Corresponding author: Juan-Manuel Nieto Nafría (
Academic editor: Roger Blackman
Specimens were studied of 65 samples of the genus
In the early 1980s G. Remaudière and D. Hille Ris Lambers studied some samples of
All those samples, together with the rest of the specimens of
The genus
Similar mesosternal processes are also present in several species of
Two species of
The genus exhibits a Mediterranean-Pontian-Turanian distribution with extensions to neighbouring areas and exceptionally –
Aphids were identified, or their previous identifications were checked, by reference to the original descriptions (
Studied samples.<br/>
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Iran | Sharh-e Babak [NW 50 km] (Kerman) | 4-IX-1972 | R. | i3749 | |
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Iran | without locality | sans date | D. | i1440 | |
Iran | Kuh-e Dinar (Kohgiluyed and Boyer-Ahmad) | 14-IX-1955 | R. | i1118a | |
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Iran | Chalus [N 40 km Amol road] (Mazenderan) | 3-V-1963 | R. | i2417 |
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Iran | Karadj (Alborz) | 8-V-1955 | R. | i196 |
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Iran | Bojnurd [E 10 km] (North Khorasan) | 21-V-1966 | R. | i2961 |
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Iran | Kuh-e Choret [90 km. Bojnurd] (North Khorasan) | 25-V-1966 | R. | i3028 |
Iran | ? | ? | ? | i4347 | |
Iran | Shiraz (Fars) | ?-V-1974 | C. | i4092 | |
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France | Gémenos (Bouches-du-Rhône) | 13-VI-1967 | R. | 6455 |
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France | Lantosque (Alpes-Maritimes) | 24-X-1968 | R. | 7591 |
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France | Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (Hérault) | 17-IV-1966 | R. | 5751 |
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France | Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (Hérault) | 21-VII-1966 | L. | 5752 |
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France | Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (Hérault) | 30-IX-1966 | L. | 5753 |
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France | Pont du Gard (Gard) | 19-III-1969 | R.&L. | 7728 |
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France | Utelle (Alpes-Maritimes) | 11-V-1969 | R.&L. | 7876 |
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France | Utelle (Alpes-Maritimes) | 13-VI-1988 | R. | 15798 |
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France | Finistret (Pyrénées Orientales) | 9-VI-1983 | R. | 14459 |
Greece | Lagadie [East] (Akadia) | 3-VII-1964 | R. | 03087 | |
France | Lantosque (Alpes-Maritimes) | 28-II-1970 | R. | 9258 | |
France | La-Garde-Freinet (Var) | 26-III-1970 | R. | 9357 | |
France | Saint-Jean la-Rivière (Alpes-Maritimes) | 16-IX-1969 | R. | 8690 | |
vagrant | France | Utelle (Alpes-Maritimes) | 7-XI-1989 | R. | 16079 b |
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France | Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyrénées-Orientales) | 11-VII-1957 | R. | 4241 |
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France | Defilé de l’Inzecca (Haute-Corse) | 4-VI-1979 | L. | 17925 |
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Greece | Veria [to Kastania] (Imanthia) | 18-VI-1964 | R. | 03026 | |
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Slovakia | Chotín (Nitra) | 25-VI-1984 | H. | 015379 |
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Iran | Khoy [N 30 km] (West Azerbaijan) | 7-VIII-1955 | R. | i982 | |
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Russia | ? (Prymorsky Krai) | 20-VI-1967 | Sh. | 016559 |
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Russia | ? (Prymorsky Krai) | 5-VI-1980 | Pa. | 014789 |
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France | Ste Catherine de Vars (Hautes-Alpes) | 1-VII-1990 | R.&M.V. | 16454 |
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France | Avène (Hérault) | 1-V-1967 | L. | 18054 |
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Switzerland | Cassarate (Ticino) | 25-V-1950 | H.R.L. | 02946 |
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Switzerland | Cassarate (Ticino) | 25-V-1950 | H.R.L. | 016758 |
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France | La-Roche-de-Rame [S] (Hautes-Alpes) | 22-VI-1969 | R.&L. | 8010 |
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Pakistan | Matiltan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) | 14-VIII-1991 | N-E. | 014109 | |
trap | Pakistan | Kalam Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | ?-?-1987 | N-E. | |
