Corresponding author: Xue-Xin Chen (
Academic editor: Laurence Mound
An illustrated key is provided for the identification of 35 genera of
The family
Countries of the eastern Mediterranean comprised the most important centre for the early development of human civilization, including the development of the agricultural systems on which so much of mankind depends. In contrast, our knowledge of the natural biological systems of this area has been less actively developed. Despite excellent floristic studies, such as Flora Iranica that now provides an identification system to more than 10,000 plant species, comprehensive studies on the insect fauna of this area are sadly lacking. Iran, in particular, is a bridge between the faunas of the European and Oriental Realms, and this produces considerable difficulties in studying any single group.
Keys are available for species of some Iranian genera, such as for the genera of
Within the 35 genera of
An annotated bibliography of publications on
For new records, thrips have been prepared and mounted on slides using the method of
1 | Pronotum without any posteroangular setae longer than discal setae ( |
2 |
– | Pronotum with at least one pair of posteroangular or posteromarginal setae longer than discal setae ( |
5 |
2 | Antennal segments III and IV each with a simple sensorium | 3 |
– | Antennal segments III and IV each with a forked sensorium | 4 |
3 | Antennae 9-segmented (cf. |
|
– | Antennae 6- or 8-segmented ( |
|
4 | Median pair of setae (S1) on abdominal tergites II–VIII shorter than distance between their bases ( |
|
– | Median pair of setae (S1) on abdominal tergites II–VIII longer than distance between their bases; abdominal tergite VIII without comb at posterior margin |
|
5 | Abdominal tergites V–VIII each with a pair of lateral ctenidia | 6 |
– | Abdominal tergites V–VIII without ctenidia | 13 |
6 | Abdominal tergite VIII with ctenidium situated antero-lateral to spiracle | 7 |
– | Abdominal tergite VIII with ctenidium situated posteromesad of spiracle | 9 |
7 | Pronotum anterior margin without long setae (cf. |
|
– | Pronotum anterior margin with 1 or 2 pairs of setae much longer than discal setae ( |
8 |
8 | Fore tarsus with a small tooth at apex ( |
|
– | Fore tarsus without tooth ( |
|
9 | Mesothoracic sternopleural sutures absent; antennal segment II without seta basad of campaniform sensillum |
|
– | Mesothoracic sternopleural sutures present; antennal segment II with dorsal seta basad of campaniform sensillum | 10 |
10 | Prosternal basantra with several small setae; abdominal tergites at posterior margin with large triangular teeth ( |
|
– | Prosternal basantra without setae; posterior margin of abdominal tergites without teeth; head not distinctly smaller than pronotum | 11 |
11 | Postocular setae pair II inserted far back of the others; abdominal tergites III–V with three setae arranged straight line along the lateral margin |
|
– | Postocular setae pair II not displaced to the posterior although it is often slightly behind setal row; abdominal tergites III–V with three setae arranged not in straight line, median setae far from the lateral margin | 12 |
12 | Ocellar setae pair II longer than ocellar setae pair III |
|
– | Ocellar setae pair II not longer than ocellar setae pair III ( |
|
13 | Spinula absent on mesosternum | 14 |
– | Spinula present on mesosternum ( |
18 |
14 | Abdominal tergite X of female with a pair of prominent thorn-like setae ( |
|
– | Abdominal tergite X of female without such thorn-like setae ( |
15 |
15 | Abdominal sternite VII of female with posteromarginal setae S1 and S2 arising closer to each other than to setal pair S3 |
|
– | Abdominal sternite VII of female with posteromarginal setae arising equidistant from each other | 16 |
16 | Abdominal tergites with median pair of campaniform sensilla close to the posterior margin ( |
|
– | Abdominal tergites with median pair of campaniform sensilla arising at anterior third (cf. |
17 |
17 | Pronotum broadly rectangular, with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae; antennal segment II not prolonged laterally; fore tarsus with a curved tooth ( |
|
– | Pronotum trapezoidal, with 5–8 pairs of posteromarginal setae ( |
|
18 | Metasternum with prominent spinula | 19 |
– | Metasternum without spinula | 24 |
19 | Antennae 6-segmented (cf. |
|
– | Antennae 7- or 8-segmented ( |
20 |
20 | Antennae 7-segmented, VII slightly longer than VI; tarsi 1-segmented (cf. |
|
– | Antennae 8-segmented; tarsi 2-segmented | 21 |
21 | Pronotum with six pairs of very long setae ( |
|
– | Pronotum with no more than two pairs of elongate setae | 22 |
22 | Abdominal tergites without numerous microtrichia occupying lateral thirds, rarely with a few microtrichia near lateral margins; maxillary palp 2-segmented (cf. |
|
– | Abdominal tergites with lateral thirds fully covered with numerous microtrichia ( |
23 |
23 | Pronotum with two pairs of prominent posteroangular setae; antennal segment I with pair of dorsoapical setae; males of some species with antennal segment VI three times as long as segment V ( |
