Two new species of the ant genus Acanthomyrmex Emery, 1893 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from Thailand

Abstract Acanthomyrmex Emery, 1893 is a small myrmicine genus of the tribe Crematogastrini. Seventeen species of the genus have been recorded from Southeast Asia. Herein, two new species from Thailand (Acanthomyrmexmalikulisp. n. and Acanthomyrmexmizunoisp. n.) are added to this genus. Both species belong to Acanthomyrmexluciolae species group. Acanthomyrmexmalikuli was collected from hard dead wood on forest floor, while A.mizunoi nested in soil.

Multi-focused montage images were produced using NIS-Elements-D-[Sequence6*-Focused] from a series of source images taken by a Nikon Digital Sight-Ri1 camera attached to a Nikon AZ100M stereoscope. Type specimens of each species were measured using an ocular micrometer recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm.
For a diagnosis of the genus, see Moffett (1986). The abbreviations used for the measurements and indices are as follows (edited from Eguchi et al. 2008):

HL
Head length. Length of head proper, excluding mandibles, measured as a straight line from anterior clypeal margin to the mid-point of a line drawn across posterior margin of head.

HW
Head width. Maximum width of head, in full-face view measured behind eyes (excluding eyes).

EL
Eye length. Maximum length of eye with head positioned in profile view such that anterior and posterior eye margins are in same plane of focus.

SL
Scape length. Maximum straight-line length of antennal scape excluding basal constriction and condylar bulb.

MNH
Mesonotal height. Height of mesonotum of dealate queen and male, measured from highest point of mesonotum to lowest point of mesopleuron in lateral view.

MSW
Mesoscutum width. Maximum width of mesoscutum of dealate queen and male.

HFL
Hind femur length. Maximum length of hind femur, measured from junction with trochanter to junction with tibia.
Abbreviations of the type depositories are as follows: AMK Ant Museum, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Thailand.

SKYC
Seiki Yamane Collection, Kagoshima, Japan. THNHM Natural History Museum of the National Science Museum, Thailand.