trap | Pakistan | Matiltan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) | 23-VII-1987 | N-E. | |
trap | Pakistan | Matiltan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) | 30-VII-1987 | N-E. | |
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Pakistan | Kalam (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) | 17-VIII-1981 | N-E. | 014072 | |
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Hungary | Ágasegyháza (Bács-Kiskun) | 10-VI-1968 | Sz. | 014156 |
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Hungary | Budapest [Sas-hegy] (Pest) | 21-VI-1964 | Sz. | 014156 |
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Slovakia | Chotín (Nitra) | 25-VI-1984 | H. | 015380 |
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Slovakia | Somotor (Košice) | 27-VI-1962 | Pi. | 010615 |
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Pakistan | Quetta (Baluchistan) | 14-V-1991 | N-E. | 013878 |
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Pakistan | Skardu (Gilgit–Baltistan) | 2-VII-1991 | N-E. | 013965 |
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Iran | Isfahan (Isfahan) | 25-IV-1978 | R. | i4222 |
Afghanistan | Kabul (Kabul) | 26-VI-1972 | 04565 | ||
Iran | Karadj (Alborz) | ?-XI-1948 | D. | i81a | |
Turkey | Ankara (Ankara) | 8-X-1950 | T. | 011930 | |
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Iran | Laleeh zar (Kerman) | 26-VI-1955 | R. | i648 |
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Italy | Castelmola ( |
9-VI-1979 | B. | 012841 |
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Spain | Callosa de Ensiarrá (Alicante) | 29-V-985 | G.F. | 012841 |
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France | Col |
15-X-1969 | R. | 8672 |
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France | Lantosque (Alpes-Maritimes) | 24-X-1968 | R. | 7592 |
Iran | Karadj (Alborz) | 19-V-1955 | R. | i282c | |
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France | Defilé de l’Inzecca (Haute-Corse) | 4-VI-1970 | L. | 18055 |
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France | Defilé de l’Inzecca (Haute-Corse) | 4-VI-1970 | L. | 18056 |
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Italy | Ercolano [previously |
17-VIII-1936 | Ro. | 02947 |
Spain | Arenas de Cabrales (Asturias) | 7-VI-1981 | R.&N.N. | 012841 | |
France | ? | ? | ? | 5670 | |
trap | France | Montpellier (Hérault) | 16-VII-1996 | ? | 17749 |
trap | France | Valence (Charente) | 1-VII-1996 | ? | 17755 |
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Iran | Charimboulaki, Lac Urmia (West Azerbaijan) | 9-VIII-955 | R. | i1004 |
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Iran | Shahi island, Lac Urmia (East Azerbaijan) | 5-VIII-1955 | R. | i962 |
NOTES:<br/> In the “Locality” column, supplementary information and upper administrative unit (such as county, department, province, regional unit, etc.) are respectively given in square brackets and in parentheses.<br/> In the “Coll” column the names of collectors have been abbreviated as follows: B., Barbagallo (S.); C., Chodjaï (M.); D., Davatchi (A.); G.F., González Funes (M.P.); H.R.L, Hille Ris Lambers (D.); H., Holman (J.); L., Leclant (F.); M.V. Muñoz Viveros (A.L.); N.N., Nieto Nafría (J.M.); N-E, Naumann-Etienne (K.); Pa., Pashchenko (N.S.); P., Pintera (A.); R., Remaudière (G.); Ro., Roberti (D.) Sh., Shaposhnikov (G.C.); Sz., Szelegiewicz (H.); and T., Tuatay (N.).<br/> The numbers in the “Sample” column are the numbers of the Remaudière samples.
Morphological measurements were made according to
In the modifications to the identification keys by
Apterous viviparous aphids can be identified as
The alate viviparous females have no mesosternal mammariform processes, and differ from apterae by having: (a) longer and more pigmented antennae, (b) round, double-rimmed secondary sensoria scattered along the ventral face of antennal segment III, and rarely on segment IV, (c) pigmentation of legs more extensive and darker; (d) dorsal abdomen often with more sclerotisation than in apterae, but again this varies greatly both between and within species; (e) spinules also present in the marginal sclerites.
Regarding the thoracic and abdominal dorsal sclerotisation, the term “spinopleural patch” is utilized here for a continuous sclerotisation of spinal and marginal areas of two or more segments (
The siphunculi of
Possible synonymies of three pairs of
Characters of studied apterous and alate vivipara (
Metric and meristic features of
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Body [mm] | 1.637–2.100 | 1.700–2.200 | 1.625–1.775 | 1.175–1.425 |