|
– | Pronotum with closely spaced lines of sculpture, without long setae, or only one pair of prominent posteroangular setae ( |
|
24 | Spiracles on abdominal tergite VIII with area of specialised sculpture extending to antecostal ridge |
|
– | Spiracles on tergite VIII without extensive area of specialised sculpture | 25 |
25 | Head with 4 or more pairs of ocellar setae |
|
– | Head with 2 or 3 pairs of ocellar setae | 26 |
26 | Setae on fore wing first and second veins very long, longest seta twice as long as wing width |
|
– | Setae on fore wing first and second veins shorter, longest seta scarcely as long as wing width | 27 |
27 | Pronotum with four pairs of setae well-developed; antennae 9-segmented |
|
– | Pronotum with one or two pair of posteroangular setae well-developed, with no long anteromarginals and anteroangulars setae | 28 |
28 | Pronotum with two pairs of posteroangular setae well-developed | 29 |
– | Pronotum with one pair of posteroangular setae | 33 |
29 | Head with only one pair of anteocellar setae (ocellar seta pair I absent) (cf. |
|
– | Head with two pairs of anteocellar setae (ocellar seta pair I present) (cf. |
30 |
30 | Sensorium on antennal segment VI with elongate base ( |
|
– | Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI not elongate; fore tibia without tubercles | 31 |
31 | Fore wing first vein with nearly complete row of setae and short interval before two distal setae ( |
|
– | Fore wing upper vein with setal row broadly interrupted, with 1+2 distal setae (cf. |
32 |
32 | Antennal segment I without pair of dorsoapical setae; male with a single oval or circular pore plate on each of abdominal sternites III–VII ( |
|
– | Antennal segment I with a pair of dorsal apical setae ( |
|
33 | Antennae 9-segmented | |
– | Antennae 7- or 8-segmented | 34 |
34 | Abdominal tergites III–VI with lines of sculpture medially; sternites without discal setae |
|
– | Abdominal tergites without lines of sculpture medially; sternites with or without discal setae ( |
35 |
35 | Head longitidunaly striate behind eyes; abdominal sternite II with 0–4 discal setae |
|
– | Head weakly striate behind eyes; abdominal sternite II without discal setae |
Included here only from descriptions, the sole species in this genus,
This genus includes 79 species in the world (
The four species included in this genus (
This is a common genus of grass-living species in tropical and subtropical areas (
This is an Asian leaf-living genus (
Species of this genus breed only in the flowers of grasses and are readily recognized from the shape of the head, pronotum, fore legs and antennae. This genus includes 53 species in the world (
This speciesis here recorded from Iran for the first time, based on one apterous male.Hamedan province: Hamedan, Qahavand, from
This genus comprises two grass-living species (
This monobasic genus is included in
This genus with 18 species (
This genus includes two species (
This genus comprises 18 grass feeding species (
This genus originally described from Iran with only one species,
This genus includes two species in the world (
This is a large genus of about 230 species, 90% of which are from Neotropics (
This genus includes seven species (
This western Palaearctic genus includes eight species (
This species is distinguished from other species by tarsi 1-segmented, absence of ocelli, and antennal segments III and IV with simple sensoria. This European pest of cereal crops is now widespread throughout the temperate and subtropical areas of the world. Adults are usuallymacropterous, but apterae have been recorded from Sardinia (
Thirteen species are included in this genus (
This monobasic genus is included in
The 27 known species of
The 31 species of this genus (
This genus includes 50 species (
This monobasic genus with one predatory species,
This genus is placed in the
Included here only from descriptions, this genus includes five species in the world (
This genus includes seven species (
The genus
Species of the genus
This genus includes four species (
This monotypic genus includes a single grass-living species,
This genus includes 35 species (
The only species in this genus,
This genus includes 25 species in the world (
Only one species is placed in this genus, is also recorded from Iran (
This genus includes 19 flower-living species in the world (
This genus includes about 280 species in the world and is the largest genus in the
We are grateful to Prof. J.S. Bhatti of New Delhi, India for his critical comments and suggestions on a draft of this paper and for supplying some useful references; to Dr. Laurence A. Mound of CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia for supplying some references and his critical comments; and to Prof. Xiao-li Tong of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China for supplying some references. The authors are grateful to anynomous referees for their comments and criticisms.