USNM
The United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
Minor worker (Fig. 1D-F). Head, in full-face view, slightly shorter than broad, with convex lateral margins and weakly concave posterior margin; head entirely coarse- ly punctorecticulate, punctures large, 0.07-0.13 mm in diameter; cephalic dorsum entirely with dense erect hairs; mandible massive, subtriangular and superficially reticulate with smooth and shiny interspaces; masticatory margin with few ill-defined denticles; basal margin almost straight; mandible with few hairs along masticatory margin; anterior clypeal margin armed with 5 teeth, with long conspicuous median and lateral setae; median portion of clypeus with two distinct longitudinal ridges; frontal lobe poorly developed, partly concealing antennal socket; frontal carina conspicuous, reaching 2/3 of head length; antennal scrobe deep and conspicuous; eye relatively small, located anterior to mid-length of head, moderately protruding breaking outer margin of head; antenna 12-segmented with 3-segmented club; antennal scape slender, when laid backward surpassing cephalic corner by 1.5 times width of antennal scape; antenna with dense long erect hairs. Mesosoma, in profile, relatively stout, its dorsum sparsely with erect hairs; promesonotum convex and sloping gradually to metanotal groove; pronotum with a pair of long and sharp spines; promesonotal suture absent dorsally; metanotal groove present as inconspicuous broad impression just anterior to base of propodeal spine; propodeal spine in profile relatively long, its basal half straight and apical half gradually down-curved; propodeal spine largely smooth and shiny, without erect hairs or decumbent hairs; legs with numerous erect hairs; anterior face of each femur smooth and shiny, posterior face superficially reticulate with smooth and shiny interspaces. Petiole, in profile, with long anterior pedicel; petiolar node, in profile, moderately to strongly raised, with relatively angulate apex, in posterior view with concavity between acute lateral sharp spines or angles; posterior face of petiolar node with a pair of erect hairs; postpetiole rectangular, shorter than high, in dorsal view with parallel sides and in profile with straight dorsal outline; postpetiole entirely rugose, its dorsum with dense erect hairs. First gastral tergite suboval, smooth and shiny and with dense erect hairs. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 1D-F. Body entirely reddish brown to dark brown, gaster darker than head and mesosoma; mandible antenna and legs reddish brown to yellowish brown.
Dealate queen ( Fig. 2A-C). Head, in full-face view, subrectangular, shorter than broad, with parallel sides and weakly concave posterior margin medially; cephalic median furrow well-developed, extending anteriad to frontal area; dorsum and lateral face of head foveate with smooth and shiny interspaces; dorsum of head entirely with dense erect hairs; mandible massive, subtriangular and superficially reticulate with smooth and shiny interspaces; masticatory margin straight with 2 or 3 small denticles near basal angle; basal margin weakly concave without denticles; median portion of anterior clypeal margin weakly produced anteriad, with weak concavity at middle of anterior portion, lacking medial and lateral setae; median portion of clypeus superficially reticulate with smooth and shiny interspaces; frontal lobe poorly developed, partly concealing antennal socket; frontal carina conspicuous, reaching 2/3 of head length; antennal scrobe deep and conspicuous; eye relatively large, convex, located anterior to mid-length of head; ocelli present, in full-face view median ocellus slightly larger than lateral ocelli and almost located at level of posterior margin of eye; antenna 12-segmented with 3-segmented club; antennal scape thin and short, when laid backward surpassing midlength of cephalic by 2 times width of antennal scape; scape with sparse long erect hairs. Mesosoma enlarged and high, its dorsum with erect hairs; pronotum in dorsal view narrow, without anterolateral spine; promesonotal suture distinct; scutellum in profile with convex dorsal outline, in dorsal view large and subtrapezoi- dal; mesoscutellum in dorsal view subrectangular with posterior margin weakly concave; mesoscutellum demarcated from mesoscutum by deep groove, in profile mesoscutellum protruding posteriorly; propodeal spine in profile relatively broad basally and weakly down-curved, smooth and shiny, without erect hairs and decumbent hairs; legs with sparse erect hairs, smooth and shiny. Petiole in profile with long anterior pedicel, petiolar node in profile with flat anterior face, weakly convex posterior face and acutely angulate dorsum; posterior face of petiolar node with 2 or 3 pairs of erect hairs; in posterior view dorsum of petiolar node with a pair of blunt angles, area between angles weakly convex; postpetiole rectangular, slightly shorter than high, in dorsal view with parallel sides and in profile with straight dorsal outline; postpetiole entirely rugose, its dorsum with sparse erect hairs. First gastral tergite circular, smooth and shiny, with dense erect hairs. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 2A-C. Head, mesosoma, petiole and pospetiole reddish brown to dark brown; gaster darker than head and mesosoma or often black; mandible and legs reddish brown.
Ergatoid queen (Fig. 2D-F). Apterous. Similar to the major worker in structure, sculpture, coloration and pilosity, with the following conditions that should be noted: head slightly shorter and narrower (HW 2.02-2.05 mm, CI 102-103 in ergatoid queen; HW 2.08-2.24 mm, 112-116 in major worker); ocelli present, median ocellus in fullface view almost located at level of posterior margin of eye and almost as large as lateral ocelli; mesoscutellum protruding posteriorly. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 2D-F.