Antenna [mm] | 1.565–2.060 | 1.115–1.500 | 1.660–1.825 | 1.555–1.725 |
Antenna / Body [times] | 0.96–1.11 | 0.65–0.68 | 1.01–1.12 | 1.20–1.44 |
Ant. segm. III [mm] | 0.40–0.58 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.40–0.41 |
Ant. segm. IV [mm] | 0.24–0.36 | 0.16–0.24 | 0.29–0.37 | 0.27–0.33 |
Ant. segm. V [mm] | 0.21–0.29 | 0.15–0.23 | 0.25–0.26 | 0.21–0.25 |
Ant. segm. VI base [mm] | 0.11–0.13 | 0.11–0.13 | 0.12–0.13 | 0.11–0.12 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminalis [mm] | 0.50–0.67 | 0.24–0.29 | 0.44–0.48 | 0.40–0.50 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminalis/ Ant. segm. III [times] | 1.09–1.24 | 0.62–0.93 | 1.1–1.20 | 1.00–1.22 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminalis/ base [times] | 4.62–5.36 | 1.96–2.48 | 3.62–4.04 | 3.48–4.30 |
Secondary sensoria, Ant. segm. III [number] | 21–28 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ultimate rostral segm. [mm] | 0.12–0.15 | 0.13–0.15 | 0.15–0.17 | 0.14 |
Ultimate rostral segm. / its basal width [times] | 2.09–3.00 | 2.00–2.25 | 2.50–2.82 | 2.00–2.80 |
Ultimate rostral segm. / Ant. segm. VI base [times] | 1.08–1.16 | 1.12–1.29 | 1.15–1.35 | 1.17–1.33 |
Hind tarsus, 2nd segm. [mm] | 0.11–0.14 | 0.09–0.10 | 0.01–0.11 | 0.08–0.09 |
Hind tarsus, 2nd segm. / Ultimate rostral segm. [times] | 0.93–1.04 | 0.67–0.70 | 0.65–0.71 | 0.57–0.67 |
Abdominal Marginal papillae [number] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Siphunculus [mm] | 0.38–0.42 | 0.23–0.31 | 0.29–0.32 | 24–0.26 |
Siphunculus / Body [times] | 0.19–0.23 | 0.13–0.15 | 0.17–0.20 | 0.17–0.21 |
Siphunculus / Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.68–0.95 | 0.71–0.83 | 0.72–0.80 | 0.59–0.66 |
Siphunculus / its basal width [times] | 5.07–6.25 | 3.22–4.43 | 4.41–4.75 | 4.00–4.64 |
Siphuncular widths, maximal / basal [times] | 0.80–1.25 | 0.72–0.86 | 0.83–0.92 | 0.80–0.91 |
Siphuncular widths, maximal / minimal [times] | 1.47–2.33 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cauda [mm] | 0.13–0.19 | 0.15–0.22 | 0.18–0.19 | 0.10–0.15 |
Cauda / Siphunculus [times] | 0.34–0.51 | 0.67–0.74 | 0.58–0.63 | 0.37–0.60 |
Cauda / its basal width [times] | 1.05–1.41 | 1.20–1.43 | 1.29–1.42 | 0.68–1.33 |
Setae on … | ||||
… Frons [μm] | 21–28 | 35–50 | 45–55 | 35–45 |
… Frons / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 1.1–1.8 | 1.6–2.5 | 2.0–2.8 | 1.8–2.3 |
… Ant. segm. III [μm] | 12–20 | 17–23 | 22–25 | 17–23 |
… Ant. segm III / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.7–1.1 | 0.9–1.0 | 1.0–1.3 | 0.9–1.3 |
… Ultimate rostral segm. [number] | 14–17 | 5–8 | 8–12 | 9–12 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 [μm] | 25–35 | 35–45 | 45–50 | 38–40 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 1.3–2.0 | 1.6–2.3 | 2.0–2.4 | 2.0–2.1 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 [number] | 4–5 | 4–7 | 4–5 | 3–6 |
… Genital plate, discal [number] | 2–4 | 2–8 | 7–10 | – |
… Genital plate, marginal [number] | 10–16 | 12–13 | 17–21 | – |
… Cauda [number] | 6–8 | 6–8 | 8–10 | 69 |
NOTE. Used abbreviations: Al., Alate; Ant., Antennal; b. d., basal diameter; femal., females; Ovip., Oviparous; segm., segment; viv., viviparous.
The species pair
In our opinion the synonymy can stand, because V. F. Eastop studied a wide number of specimens from diverse provenances (host plants, localities and dates), including types (R. L. Blackman, pers.com.), and also because of our observations, or at least it should be maintained in the sense that there is only one variable species involved. Nevertheless the valid name for this species could be
Collection data for the following first records are shown in
The identification made by G. Remaudière, of four apterous viviparous females belonging to his sample 014072 from Pakistan, as
Collecting data in
Six new species are established:
(
Metric and meristic features of
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Body [mm] | 1.475–2.325 | 1.600–1.725 | 1.275–1.638 | 1.100–1.525 | 1.275 |
Antenna [mm] | 1.070–1.735 | 1.343–1.343 | 0.978–1.170 | 1.265–1.615 | 1.340–1.380 |
Antenna / Body [times] | 0.66–0.93 | 0.84–0.84 | 0.71–0.89 | 1.05–1.15 | 1.05–1.08 |
Ant. segm. III [mm] | 0.32–0.49 | 0.23–0.36 | 0.26–0.35 | 0.35–0.40 | 0.38–0.38 |
Ant. segm. IV [mm] | 0.16–0.36 | 0.12–0.22 | 0.14–0.20 | 0.20–0.28 | 0.22–0.23 |
Ant. segm. V [mm] | 0.14–0.26 | 0.11–0.18 | 0.13–0.18 | 0.16–0.23 | 0.17–0.19 |
