, as determining its taxonomic position was out of the main purpose of this paper, and it probably should be dealt with elsewhere.
Tsauria cehengensis (Zhang & Chen, 2011) and T. major (Tsaur & Hsu, 1991) were distinguished mainly on the characters of the male genitalia; only the anal segment of T. major was illustrated for the female (Tsaur et al. 1991;Zhang and Chen 2011). Zhi et al. (2017Zhi et al. ( , 2018 found the characters of the sclerites on the posterior vagina could be considered as key diagnostic characters for female identification in the genera Neocarpia (Eucarpiini) and Oecleopsis (Pentastirini). The authors also discussed the external and the internal structures of the female genitalia in cixiid planthoppers. In this study, the sclerites of the vagina are studied in detail in Tsauria brevispina (Figs 24,25), T. cehengensis (Figs 34, 35) and T. longispina (Figs 57, 58). As a result, the characters of the posterior vagina have been shown to be fairly effective when used to distinguish among species of Tsauria.