Male (paratype and non-types, Fig. 3A-C). Body black, but apical part of antenna, legs, and gaster reddish brown; wings light brown. Head in full-face view clearly broader than long, posterior margin almost straight; anterolateral part of head in which eye is located well produced laterally; mandible subtriangular, its masticatory margin with a large apical tooth, followed by 5 teeth including basal tooth; anterior clypeal margin roundly convex with weak median concavity; frontal lobe, frontal carina and antennal scrobe absent; ocelli present, with diameter less than distance between them; with head in full-face view median ocellus located a little behind level of posterior margin of eye; antenna 13-segmented, without club; antennal scape short when laid backward not reaching level of posterior margin of compound eye; antennal segment II very short; III much longer than broad and longer than each of segments IV-X. Mesosoma short and high; pronotal spine absent; mesoscutellum in profile strongly raised dorsoposteriad, in dorsal view with straight posterior margin; posterolateral part of propodeal dorsum in profile forming a blunt angle. Petiole in profile with long anterior pedicel; petiolar node in profile very low and bluntly raised; postpetiole clearly longer than high and cylindrical. Gaster relatively small and oval. Legs relatively long, smooth and shiny. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 3A-C.
Remarks. Acanthomyrmex malikuli can be distinguished from all other species in A. luciolae group by the following combination of characters: 1) major and minor workers having dark brown to black body; 2) dorsum of head (in profile view) strongly convex in both castes; 3) major worker having anterior half of head rugulose with dense foveae between wrinkles; and 4) major and minor workers with dense erect hairs on the head and first gastral tergite. This species is most closely related to A. mizunoi (see "Remarks" under A. mizunoi). The new species can be easily distinguished from A. padanensis by the following characteristics: 1) in major worker, mid anterior margin of clypeus shallowly concave (anterior clypeal margin weakly convex in A. padanensis); 2) in major worker, head with denes erect hairs (without hairs in A. padanensis); and 3) in ergatoid queen, without pronotal spine, general shape as in major worker (with pronotal spine, general shape as in minor worker). This species is separated from A. sulawesiensis by the presence of pronotal spine in ergatoid queen (without pronotal spine in A. malikuli; with pronotal spine in A. sulawesiensis); and major worker having anterior half of head rugulose with dense foveae between wrinkles (entire of head lacking rugae in A. sulawesiensis). Acanthomyrmex malikuli differs from A. dusun Wheeler, 1919 as follows: 1) anterior half of head rugulose with dense foveae between wrinkles in A. malikuli (lacking rugae in A. dusun); and 2) propodeal spine almost straight in A. malikuli (short, cylindrical, curved ventrad in A. dusun). Measurements and indices. Description. Major worker (Fig. 4A-C). Head, in full-face view, clearly longer than broad, lateral cephalic margins straight, posterior cephalic corners rounded, and posterior cephalic margin shallowly concave medially; cephalic median furrow well developed, extending anteriad to frontal area; dorsum of head entirely with dense erect hairs; mandible massive, subtriangular and superficially reticulate with smooth and shiny interspaces; masticatory margin without distinct denticles; basal margin weakly concave; mandible with few hairs along its masticatory margin and outer margin; median portion of anterior clypeal margin weakly produced anteriad, produced portion with anterior margin weakly concave at middle; clypeus lacking medial and lateral setae; median portion of clypeus smooth and shiny; frontal lobe poorly developed, partly concealing antennal socket; frontal carina conspicuous, reaching midlength of head; antennal scrobe deep and conspicuous, with 8-10 longitudinal ridges running from lateral portion of clypeus; eye relatively small, weakly convex, located at anterior ¼ of head length laterally; antenna 12-segmented with 3-segmented club; antennal scape thin and short, not extending beyond midlength of head; scape with more than 15 long erect hairs. Mesosoma short and stout; pronotal spine absent; mesonotum weakly convex, with sparse erect hairs; promesonotal suture present as a weak groove dorsally; metanotal groove present as inconspicuous, broad impression just in front of base of propodeal spine; propodeal spine in profile relatively broad basally and sharp apically, largely smooth and shiny, without erect hairs and decumbent hairs; dorsum of each femur without erect hairs; legs smooth and shiny. Petiole in profile with long anterior pedicel, usually a pair of posterolateral hairs present; petiolar node, in profile, subtriangular with blunt angle dorsally; posterior face of petiolar node with 2 or 3 pairs of erect hairs; in posterior view dorsum of petiolar node with a pair of blunt angles, dorsal outline between angles strongly concave; postpetiole clearly shorter than high, in dorsal view rectangular with parallel sides and in profile with convex dorsal outline; dorsum of postpetiole with sparse erect hairs; postpetiole entirely rugose. Gaster smaller than head; gastral tergite I circular, smooth and shiny and with dense erect hairs. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 4A-C. Head, mesosoma, petiole, and postpetiole reddish brown; gaster darker than head, mesosoma and waist often black; mandible and legs reddish brown but paler than head.