Ant. segm. VI base [mm] | 0.08–0.13 | 0.10–0.10 | 0.09–0.11 | 0.10–0.13 | 0.10–0.11 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminali mm] | 0.25–0.44 | 0.37–0.37 | 0.25–0.31 | 0.32–0.48 | 0.37–0.38 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminalis/ Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.66–0.99 | 1.04–1.04 | 0.77–1.07 | 0.85–1.22 | 1.00 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminalis/ base [times] | 2.88–4.08 | 3.89–3.89 | 2.57–3.08 | 3.37–4.04 | 3.57–3.70 |
Secondary sensoria, Ant. segm. III [number] | 0 | 16–34 | 0 | 16–21 | 63–72 |
Secondary sensoria, Ant. segm. IV [number] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29–32 |
Secondary sensoria, Ant. segm. V [number] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11–15 |
Ultimate rostral segm. [mm] | 0.11–0.15 | 0.10–0.13 | 0.12–0.14 | 0.10–0.13 | 0.10 |
Ultimate rostral segm. / its basal width [times] | 2.00–3.00 | 2.00–2.60 | 2.18–2.80 | 2.88–2.88 | 2.67 |
Ultimate rostral segm. / Ant. segm. VI base [times] | 1.10–1.87 | 1.37–1.37 | 1.12–1.42 | 0.96–1.05 | 0.95–1.00 |
Hind femur [mm] | 0.39–0.60 | 0.39–0.50 | 0.35–0.46 | 0.38–0.45 | 0.42–0.43 |
Hind tibia [mm] | 0.72–1.13 | 0.81–1.02 | 0.61–0.83 | 0.80–1.00 | 0.82–0.85 |
Hind tibia / Body [times] | 0.43–0.59 | 0.51–0.59 | 0.45-0.55 | 0.58–0.73 | 0.64–0.67 |
Hind tarsus, 2nd segm. [mm] | 0.10–0.12 | 0.11–0.11 | 0.08–0.10 | 0.10–0.11 | 0.09–0.10 |
Hind tarsus, 2nd segm. / Ultimate rostral segm. [times] | 0.70–0.95 | 0.81–1.05 | 0.67–0.83 | 0.83–0.95 | 0.90–0.95 |
Abdominal marginal papillae [number] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Siphunculus [mm] | 0.35–0.50 | 0.35–0.42 | 0.27–0.33 | 0.25–0.30 | 0.24 |
Siphundulus / Body [times] | 0.20–0.29 | 0.22–0.24 | 0.18–0.24 | 0.18–0.24 | 0.19 |
Siphunculus / Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.87–1.24 | 0.99–1.84 | 0.90–1.04 | 0.65–0.77 | 0.64–0.65 |
Siphunculus / its basal width [times] | 4.00–5.57 | 7.00–7.00 | 3.60–5.80 | 3.85–5.89 | 5.33 |
Siphuncular widths, maximal / basal [times] | 0.50–0.86 | 0.80–0.80 | 0.83–1.20 | 0.81–1.11 | 1.33 |
Siphuncular widths, maximal / minimal [times] | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.25–1.79 | 1.47–2.00 | 2.18 |
Siphuncular minimal width / Hind tibia, diameter at middle [times] | 1.05–1.57 | 1.33–1.69 | 1.00–1.57 | 1.00-0.50 | 0.61 |
Cauda [mm] | 0.15–0.24 | 0.15–0.19 | 0.14–0.19 | 0.09–0.15 | 0.09 |
Cauda / Siphunculus [times] | 0.36–0.50 | 0.41–0.46 | 0.45–0.62 | 0.34–0.50 | 0.38 |
Cauda / its basal width [times] | 1.07–1.32 | 1.12–1.36 | 1.10–1.46 | 0.86–1.45 | 0.78 |
Setae on … | |||||
… Frons [μm] | 26–45 | 23–23 | 17–38 | 15–21 | 10 |
… Frons / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 1.2–2.3 | 1.6–1.6 | 1.0–1.9 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.5 |
… Vertex [μm] | 23–35 | 18–18 | 10–23 | 15–20 | 13 |
… Vertex / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 1.00–1.75 | 1.3–1.3 | 0.6–1.3 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.7 |
… Ant. segm. III [μm] | 13–25 | 15–20 | 7–13 | 7–10 | 5 |
… Ant. segm III / T. Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.6–1.3 | 0.7–1.5 | 0.5–0.7 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.3 |
… Ultimate rostral segm. [number] | 10–16 | 11–11 | 11–17 | 9–13 | 12 |
… Hind femur, dorsal [μm] | 13–25 | 13–20 | 7–15 | 10–15 | 10 |
… Hind femur, ventral [μm] | 23–45 | 25–28 | 20–30 | 17–23 | 15 |
… Hind tibia, dorsal, at middle [μm] | 25–38 | 25–28 | 20–30 | 20–23 | 20 |
… Hind tibia, dorsal / Tibial diameter (at middle) [times] | 0.5–1.0 | 0.8–0.9 | 0.6–1.0 | 0.8–0.9 | 0.6 |
… Hind tarsus, first segm. [number] | 2–3 | 2–3 | 2–3 | 2–3 | 2–3 |
… Abdominal segm. 2–4 [μm] | 13–23 | 16–20 | 7–13 | 10–13 | 7 |
… Abdominal segm. 2–4 / T. Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.6–1.1 | 0.7–1.5 | 0.4–0.8 | 0.5–0.6 | 0.4 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 [μm] | 23–38 | 23–28 | 22–33 | 18–25 | 23 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 / T. Ant. segm. III [times] | 1.1–2.0 | 1.2–1.6 | 1.0–2.0 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.1 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 [number] | 4–5 | 4–4 | 4–4 | 4–4 | 4 |
… Ventro-abdominal [μm] | 25–50 | 28–33 | 20–35 | 25–33 | 23 |
… Genital plate, discal [number] | 2–4 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 2–2 | — |
… Genital plate, marginal [number] | 10–17 | 10–12 | 10–16 | 8–10 | — |
… Cauda [number] | 6–9 | 8–8 | 6–7 | 6–6 | 6 |
NOTE. Used abbreviations: Al., Alate; Ant., Antennal; Apt., Apterous; b. d., basal diameter; femal., females; n, number of measured specimens; segm., segment; viv., viviparous.
(
Holotype: Apterous viviparous female (specimen 2), on
The specific name of the new species,
See the discussion of the following new species.
(
(
Winged. Qualitatively very similar to alate viviparous females; with dark parameres. Metric and meristic features in
Holotype: Apterous viviparous female (specimen 5), on
The specific name is a neutral noun in apposition, formed for the Greek words “amphora” and “siphon”, which respectively mean flask and siphon, like in the genus
The distinctive features of
27 | Anterior part of mesosternum without mammariform processes [rest of the proposition without modification] |
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– | Anterior part of mesosternum with a pair of mammariform processes [rest of the proposition without modification] | 35 |
35 | SIPH markedly clavate (distal maximum width habitually at least 1.2 times basal minimum) | 36 |
– | SIPH cylindrical, subcylindrical, tapering from base to apex (sometimes outward curved), or slightly clavate (distal maximum width at most 1.2 times basal minimum width) | 38 |
36 | Tergum with an extensive almost solid black shield extending over metanotum and ABD TERG 1–6, usually incorporating marginal sclerites |
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– | Tergum pale or with variable sclerotisation, sometimes extensive but with large windows spinally and marginally, not forming a solid black shield | 37 |
37 | ANT PT/BASE 2.55–3.1. RIV+V 1.2–1.5 times HT II. SIPH light with smoky apex. Cauda 1.1–1.5 times its basal width, with 6–7 hairs. Abdomen variably sclerotised and pigmented |
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– | ANT PT/BASE 3.2–3,9. RIV+V 1–1.2 times HT II. SIPH uniformly pigmented. Cauda 1.1–1.2 times its basal width, with 7–11 hairs. ABD TERG 1–6 with a dark central patch and marginal sclerites |
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38 | SIPH pale or dusky, slightly clavate, 1.5–1.8 times cauda, which is short triangular. Tergum without sclerotisation, completely pale |
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– | SIPH brown to black at least in part, sometimes slightly clavate, 1.9–2.8 times cauda. Tergum with variable sclerotisation and pigmentation, rarely complete pale | 39 |
39 | ABD TERG 2–3 with longest hairs 35–55 μm long, 1.5–2.0 times ANT BD III. ANT I long, 1.3–1.5 times its maximal width. Dorsal abdomen with a large central oval sclerite on ABD TERG (1)2–5 |
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– | ABD TERG 2–3 with longest hairs 4–25 μm long, 0.2–1.1 times ANT BD III. ANT I short, 1.1 times its maximal width at most. Dorsal abdomen with variable sclerotisation and pigmentation, but rarely with a central oval sclerite on ABD TERG 2–5 | 40 |
40 | Tergum with an extensive almost solid black shield extending over metanotum and ABD TERG 1–6, usually incorporating marginal sclerites. Cauda dark broad triangular, longer than 2 times its basal width and usually shorter than 0.5 times SIPH, and with 10–16 hairs |
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– | Tergum pale or with variable sclerotisation, sometimes extensive but with large windows spinally and marginally, not forming a solid black shield. Cauda variable in shape, proportions and colour | 41 |
41 | Cauda tongue-shaped, 1.4–1.8 times its basal width | 42 |
– | Cauda triangular, although sometimes with a slight constriction, 1.05–1.4 times its basal width | 43 |
42 | ANT PT/BASE 4.0–5.7. Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 2–3 minute, maximally 4–7μm long, 0.15–0.3 times BD III. SIPH 2.2–2.8 times cauda |
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– | ANT PT/BASE 2.5–4.0. Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 2–3 maximally 8–22μm, 0.4–1.0 times BD III. SIPH 1.9–2.5 times cauda |
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43 | RIV+V 0.9–1.0 times HT II, with 8–10 accessory hairs. Cauda 1.3–1.4 times its basal width. Hairs on ABD TERG 2–3 8–11 μm long, 0.3–0.5 times BD III |
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– | RIV+V 1.05–1.45 times HT II, with 10–16 accessory hairs. Cauda 1.05–1.35 times its basal width. Hairs on ABD TERG 2–3 13–23 μm long, 0.6-1 times BD III |
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(
Metric and meristic features of apterous viviparous females of
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Body [mm] | 1.725–1.850 | 1.838 | 1.900–2.125 | 1.100–1.300 |
Antenna [mm] | 1.053–1.655 | 1.670 | 1.333–1.755 | 1.005–1.210 |
Antenna / Body [times] | 0.59–0.89 | 0.91 | 0.67–0.84 | 0.80–1.08 |
Ant. segm. III [mm] | 0.32–0.49 | 0.37–0.40 | 0.39–0.52 | 0.30–4.33 |
Ant. segm. IV [mm] | 0.15–0.26 | 0.26–0.26 | 0.21–0.34 | 0.16–0.20 |
Ant. segm. V [mm] | 0.14–0.20 | 0.19–0.2 | 0.15–0.21 | 0.14–0.16 |
Ant. segm. VI base [mm] | 0.11–0.14 | 0.14 | 0.09–0.12 | 0.08–0.10 |