Acanthomyrmex mizunoi
Minor worker (Fig. 4D-F). Head, in full-face view, slightly shorter than broad, with slightly convex sides and strongly concave posterior margin; head entirely coarsely punctorecticulate, punctures large, 0.07-0.13 mm in diameter; dorsum of head entirely with dense erect hairs; mandible massive, subtriangular and superficially reticulate with smooth and shiny interspaces; masticatory margin with few ill-defined denticles; basal margin almost straight; mandible with few hairs along its masticatory margin and outer margin; anterior clypeal margin armed with several teeth, with conspicuous median and lateral setae; median portion of clypeus with two distinct longitudinal ridges; frontal lobe poorly developed, partly concealing antennal socket; frontal carina conspicuous, reaching 2/3 of head length; antennal scrobe deep and conspicuous; compound eye relatively small, moderately protruding, located anterior to mid-length of head; antenna 12-segmented with 3-segmented club; antennal scape slender, when laid backward surpassing posterolateral corner of head by 1.2 times width of antennal scape; antenna with dense long erect hairs. Mesosoma in profile relatively stout, its dorsum sparsely with erect hairs; pronotum with a pair of straight spines, which are clearly shorter than propodeal spine; promesonotum convex and sloping gradually to metanotal groove; promesonotal suture absent dorsally; metanotal groove present as inconspicuous broad impression just anterior to base of propodeal spine; propodeal spine in profile relatively long and slender, gradually down-curved, largely smooth and shiny, without erect hairs and decumbent hairs; all femora smooth and shiny, dorsally without erect hairs. Petiole in profile with long anterior pedicel; petiolar node in profile moderately to strongly raised, with relatively angulate apex, in posterior view with strong concavity between acute lateral sharp spines or angles; posterior face of petiolar node with a pair of erect hairs; postpetiole rectangular, almost as long as high, in dorsal view with parallel sides and in profile with straight dorsal outline; postpetiole entirely rugose, its dorsum with sparse erect hairs. First gastral tergite suboval, smooth and shiny and with less than 10 erect hairs around anterior portion. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 4D-F. Body entirely yellowish brown to reddish brown, gaster darker than head and mesosoma; mandible, antenna and legs yellowish brown to reddish brown but paler than head.
Dealate queen (Fig. 5A-C). Head, in full-face view, subrectangular, shorter than broad, slightly broader posteriorly, with concave posterior margin; cephalic median furrow well developed, extending anteriad to frontal area; dorsum and lateral face of head foveate with smooth and shiny interspaces; dorsum of head entirely with dense erect hairs; mandible massive, subtriangular and superficially reticulate with smooth and shiny interspaces; masticatory margin straight with 3 or 4 small denticles near basal angle; basal margin weakly concave without denticles; median portion of anterior clypeal margin weakly produced anteriad, anterior margin of the produced portion concave at middle, with medial seta; median portion of clypeus smooth and shiny; frontal lobe poorly developed, partly concealing antennal socket; frontal carina conspicuous, reaching 2/3 of head length; antennal scrobe deep and conspicuous; eye relatively large, convex, located anterior to midlength of head; ocelli present, median ocellus, in full-face view, almost as long as lateral ocelli and almost located at level of posterior margin of eye; antenna 12-segmented with 3-segmented club; antennal scape thin and short, when laid backward surpassing midlength of head by 2.5 times width of antennal scape; scape with sparse long erect hairs. Mesosoma enlarged and high, its dorsum with erect hairs; pronotum narrow, without spine; promesonotal suture distinct; scutellum in profile with strongly convex dorsal outline, in dorsal view large and subtrapezoidal; mesoscutellum in dorsal view subrectangular with posterior margin weakly concave, demarcated from mesoscutum by deep groove, mesoscutellum protruding posteriorly and overhanging narrowed metanotum; propodeal spine in profile relatively broad basally and weakly down-curved, smooth and shiny, without erect hairs and decumbent hairs; dorsum of each femur without erect hairs; legs smooth and shiny. Petiole in profile with long anterior pedicel, 1 or 2 pairs of posterolateral hairs present; petiolar node in profile subtriangular with blunt angle dorsally; posterior face of petiolar node with 2 or 3 pairs of erect hairs; in posterior view dorsum of petiolar node with a pair of blunt angles, dorsal outline between angles strongly concave; postpetiole clearly shorter than high, in dorsal view rectangular with parallel sides and in profile with convex dorsal outline; dorsum of postpetiole with sparse erect hairs; postpetiole entirely rugose. First gastral tergite oval, smooth and shiny, with dense erect hairs. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 5A-C. Head, mesosoma, petiole, and pospetiole reddish brown to dark brown; gaster darker than head and mesosoma, often black; mandible and legs reddish brown, always paler than head.