Ant. segm. VI [mm] | 0.22–0.31 | 0.56 | 0.30–0.44 | 0.31–0.35 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminalis/ Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.63–0.80 | 1.51 | 0.65–0.95 | 0.96–1.13 |
Ant. segm. VI processus terminalis/ base [times] | 2.00–2.39 | 4.00 | 2.78–4.00 | 3.18–4.53 |
Ultimate rostral segm. [mm] | 0.10–0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13–0.15 | 0.10–0.11 |
Ultimate rostral segm. / its basal width [times] | 1.10–2.00 | 1.86 | 2.36–2.64 | 2.20–2.50 |
Ultimate rostral segm. / Ant. segm. VI base [times] | 0.85–1.00 | 0.93 | 1.17–1.61 | 1.08–1.26 |
Hind femur [mm] | 0.39–0.52 | 0.55–0.54 | 0.48–0.59 | 0.33–0.37 |
Hind tibia [mm] | 0.73–0.95 | 0.92–0.92 | 0.86–1.05 | 0.63–0.70 |
Hind tibia / Body [times] | 0.41–0.51 | 0.50–0.50 | 0.44–0.52 | 0.49–0.62 |
Hind tarsus, 2nd segm. [mm] | 0.11–0.13 | 0.14–0.13 | 0.10–0.12 | 0.09–0.10 |
Hind tarsus, 2nd segm. / Ultimate rostral segm. [times] | 1.05–1.20 | 1.04–1.00 | 0.69–0.81 | 0.84–0.95 |
Abdominal Marginal papillae [number] | 0 | 0 | 0 | (0)2–4 |
Siphunculus [mm] | 0.17–0.20 | 0.39 | 0.47–0.58 | 0.26–0.31 |
Siphundulus / Body [times] | 0.09–0.11 | 0.21 | 0.23–0.29 | 0.21–0.27 |
Siphunculus / Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.41–0.56 | 1.04 | 1.11–1.36 | 0.79–1.02 |
Siphunculus / its basal width [times] | 2.62–3.18 | 5.50 | 4.14–5.50 | 3.86–6.56 |
Siphuncular widths, maximal / basal [times] | 0.69–0.82 | 0.79 | 0.44–0.67 | 0.61–0.89 |
Siphuncular widths, maximal / minimal [times] | 1.00–1.06 | 1.38 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.06–1.13 |
Siphuncular minimal width / Hind tibia, diameter at middle [times] | 1.42–1.50 | 0.94 | 1.24–1.65 | 1.25–1.89 |
Cauda [mm] | 0.11–0.14 | 0.23 | 0.18–0.24 | 0.11–0.12 |
Cauda / Siphunculus [times] | 0.55–0.82 | 0.60 | 0.33–0.45 | 0.37–0.40 |
Cauda / its basal width [times] | 0.71-0.00 | 1.80 | 1.20–1.60 | 0.92–1.05 |
Setae on … | ||||
… Frons [μm] | 8–10 | 9 | 33–45 | 5–10 |
… Frons / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.38–0.44 | 0.39 | 1.40–2.12 | 0.25–0.67 |
… Vertex [μm] | 8–10 | 8 | 25–40 | 8 |
… Vertex / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.38–0.57 | 0.3 | 1.1–1.9 | 0.4–0.5 |
… Ant. segm. III [μm] | 8–10 | 10 | 14–21 | 5–8 |
… Ant. segm III / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.4–0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.3–0.5 |
… Ultimate rostral segm. [number] | 5–7 | 13 | 10–15 | 8–11 |
… Hind femur, dorsal [μm] | 10–13 | 5 | 13–20 | 3–5 |
… Hind femur, ventral [μm] | 13–18 | 13 | 25–40 | 8–10 |
… Hind tibia, dorsal, at middle [μm] | 20–25 | 18 | 25–38 | 15–23 |
… Hind tibia, dorsal / Tibial diameter (at middle) [times] | 0.7–0.8 | 0.41 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.6–0. 9 |
… Hind tarsus, first segm. [number] | 2–3 | 2–3 | 2–3 | 2–3 |
… Abdominal segm.s 2-4 [μm] | 10–10 | 3 | 15–23 | 4–8 |
… Abdominal segm.s 2-4 / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 0.4–0.6 | 0.11 | 0.7–1.1 | 0.2–0.4 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 [μm] | 20–25 | 10 | 23–38 | 8–15 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 / b. d. Ant. segm. III [times] | 1.0–1.4 | 0.44 | 1.0–1.8 | 0.4–0.9 |
… Abdominal segm. 8 [number] | 4–5 | 2 | 3–5 | 4 |
… Ventro-abdominal [μm] | 20–38 | 28 | 30–45 | 11–16 |
… Genital plate, discal [number] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
… Genital plate, marginal [number] | 10–14 | 13 | 9–18 | 7–10 |
… Cauda [number] | 6–8 | 7 | 9–14 | 6–6 |
NOTE. Used abbreviations: Ant., Antennal; b. d., basal diameter; n, number of measured specimens; segm., segment.
Holotype: Apterous viviparous female (specimen 1), on
The specific name of the new species is an adjective that refers to Pakistan, in feminine.
7 | ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. SIPH subcylindrical or slightly swollen |
7A |
– | ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. SIPH tapering from base to flange, with no trace of swelling. Anterior part of mesosternum without a pair of spinal mammariform processes | 9 |
7A | Cauda as long as its basal width or shorter. SIPH not longer than 0.20 mm and 0.6 times ANT III. Mesosternal processes small and pale, sometimes inconspicuous. Abdomen without dorsal pigmentation |
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– | Cauda longer than its basal width. SIPH longer than 0.26 mm and 0.60 times ANT III. Mesosternal processes pale or pigmented, always conspicuous. Abdomen pale or variably pigmented | 8 |
8 | [without modification] |
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– | [without modification] |
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(
Holotype: Apterous viviparous female, on
The specific name of the new species is an adjective that means inhabitant of Greece, in feminine.
3 | Anterior part of mesosternum with a pair of mammariform processes, ornamented with spinules | 3A |
– | Anterior part of mesosternum without a pair of mammariform processes | 4 |
3A | SIPH markedly clavate | 3B |
– | SIPH not markedely clavate | 3C |
3B | ANT PT at least 1.40 times ANT III. Abdominal dorsum mostly membranous, and pale. SIPH pale |
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– | ANT PT at most 1.20 times ANT III. Abdominal dorsum with pigmented patches and sclerites. SIPH pigmented |
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3C | Head, prothorax (with a complete or fragmented transversal band) and SIPH brown. Abdominal spinopleural patch variably developed and pigmented and sometimes fragmented or (often in small specimens) absent |
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– | Head, prothorax and SIPH (sometimes brownish apicad) pale. Abdomen variable sclerotised and pigmented | 3C |
3D | ANT PT/BASE 3.4-4.4. R IV+V at least 1.0 times HT II |
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– | ANT PT/BASE 5.0-5.5. R IV+V shorter than HT II |
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(
Holotype: Apterous viviparous female (specimen 5), on
The specific name,
The distinctive features of
0 | Anterior part of mesosternum with a pair of spinal mammariform processes |
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– | Anterior part of mesosternum without a pair of spinal mammariform processes | 1 |
(
Holotype: Apterous viviparous female (specimen 1), on
The specific name of the new species,
7 | [without modification] | 8 |
– | Head capsule with spiculose (sometimes delicate) or nodulose ornamentation | 30 |
32 | Anterior part of mesosternum with a pair of spinal mammariform processes, ornamented with spinules (Fig. 89B) | 32B |
– | [without modification] | 33 |
32B | A continuous sclerotic and dark shield on (metanotum) ABD TERG 1-6(7), including marginal areas; and dorsum of other thoracic segments with sclerotic dark bands. ABD TERG 1-4 without marginal tubercles, and ABD TERG 8 without spinal tubercles |
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– | A continuous dorsal sclerotic shield absent; dorsum of thoracic segments with sclerotic bands, and ABD TERG 1-5(7) with spinal and pleural sclerites or patches, which may be coalescing. ABD TERG 2-4 frequently with marginal tubercles, and ABD TERG 8 frequently with spinal tubercles |
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The features that distinguish the apterous viviparous females of the
The previously known and the new species together can be distinguished from each other using the following key to apterous viviparous females of species of
1 | Siphunculi markedly swollen (maximal swollen width at least 1.2 times minimal stem width) | 2 |
– | Siphunculi of different form (cylindrical, subcylindrical, tapering or slightly swollen, see above “generic characters” section) | 9 |
2 | Most of dorsal setae placed on conical tubercles. [Dorsum without segmental pigmented sclerotisation. On |
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– | Dorsal setae not placed on tubercles | 3 |
3 | Mesosternal processes and cauda pale | 4 |
– | Mesosternal processes and cauda more or less pigmented, light brown to brown | 6 |
4 | Siphunculi dark brown, 2.3–2.7 times cauda which has 7–11 setae. Abdominal dorsum with spino-pleural patch, postsiphuncular sclerites pigmented and marginal sclerites. [Ultimate rostral segment 1.0–1.2 times second segment of hind tarsi. Cauda 1.1–1.2 times its basal width. On |
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– | Siphunculi pale, sometimes with smoky apex, 1.6–2.2 times cauda, which has 6–7 setae. If a spino-pleural patch present then ultimate rostral segment is 1.2–1.5 times second segment of hind tarsi | 5 |
5 | Antennal segment VI processus terminalis at least 1.4 times antennal segment III and approximately 4 times antennal segment VI base. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segment 2–4 approximately 3 μm. Cauda tongue-shaped. Dorsum pale with dark intersegmental sclerites. [On |
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– | Antennal segment VI processus terminalis at most 1.1 times antennal segment III and at most 3.1 times antennal segment VI base. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segment 2–4 are 7–13 μm. Cauda triangular, sometimes slight constricted. Dorsum with variable sclerotisation and pigmentation, sometimes mostly pale. [On |
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6 | Abdominal (or thoracic-abdominal) discal plate present, sometimes divided in transversal bands | 7 |
– | Abdominal discal plate absent; a broken an irregularly edged spinopleural patch usually present, sometimes with bridges to marginal sclerites | 8 |
7 | Mesosternal processes wide and low. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segment 2–4 are 10–11 μm. Discal plate sometimes divided in transversal bands. Siphunculus 1.6–2.0 times cauda, which has 7–11 setae. [On |
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– | Mesosternal processes more or less narrow and tall. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segment 2–4 are 10–55 μm. Discal plate always complete. Siphunculus 1.6–2.6 times cauda, which has 5–8 setae. [On |
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8 | Siphunculus 1.7–2.7 times cauda. Longest frontal setae 22–28 μm and 1.0–1.4 times basal diameter of antennal segment III. [On |
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– | Siphunculus 1.5–1.7 times cauda. Longest frontal setae 35–40 μm and 1.6–1.8 times basal diameter of antennal segment III. [On |
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9 | First segment of tarsi with 4 or less habitually with 3 setae. [Head and prothoracic transversal band as dark as thoracic-abdominal discal plate. Siphunculi cylindrical and straight. On |
10 |
– | First segment of tarsi habitually with 3 setae, sometimes with 2; very infrequently with 4 | 11 |
10 | Antennal segment VI processus terminalis 2.2–2.7 times antennal segment VI base. Ultimate rostral segment with 2–5 accessory setae. Marginal tubercles usually present on abdominal segments 2–4. [On |