Ergatoid queen (Fig. 5D-F). Apterous. Similar to the major worker in structure, sculpture, coloration and pilosity, with the following conditions that should be noted: relatively smaller (HW 1.95-2.01 mm in ergatoid queen, 2.05-2.28 mm in major worker); median ocellus present; lateral ocelli absent; body colour paler than in major worker. Body sculpture basically as in Figure 5D-F. Male (Fig. 6A-C). Body dark brown, but apical part of antenna, legs, and gaster reddish brown; wings light brown. Head, in full-face view, broadened-subpentagonal, posterior margin almost straight; anterolateral part of head in which compound eye is located well produced laterally; mandible subtriangular, masticatory margin with large apical tooth, followed by 5 teeth including basal tooth; anterior clypeal margin roundly convex; frontal lobe, frontal carina and antennal scrobe absent; ocelli present, with diameter less than distance between them; median ocellus, in full-face view, located slightly behind level of posterior margin of eye and slightly larger than lateral ocelli; antenna 13-segmented, without club; antennal scape short, when laid backward not reaching level of posterior margin of eye; antennal segment II very short; III much longer than broad and longer than each of segments IV-X; IX narrower and shorter than VIII and X. Mesosoma short and high; pronotal spine absent; mesoscutellum in profile strongly raised posterodorsally, in dorsal view with straight posterior margin, demarcated from mesoscutum by deep and broad groove; mesoscutellum strongly convex; posterolateral part of propodeal dorsum in profile forming a blunt angle. Petiole, in profile, with long anterior pedicel; petiolar node in profile very low and bluntly raised; postpetiole almost as long as high and its dorsal outline convex. Gaster relatively small and oval. Legs relatively long, smooth and shiny. Body sculpture basically as in Figure Tang], 70 m a.s.l., 7.VII.2018, W. Jaitrong leg., colony no. WJT070718-10 (1 male); central Thailand, Nakhon Nayok Prov., Muang Dist., Hill evergreen forest, 8.VII.2018, W. Jaitrong leg., colony no. WJT080718-3 (6 minor workers, 4 major workers, 1 dealate queen, 1 male) (SKYC, THNHM).
Bionomics. Acanthomyrmex mizunoi inhabits highlands and nests in soil. The type series and non-types were collected from Nakhon Nayok and Nakhon Ratchasima Provinces in a primary hill evergreen forest (ca 800 m a.s.l.). A colony (Colony no. RM-65) from the Chiang Rai Province, northern Thailand was collected in a coffee plantation (ca 900 m a.s.l.).
Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to Mr Riou Mizuno (Kagawa University, Japan), who confirmed the ergatoid queen of this new species and donated to us the specimens collected from the Chiang Rai Province. Distribution. Thailand (Chiang Rai, Nakhon Nayok and Nakhon Ratchasima Provinces).
Remarks. Acanthomyrmex mizunoi can be distinguished from all other species in A. luciolae group by the following combination of characters: 1) major and minor workers having reddish brown to dark brown body; 2) in major worker, anterior dorsum of head lacking rugae; 3) major worker with sparse shallow foveae on dorsum of head; 4) head with dense erect hairs in both castes; 5) major worker without erect hairs on dorsum of each femur; and 6) minor worker with fewer than 10 erect hairs around anterior portion of first gastral tergite. This species is most similar to A. malikuli. However, it is easily distinguishable from the latter by the following characteristics: 1) in the major worker, anterior dorsum of head lacking rugae in A. mizunoi (rugulose in A. malikuli); 2) postpetiole clearly shorter than high in A. mizunoi (almost as long as high, with straight dorsal outline in A. malikuli); 3) first gastral tergite with very short appressed hairs in A. mizunoi (without very short appressed hairs in A. malikuli); 4) dorsal and lateral faces of femora without hairs in A. mizunoi (with erect hairs in A. malikuli); 5) in the minor worker, first gastral tergite without or with 1-4 erect hairs in A. mizunoi (with dense erect hairs in A. malikuli); 6) in the ergatoid queen, mesoscutellum not protruding posteriorly in A. mizunoi (protruding posteriorly and overhanging narrow metanotum in A. malikuli); 7) in the male, mesopleuron almost smooth in A. mizunoi (strongly sculptured in A. malikuli); and 8) postpetiole in profile clearly shorter than high in A. mizunoi (as long as high and cylindrical in A. malikuli). Acanthomyrmex mizunoi is also similar to A. crassipinus Wheeler, 1930 in terms of the general appearance of the minor worker. After careful examination of the holotype and paratype workers of A. mizunoi with non-type workers of A. crassispinus from Taiwan, Orchid Island (Fig. 7), 13.III.2017, collected by P.C. Hsu, we concluded that A. mizunoi can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following characteristics: 1) major worker with dense erect hairs on the head and first gastral tergite in A. mizunoi (completely without hairs in A. crassipinus); 2) propodeal spine thin and cylindrical in A. mizunoi (flat and broad at the base in A. crassipinus); 3) minor worker having a petiole and postpetiole with sparse erect hairs in A. mizunoi (without hairs in A. crassipinus); and 4) first gastral tergite with 1-4 erect hairs in A. mizunoi (without hairs in A. crassipinus). A specimen (CASENT0101994ANTWEB; images available on Antweb), collected from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, has been identified as A. crassispinus. Images of this specimen agree well with the minor worker of A. mizunoi in having dense erect hairs on the head, with sparse erect hairs on the petiole and postpetiole. Thus, this specimen (CASENT0101994ANTWEB) should be reidentified as a non-type of our new species, A. mizunoi. The new species can be easily distinguished from A. padanensis by the following characteristics: 1) in major worker, mid anterior margin of clypeus shallowly concave (anterior clypeal margin weakly convex in A. padanensis); 2) in major worker, head with denes erect hairs (without hairs in A. padanensis); and 3) in ergatoid queen, without pronotal spine, general shape as in major worker (with pronotal spine, general shape as in minor worker in A. padanensis).