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– | Antennal segment VI processus terminalis 3.8–4.2 times antennal segment VI base. Ultimate rostral segment with 8–10 accessory setae. Abdominal marginal tubercles always absent. [On |
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11 | Siphunculus slightly swollen with a maximal width close to 1.2 times minimal stem width and 1.6–2.0 times cauda, which is 1.5–1.8 times its basal width and has 7–11 setae; both as dark as head dorsum and thoracic and abdominal sclerotisation (a discal plate can be present). Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segment 2–4 are 10–11 μm and approximately 0.5 times basal diameter of antennal segment III. [On |
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– | Characters not in above combination | 12 |
12 | Siphunculus at most 1.95 times cauda (which is short triangular), pale or uniformly dusky and slight swollen. Dorsum of head and mesosternal processes pale. Segmental thoracic and abdominal sclerotisation and pigmentation absent | 13 |
– | Siphunculus at least 1.90 times cauda, both diversely shaped and coloured. Dorsum of head and mesosternal processes pale or pigmented. Thoracic and abdominal segmental sclerotisation and pigmentation rare completely absent | 14 |
13 | Siphunculus at least 0.26 mm, 0.6–0.95 times antennal segment III, and 1.7–1.95 times cauda, which is longer than its basal width. Mesosternal processes conspicuous. [On |
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– | Siphunculus shorter than 0.20 mm, 0.41–0.56 times antennal segment III, and 1.7–1.9 times cauda, which is not longer than its basal width. Mesosternal processes sometimes inconspicuous. [On |
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14 | Antennal segment I at least 1.25 times its maximal width. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segments 2–4 are 35–55 μm and 1.5–2.0 times basal diameter of antennal segment III. [Discal plate oval and dark. Siphunculi weakly ornamented, smooth distad. On |
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– | Antennal segment I at most 1.1 times its maximal width. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segments 2–4 at most 25 μm and 1.2 times basal diameter of antennal segment III | 15 |
15 | Abdomen usually with spinopleural patch and separate marginal sclerites; if a discal plate is present then it has irregular margins and frequently there are windows in spinal areas of the thoracic, if integrated, and anterior abdominal segments. Dorsal patch or plate smooth and reticulated. Siphunculi dark brown to black, subcylindrical and usually straight, 1.8–2.0 times cauda, which is broad triangular and has 10–16 setae. Ultimate rostral segment with 6–10 accessory setae. [On |
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– | Characters not in above combination | 16 |
16 | Longest setae on abdominal segments 2–4 (dorsum) and antennal segment III 3–8 μm and 0.15–0.50 times basal diameter of antennal segment III | 17 |
– | Longest setae on abdominal segments 2–4 (dorsum) and antennal segment III 8–25 μm and 0.15–0.50 times basal diameter of antennal segment III; if they are 8 μm long then marginal abdominal tubercles present or ultimate rostral segment shorter than second segment of hind tarsi | 18 |
17 | Siphunculi dark brown, head dorsum, mesosternal processes and cauda brown to dark brown. Ultimate rostral segment 1.15–1.25 times second segment of hind tarsi. Cauda 1.4–1.8 times its basal width. [On |
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– | Siphunculi (with smoked apex, head dorsum, mesosternal processes and cauda pale. Ultimate rostral segment as long as second segment of hind tarsi. Cauda 1.0–1.1 times its basal width. [On |
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18 | Marginal tubercles on abdominal segments 2–4 and usually at least 1 spinal tubercle on abdominal segment VIII. [Cauda triangular 0.92–1.05 times its basal width. On |
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– | Marginal and spinal abdominal tubercles absent | 19 |
19 | Siphunculi pale, usually as pale as most part of tibiae | 20 |
– | Siphunculi pigmented, usually darker than most part of tibiae | 21 |
20 | Antennal segment VI processus terminalis 5.0–5.5 times antennal segment VI base. Cauda triangular or tongue-shaped with slight proximal constriction. Ultimate rostral segment shorter than second segment of hind tarsi. [On |
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– | Antennal segment VI processus terminalis 2.8–4.0 times antennal segment VI base. Cauda tongue-shaped. Ultimate rostral segment 1.23–1.45 times second segment of hind tarsi. [Clypeus swollen both forward and laterally. On |
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21 | Cauda tongue-shaped, 1.40–1.80 times its basal width. Mesosternal processes more or less pigmented, usually darker than tibiae. [Thoracic and abdominal sclerotisation variable, usually a spinopleural abdominal patch with irregular edges and windows in several segments, including the posterior ones. Siphunculi pigmented, but usually pale than abdominal sclerotised dorsum. On |
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– | Cauda triangular, although sometimes with a slight proximal constriction, 1.05–1.40 times its basal width. Siphunculi and mesosternal processes as pale as tibiae | 22 |
22 | Ultimate rostral segment 0.90–1.00 times second segment of hind tarsus, with 8–10 accessory setae. Cauda approximately 1.30–1.40 times its basal width. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segment 2–3 are 8–11 μm and 0.3–0.5 basal diameter of antennal segment III. [On |
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– | Ultimate rostral segment 1.05–1.45 times second segment of hind tarsus, with 10–16 accessory setae. Cauda approximately 1.05–1.35 times its basal width. Longest dorsal setae on abdominal segment 2–3 are 13–23 μm and 0.6–1.0 basal diameter of antennal segment III. [On |
For us the more probable hypothesis is that all current species of
Authors wish to thank the